Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Kryzysy demograficzne w Małopolsce w końcu XVII i pierwszej połowie XVIII wieku. Zarys problematyki

100%

Miodunka P.

|

tom 37

|

nr 4

7-37

EN

The article deals with demographic questions on the basis of baptism (birth) registers from eleven parishes situated in various parts of Southern Lesser Poland. A special attention has been paid to the periods when in all the analysed parishes there was a sharp and substantial decrease in births. Thus, two major crises (1714–1715 and 1735–1736) and a few milder ones (1675, 1691, 1694, 1699–1700, 1709–1710, 1732 and 1746) have been identified. A detailed quarterly observation of fecundations during the selected three crises (the first half of the 1690s, 1714–1715, and 1736–1736) juxtaposed with the quarterly prices of rye, oats, buckwheat, and peas from Cracow and Warsaw prove that they were food crises. It has been confirmed by narrative sources, which mention a severe famine in 1714–1715 and 1736–1736. Those years of famine coincided with the years when the quantity of corn sent to Gdańsk was at the lowest level in the first half of the 18th century.

2

Famine and poverty in the army during the reign of the House of Vasa in the light of reports and diaries

88%

WOŹNICA K.

Historia i Świat

|

2016

|

nr 5

169-190

EN

The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of famine in the army of the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the reign of the House of Vasa. Shortages of food were not present in the army constantly. Nevertheless, they were a frequent phenomenon during wars. It was not always possible to buy or steal something due to destructions in the area where the army was staying. In situations of no possibility to purchase food products, people tried to look for things that could fill their stomachs in the nearest surrounding. They would pick rhizomes, tree leaves, vegetables and herbs. Carrion as well as ill and injured animals were eaten. A symbol of famine was eating horse meat. The last resort was cannibalism.

3

K-Brot, marmolada i ziemniaki. Pożywienie mieszkańców Prus Zachodnich w czasie pierwszej wojny światowej

75%

Krzemiński T.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2014

|

tom 79

|

nr 2

55-72

EN

The alimentation of the civil population was an important economic-social problem for the countries participating in WWI. Shortages of food became one of the main issues of the major military actions; so, the war influenced the everyday life of the citizens. During the war the alimentary habits of the Pomeranians changed considerably. Levels of consumption fell drastically, and the quality of the everyday menu deteriorated. The war forced people to look for alternative solutions and use various substitutes, economise on resources and eat food which had hitherto been considered inedible. Analysis of food practices and the manner in which meals were prepared allows us to better understand other social phenomena in Gdańsk Pomerania during the Great War, e.g. the increase in the crime rate and the decline in moral values.

4

Technology of Soviet Myth Creation about Famine as a Result of Crop Failure in Ukraine of the 1932–1933s

75%

Sokolova S.

Journal of Modern Science

|

2019

|

nr 3(42)

37-56

EN

According to the Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, over 3, 9 million people died during the famine of the 1932–1933s However, it’s impossible to define the exact number of the dead due to liquidation of the 1937 census data by the soviet authorities who deliberately aimed at violating complete record of the deaths and stated in the documentation other death reasons instead of the ones caused by the famine. To disguise this criminal offence the soviet government directed all its efforts to creation of a myth pointing to that year crop failure as the reason of famine. Purpose. The aim of the following article is to reveal practical techniques of alternative reality creation in the soviet society based on the example of the 1932–1933s famine’s mythologization in Ukraine. Materials and methods. Analyses and generalization of scientific archive sources and international documents, overview of soviet mass media related to the topic have been performed. Research results. The soviet myth creation technology applied to the famine happening in Ukraine of 1932–1933 as a result of crop failure shows a wide spectrum of alternative reality creation means (mythologization), which was exploited by the whole history of the soviet government: liquidation of documents and evidence, intimidation and physical extermination of witnesses, blockage of access to sources of reliable information, formation of alternative “truth” and its expansion in mass media. Results. The purpose of creation and expansion of the famine myth based on the belief about crop failure in Ukraine of the 19362–1933s was to form and infix “ideologically correct” interpretation of history in the mass consciousness. It was supposed to disguise reasons of the famine, which was artificially organized by the soviet government in Ukraine, aiming at liquidation of Ukrainian rural population, resisting collectivization, i.e. dissimulating of criminal offences and masking them under ecological myth.

5

Głód jako narzędzie polityczne – potencjał wykorzystania przez władze reżimów totalitarnych

63%

Chustecki J.

Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

|

2024

|

tom 81

175-194

PL

Zjawisko długotrwałego niedożywienia ma bardzo poważne skutki fizjologiczne i psycho-społeczne. Głód, obok upośledzenia układu immunologicznego i fizycznego osłabienia organizmu, powoduje agresję, apatię i alienację jednostek. Społeczności dotknięte chorobą głodową są zatomizowane, a jednostki funkcjonujące wewnątrz nich są niezdolne do budowania relacji interpersonalnych i współdziałania. Z uwagi na konsekwencje, jakie powoduje zjawisko głodu dla jednostek i wspólnot, może być ono narzędziem politycznym stosowanym przez władze reżimów totalitarnych. W artykule przedstawione zostały eksperymenty ukazujące fizjologiczne i psycho-społeczne konsekwencje choroby głodowej, a następnie ich wyniki zestawione zostały ze społeczno-antropologicznymi koncepcjami totalitaryzmu. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy wykazane zostało, że istnieje istotna korelacja pomiędzy społecznymi konsekwencjami głodu a społecznym charakterem totalitaryzmu. Na bazie niniejszych rozważań w artykule wskazane zostały obszary, w których możliwe jest zastosowanie głodu jako narzędzia politycznego przez władze państw niedemokratycznych.

EN

The phenomenon of long-term malnutrition has very serious physiological and psycho-social effects. In addition to impairing the immune system and physically weakening the body, starvation causes aggression, apathy and alienation of individuals. Famine-affected communities are atomised and individuals functioning within them are incapable of building interpersonal relationships. Given the consequences that the phenomenon of hunger causes for individuals and communities, it can be a political tool used by the authorities of totalitarian regimes. The paper presents experiments showing the physiological and psycho-social consequences of hunger sickness and then juxtaposes their results with socio-anthropological concepts of totalitarianism. On the basis of the analysis conducted in the paper, it is shown that there is a significant correlation between the social consequences of hunger and the social character of totalitarianism. Drawing on these considerations, the paper identifies areas where hunger can be used as a political tool by the authorities of non-democratic states.

6

Different faces of security perceptions of the “human security” concept

63%

Sypiański W.

|

2018

|

tom 31(31)

187-205

EN

The perception of safety is a very individual feeling although it is the standard and the level of living that undoubtedly affect various fears and threats appearing in rich and poor societies. The aim of this article is to compare attitudes towards safety and its perception by people living aside, but in completely different social and economic conditions. Both South and North Koreas are historically very close to each other yet, totally different conditions of living on both sides of the Korean Peninsula make safety quite opposite notions. The residents of the Brasilian districts of poverty and crime, infamous favelas, live in a world where being a member of a gang ensures safety. For other inhabitants of Brasil and tourists, security means staying as far away as possible from favelados i.e., the residents of poor districts. For determined African refugees, Europe seems to be a safety heaven and even the risk of losing their lives on the long and most dangerous route to Europe is worth taking. However, for many Europeans their safety ends with the influx of immigrants.