Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ocena stanu ochrony dóbr kultury - program działań do 2000 r.

100%

Ochrona Zabytków

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1989

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nr 1

3-12

EN

The aim of this report is to analyze the situation in the protection of cultural property. Despite undisputable achievements their condition is not satisfactory and efforts made are not fully effective. The programme for changes has to take into consideration the analysis of resources, the evaluation of the functioning of the system of protection and proposed changes. The resources cover movable and immovable cultural property of high value. Their basic part covers objects making former historic structures of towns and rural areas as well as movable monuments owned by social institutions and private people (museums were 'the subject of a separate article published in "Muzealnictwo” no 32). The size and condition of resources of monuments is illustrated in the records carried out by conservation services. Contrary to the census of building and architecture from the end of the fifties that covered only ca 36 thousand chosen objects, the census done in 1977 covered also buildings from the 2nd half of the 19th century and the 1st half of the 20th century. It has shown that Poland has still 300 thousand monuments of architecture and building. 30% of them are wooden buildings. Initial analyses show that 60% of the resources are lived-in buildings, 15% — farm and industrial buildings, 15% is represented by sacral buildings and 8 % — buildings of public utility (including courts, palaces etc.). Out of this number 70,000 objects were documentated and one should consider the state of their documentation as advanced, except for monuments of engineering that have not as yet been fully recognized. The complete recording covered town-planning arrangements (1,357 towns). From 1977 systematic recording covered archaeological sites numbering by now 136 thousand posts on 3500 territories out of 8000 Into which Poland has been divided. The register of parks, gardens and cemeteries shows that Poland has 10,000 greenery establishments and 20,000 cemeteries. It is estimated that recording work will be completed by 1990. It is impossible to estimate resources of movable monuments outside museums. So far the registering has covered 250 thousand objects accounting for 60% of resources belonging mainly to denominational and state organizations. All recording works provide material for synthetic renderings, which should determine values of the cultural landscape of the country. Initial work on the synthesis of the country has been undertaken but it must be preceded with synthesis of historic provinces. Their realization will make it possible to delineate zones of protected cultural landscape or even reserves under strict protection. It is expected to intensify recording works, improve housing conditions of the Centre of Monuments Documentation in Warsaw and to introduce computer techniques into registering. The state of cultural property has been evaluated as totally unsatisfactory. Decapitalization of housing resources in historic towns, reinvestment of some regions and unfavourable effects of industry upon natural and cultural environment are its main symptoms. The causes lie in the effects of economic crisis: not enough buildings are repaired, there is a shortage of materials and skilled personnel. Attainments noted in works on the rehabilitation of towns, examples of repair of historic objects are too limited to change this negative assessment of the situation. There also appear subjective reasons, to mention in the first place maladjustment of an organizational system of the protection of monuments when compared to the scale of the existing problems. It is mainly manifested now in restricting the protection to the tasks of cultural policy of the state pursued by the minister of culture and art. Meanwhile, historic resources are exploited by a number of state, cooperative and private users, whose activity in the protection is limited. The change of hitherto concept calls for the integration of these trends of activities: town development policy, environment protection and the protection of cultural heritage as well as including of problems of the protection into all-country and regional socio-economic plans. To achieve this aim it is necessary to have new legal regulations of various laws, and in the first place to restructure radically the law "On the Protection of Cultural Property and on Museums". At present protection of cultural property its supervised by the minister of culture and art. An inter-ministerial organization has, so far, been the Board for Museums and Monuments Protection directed by General Monuments’ Conservator (at present department) performing its task through the Centre for Monuments’ Documentation in Warsaw (recording and documentation), the Board for the Protection of Palaces and Garden Complexes (parks, gardens, cemeteries) the Team of Experts of Inter-Branch Commission for the Rehabilitation of Towns and the Centre for the Protection of Museums' Objects. At a voivodship level the protection body is the Voivodship Conservator of Monuments, whose rank as a result of administrative reforms has dropped down. These organizations are supported in their activities by Offices of Monuments’ Documentation. Altogether conservation service employed 600 basic workers. At present it is postulated to bring to life the Committee of the Council of Ministers that would coordinate works of various branches, determine policy of the minister of culture and art and strengthen the position of voivodship monumens conservators. It is also planned to draft a new law and to determine policy of protection wih regard to microregions ( 1 2 ) corresponding to historic provinces. For a few years the protection of monuments has been financed by the Central Fund for Cultural Development. Still, it does not fulfill the needs estimated at ca 8 billion zl above present expenses. Also subsidies for expenses borne by users are by 1 billion zl lower than the needs. In 1986 the financing covered work on 835 objects, while 400 were subsidized. In 1988 14 billion zl was allocated for the protection of monuments. It is suggested that taxes for those who finance work on monuments should be reduced and subsidies from other souces should be increased. The main executor of repair work on monuments are state-owned ateliers for the conservation of monuments (referred to as PP PKZ), a body of the minister of culture and art. Just recently new organizations, joint stock companies, craftsmen, Poionian and cooperative fundations have come to existence, although their participation has as yet been rather insignificant In the last few years repair work on monuments was carried out on ca 1500 structures. One can notice an ever smaller number of professionals as well as a disquieting increase in costs. The training of conservators has been evaluated positively. It is necessary to open new conservation companies and to increase the efficiency of the work of PP PKZ. It is planned to bring to life in 1990 an international centre of conservators' training in Cracow. The threats endangering old-town complexes represent a separate and particular problem of the protection of monuments in Poland. It is estimated that 1.2 million flats in old buildings have to be urgently repaired. Still, there are no materials and labour force available. So far, central laws on a complex rehabilitation of Sandomierz, Zamość, Cracow and Płock have been undertaken. To specify the most important tasks an expertise has been made under the supervision of Professor J. Kułakowski. It postulates changes to be introduced into 1 0 laws, i.e. to evoke economic interest of owners and users in the reconstruction of monuments. The execution of those plans is linked closely with the process of economic reforms in Poland.

