With reference to the arena in the ancient Greek ritual theater, the Roman circus, or later the medieval arena as the venue of tournaments of knights, the author recalls the changeability of social functions of public spectacles. Together with the expansion of corporeality and the spirit of competition that started at the beginning of the 20th century, when a sports arena became a place of testing human physical possibilities, also the idea of a modern football stadium is born. The aim of this paper is to synthesize psychosocial aspects of Polish fans’ participation in UEFA EURO 2012. In his paper of a theoretical character the author raises three specific questions regarding the reception of the European Football Championships, the greatest sports event ever held in Poland. Were football matches not changed into a manifestation of the need for ludic affiliation and social emotions which cannot find other means of expression? Were the great expectations not a kind of therapy to compensate for national complaints? And did Poland’s matches against certain national teams become a surrogate method to eliminate negative emotions by referring to the metaphor of pseudo-patriotic war against historical enemies? Were the Polish fans’ expectations for their team’s success not too high, taking into consideration the football abilities of the team? The author analyzed fans’ reactions in terms of the assumptions of crowd psychology established by Le Bon. He proves that, on the one hand, fans wanted to demonstrate Europe they were not worse than others and their team could win, too. On the other hand, fans wanted to have much fun regardless of the result, that is to see how it was to be loyal fans of their favorite team. There is also an alarming trend in the attitudes assumed by Polish fans who underline the patriotic and nationalistic context.
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We have witnessed many intriguing social phenomena at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Researchers of physical culture and sport, especially those interested in philosophical and social aspects of events, are likely to come across many surprising situations resulting from the dynamic development of social reality. Sport has undoubtedly become one of the factors that have a great influence on numerous social occurrences. From among various phenomena related to sport the author analyses the one which has riveted the attention of many people interested in sport - the stigmatization of contemporary sport by hooliganism. This problem may seem to concern mainly football (Am. soccer), but unfortunately it occurs in other disciplines as well. Although the phenomenon reaches the edges of sport and is still just within its margins, it appears necessary to conduct thorough research on it.
When taking into consideration the rich resources of hard and brown coal in Poland and the necessity of exploring deeper and deeper deposits, the functioning of machinery working in pit shafts is of great importance, also machinery for removing dangerous and harmful contaminations from the excavation area. The ways of installation of a fan are discussed, as well as characteristics of axial and centrifugal fans with presenting the undesirable phenomena during fan operation.
The paper presents a method for distinguishing unstable operating points in ventilation networks with fans operating in parallel. Several concepts of ventilation systems and their characteristics were applied. The analysis of local stability of equilibrium points of the system of ordinary differential equations describing unsteady incompressible flow in a simplified network ventilated by 2 fans in parallel, leads to formulation of a simple condition of stability. Some graphic examples of construction of ventilation systems characteristics are presented. Results of calculations were graphed to show time variations of flow quantities and pressure during transients caused by the loss of stability.
Artykuł jest krytyką pojęcia subkultury. W części pierwszej, poświęconej zagadnieniom teoretycznym, autor wychodzi od wymienienia zagrożeń intelektualnych wynikających ze stosowania terminu „subkultura”, a następnie proponuje wprowadzenie w jego miejsce teorii społecznych światów. Jednocześnie omawia naturę badanej społeczność i to, w jaki sposób wpisuje się ona w stosowany przez niego aparat teoretyczny. Drugą połowę artykułu autor przeznacza na analizę internetowych wypowiedzi fanów na temat ich fandomu. Tekst kończy stwierdzenie, że teoria społecznych światów lepiej odpowiada na potrzeby badawcze niż termin subkultura oraz wyraża nadzieję, że może przyczynić się do głębszego poznania rzeczywistości społecznej
EN
This paper constitutes a critical approach to the concept of subculture. In the first part, which is devoted to theoretical issues, the author lists the intellectual threats arising from the use of the term ‘subculture’ and suggests introducing ‘the theory of social worlds’ instead. At the same time, he discusses the nature of the studied community and how it fits in his theoretical apparatus. The second part of this paper is devoted to the analysis of online discussions conducted by fans about their fandom. The conclusion of this paper is that ‘the theory of social worlds’ is more adequate in this particular context than the term ‘subculture’ and it may contribute to a broader understanding of the social reality
W artykule dokonano przeglądu wybranych koncepcji wykorzystywanych przez badaczy z kręgu studiów nad muzyką popularną. Cechą wspólną tych koncepcji jest wykorzystywanie lub nawiązywanie do dorobku socjologii. Ukazane są takie obszary badań, jak: studia nad fanami, koncepcja produkcji kultury, koncepcja scen muzycznych, koncepcja pola produkcji kulturowej oraz koncepcja neoplemion. Prezentacja tych koncepcji stanowi głos w dyskusji nad rozwojem socjologii muzyki w Polsce.
EN
The paper analyzes selected concepts used by researchers in the field of popular music studies. All these concepts draw on works conducted by sociologists. The following concepts are discussed: fan studies, production of culture, music scenes, field of cultural production, neo-tribes. Discussion of these concepts is followed by a call for their wider implementation by Polish researchers working in the field of sociology of music.
The article tries to show the political context of sport, especially football, in Israel. It shows different aspects and specificity of the Jewish state, which has influence on this discipline. It is also about important sport events in the history of this country. What football league looks like and its image, the roots of clubs, are some others topics contained here. The work also tries to explain the role of sport in this young country, which, paradoxically, has a long tradition. It shows how the government uses sport to break barriers between nations and what the viewpoint of Palestinians is on these attempts. The paper describes various groups of fans and their p olitical activity and discovers the background of matches in Israel.
In the field of sociological studies of culture, more and more attention is being paid to the so-called prosumption. Based on the already existing general concepts related to it, the author presents its functioning in the sphere of popular culture, proposing the term: culture of prosumption. More and more frequently the enterprises within the entertainment industry seek their ways to success in a grass-root emergence of groups of acquirers working for a culture text. The use of the amateurs’ participation has become a dominant business model. The aim of the article is to organize the state-of-the-art knowledge on prosumption. Additionally, the author proposes a convenient way of diagnosing its mechanisms – it is easiest to describe the culture of prosumption through the analysis of the most engaged recipients, namely the fans, who constitute the avant-garde of the culture. The fans illustrate all the essential features of pop-culture prosumption.
PL
W socjologii kultury coraz większą uwagę poświęca się tak zwanej prosumpcji. Bazując na już istniejących ogólnych koncepcjach z nią związanych, autor przedstawia jej funkcjono- wanie w sferze popkultury i wprowadza pojęcie „kultura prosumpcji”. Dziś przedsiębiorstwa z branży rozrywkowej drogi do sukcesu upatrują w wykształceniu oddanej grupy nabywców, pracujących na rzecz danego tekstu kulturowego. Autor proponuje sposób diagnozowania me- chanizmów kultury prosumpcji – najłatwiej przez badania najbardziej zaangażowanych od- biorców, to jest fanów, stanowiących awangardę kultury prosumpcji. W przypadku wielbicieli najwyraźniej uwidaczniają się wszystkie istotne cechy prosumpcji popkulturowej. Aby zobra- zować tezę o podstawowej roli fanów, autor prezentuje, jak badanie środowisk fanowskich pomagać może w odkrywaniu prawidłowości globalnego zróżnicowania kultury prosumpcji. W artykule zaproponowane zostają kryteria, na podstawie których sądzić można o stanie owej kultury w różnych rejonach świata.
From the very beginning of his artistic career Oskar Kokoschka systematically used historical, literary and mythological persons, whose figures, being recognizable in culture, facilitated the expression of his own psychological states and life experiences. The young painter, familiar with the classic works of literature, was also fascinated by music. One of his most vivid musical memories mentioned in an interview after more than half a century, was connected with his visits at the Vienna opera horse where he hare heard concerts directed by Gustav Mahler. A an especially enduring memory was that of the performance of R. Wagner’s drama Tristan und Isolde. From that time on the story of the mythical couple of lovers dominated the artist’s imagination, and after his meeting with Gustav's widow, Alma Mahler, he was able to assume a personified figure involving all the three people. As a result Kokoschka and Alma's love affair was supposed to develop according to the historical and mythical scenario of the medieval, and originally Celtic, saga. The artist first played the role of a life-guardsman seeking the favor of the patron of the Vienna cultural elite, and also seeking the hand of the inaccessible „queen” left by the dead director, „the old king”. Having won her acceptance the painter was able to be in her good graces for some time as her lover. However, a tragic turnabout, and at the same time the end of the relation, was inevitably inscribed in the process, in which the „young pretender” Kokoschka, having entered the role of the king, next had to give way to the next candidate. Stages of this symbolic process can be seen in Kokoschka’s letters as well as in his literary and visual works from the period of his relationship with Alma Mahler in the years 1912-1915, when one compares the facts from the protagonists’ lives with, among others, the medieval versions of the Tristan legend and its version composed by Wagner.
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