2

Pracownia Zabytków Techniki

100%

Zbiegieni A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2002

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nr 1

30-32

3

Edukacja i informacja elementem ochrony dziedzictwa narodowego na przykładzie archiwów państwowych. Refleksje nad problemem

84%

Dziki M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne

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2014

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tom 10

61-75

PL

Zgodnie z Konstytucją RP z 1997 r. państwo zapewnia ochronę kultury i dziedzictwa narodowego. Problematykę tę zawarto także m.in. w kolejnych strategiach bezpieczeństwa RP z lat 2000–2007. Archiwa państwowe przechowują i zabezpieczają istotną część dziedzictwa narodowego, stąd spoczywają na nich zadania z zakresu jego ochrony. Zagrożeń dla dóbr kultury, w tym dla materiałów archiwalnych, jest dużo. Obecnie zwraca się uwagę na dwa ich typy, tj. zagrożenia ze strony natury (np. powodzie) i zagrożenia wynikające z działalności człowieka (m.in. kradzież, wywóz za granicę, niszczenie). Szereg zagrożeń ze strony człowieka wynika z nieświadomości, braku informacji i niewiedzy. Stąd ważnym elementem ochrony, np. materiałów archiwalnych, przed świadomym lub nieświadomym wywozem, niszczeniem jest informowanie i edukowanie społeczeństwa, w tym ludzi odpowiedzialnych za posiadane i wytwarzane materiały archiwalne.

EN

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland 1997, it is the responsibility of the state to preserve and safeguard the national heritage. The issue of national heritage protection can be also found in documents concerning strategies of the national security of Poland (2000–2007). State archives, by storing valuable records, play an important role in preservation and protection of national heritage. Cultural properties, including those kept in archives, are vulnerable to various potential hazards. There are two main types of dangers: natural (i.e. flood) and man-made (theft, smuggling, vandalism). The hazards are often caused by the lack of knowledge and ignorance. That is why, the essential part of the heritage protection should be educating and raising the awareness of people, including those responsible for care and handling of archival materials.