Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Results of Polygraph Examinations: Direct or Circumstantial Evidence?

100%

Widacki J.

European Polygraph

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2014

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tom 8

|

nr 2

61-67

2

Results of Polygraph Examinations: Direct or Circumstantial Evidence?

100%

Widacki J.

|

tom 8

|

nr 2

61-67

3

Biegły psycholog a odebranie i ocena zeznań małoletniego świadka w procesie karnym

100%

Żylińska J.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

|

2013

|

tom 30

155 - 172

EN

Evidence of an underage witness may play a vital role in criminal proceedings in ascertaining the circumstances of an incident. The achievement of this goal is undoubtedly determined by the way a child is questioned — a way that takes into account the procedural and tactical rules of questioning juveniles, bearing in mind the psychological aspects of the formation of underage witness’ testimony. What is also important is a critical approach to its credibility. All this requires active participation of an expert psychologist who can assess the witness’ personality, observation and reconstruction skills, and thus can provide the relevant institution with additional material which can be used to evaluate the credibility of the evidence of an underage witness.

4

Phenomenology of Evidence: Promises, Problems, and Prospects

100%

Heffernan G.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2015

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nr 3

9-24

EN

According to Ricoeur, phenomenology is “for a good part the history of Husserlian heresies.” In this paper, I argue that, at the crossroads between a possible “topography of heresies” and a potential “geography of horizons,” phenomenology of evidence takes “the road to renewal” in pursuit of knowledge of knowledge and truth about truth. In doing so, I suggest that phenomenology of evidence is not “heresy” against “orthodox” or “analytical” theory of knowledge. Rather, in so far as it is required by a phenome-nological description of knowledge, phenomenology of evidence represents critical heterodoxy in the face of dogmatic orthodoxy. As such, it serves as a first step on “the road to renewal” of reflection on truth. Thus phenomenology of evidence emerges as one of “the many faces of contemporary phenomenology,” and as a very bright one indeed. In support of this position, I present arguments in the form of ten lessons from phenomenology of evidence for contemporary theory of knowledge.

5

Disclosure of Evidence in Central and Eastern European Countries in Light of the Implementation of the Damages Directive

100%

Druviete I. , Jerņeva J. , Ulaganathan Ravindran A.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

|

2017

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tom 10(15)

197-222

EN

The article looks primarily at the material comprised in the volume edited by A. Piszcz, Implementation of the EU Damages Directive in Central and Eastern European Countries published in 2017 and based on that compares aspects of the disclosure of evidence issue in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The purpose of this article is to look into how the process for the disclosure of evidence has evolved in eleven countries of the European Union in light of Directive 2014/104/EU. The article looks at six key issues with regard to disclosure of evidence in light of Directive 2014/104/EU: general procedural issues; procedure for the submission of evidence; criteria for the disclosure of evidence; restrictions on the disclosure of evidence; disclosure of evidence by parties other than the defendant; and consequences of the failure to comply with a request to submit evidence. The article relies on primary data from eleven EU countries from Central and Eastern Europe.

6

Discussion of „lack of delay” as grounds for inclusion of late allegations and evidence pursuant to art. 207 § 6 and 217 § 2 of the polish code of civil procedure

88%

Karolczyk B.

Studia Prawnicze

|

2012

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nr 1 (190)

123-147

EN

Polish Code of civil procedure („CCP”) has traditionally, following the Austrian tradition of “social model of litigation”, placed the responsibility for the swift resolution of a civil dispute on a judge. Thus, judicial case management has been the second main doctrine, aside from the doctrine of concentrated proceeding, that has been utilized in ensuring that justice in done without unreasonable delay. Simultaneously, both of these systems adopted the rule, introduced by French Code of civil procedure of 1806, that parties are allowed to make allegations and introduce evidence until the very end of the main hearing (trial). Under Polish law this rule was eliminated only in special proceedings for commercial matters, which will be abolished effective May 3, 2012, where the principle of preclusion (Präklusivprinzip) was introduced over 10 years ago. This rule, and its essential component, the principle of eventuality or contingent cumulation (Eventualmaxime), required parties to provide full account of allegations and evidence in their respective pleadings (complain and answer), including those that might only potentially come into play. Failure to comply with this requirement rendered allegation or evidence late, and thus the court was oblige to ignore them, save two limited circumstances. The practical effect of this rule was problematic. Some time ago is was noted that the regular proceedings lacked a general provision that would underline the parties’ responsibility for the effective conduct of litigation and special rules that would stimulate them to make allegations and submit evidence as early as possible. One of the primary purposes of the recent amendments to the CCP was to address these procedural defects. Accordingly, on May 3, 2012 a new art. 6 § 2 CCP comes into force. It stipulates that the parties are obliged to make all statements of fact and present evidence without delay, so that the proceeding can be concluded efficiently and swiftly. This solution is based on German and Austrian procedural ideas (Prozessförderungspflicht). This procedural burden is sanctioned by new art. 207 § 6 CCP. Under this provision court is obliged to ignore (exclude) late allegations and evidence, unless a party shows that their omission from the complaint, answer to complain or further supplementary pleading can be excused due to lack of negligence or the acceptance of late allegations and evidence does not delay the resolution of the case or other extraordinary circumstances justifying their inclusion. Similar rule has been introduced at the main hearing where, however, it is up to the court to decide whether an allegation has been made or evidence presented in a belated manner (art. 217 § 2 CCP). I this article I am focusing on “lack of delay” as an exception to the court’s obligation to exclude late allegations and evidence. I am discussing the scope of the burden to support the orderly, efficient and swift conduct of the litigation by making proper allegations and identifying respective evidence in the pleading. Next, I look into German law to gain a comparative perspective on the new law. Subsequently, I am discussing how a party should make and how, on the other hand, the court should asses a claim of lack of delay in a broader procedural context of judicial case management.

7

Selected Issues of the Burden of Proof in Polish Civil Proceedings

88%

Nepelski P.

|

tom 68

207-218

PL

The burden of proof is a major part of the way in which the litigant in Polish civil procedure goes to favorable judgment for him or her. It may be difficult in certain situations therefore, the lawgiver introduced the presumptions. On the other hand, civil procedure has also evidence obstructions, particularly applied to the evidences named by the Code of Civil Procedure. This article shortly introduces the issue associated with it.

8

„But none can drive him from the envious plea / Of forfeiture, of justice and his bond”: Shylock’s Bond, Playing Hardball, and the Law of Remedies in The Merchant of Venice

88%

Barksdale-Shaw L.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

|

2013

|

tom 56/111 z. 1

99-120

EN

This paper submits that in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, „this merry bond” (1.3.169) becomes the central artery through which the fates of two friends, Antonio and Bassanio, become intertwined, and Shylock’stragically falls, thereby illustrating how this written evidence functions to disassemble contractual relationships, rather than serve as a prohibition against the commercial corruption, as provided in the Fraudulent Conveyance Act (1571). The essay explores the nature of settlement negotiations and the disparate conditions of bargaining powers by the parties — those which represent the state’s interests and those which represent individual interests. Here, this analysis focuses on the attempts in the play to devalue the trustworthiness of written evidence, particularly contracts, presented at a time where the early modern courts emphasizes the reliability of such evidence, and demonstrates how interpersonal communications intervene as vital legal vehicles within this society.

9

Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Slovenia: A New Field to Be Developed by Slovenian Courts

75%

Brkan M. , Bratina T.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

|

2013

|

tom 6(8)

75-106

EN

This contribution aims to demonstrate the legal framework that can shape and influence private enforcement in Slovenia. This includes, in particular, conditions for damage claims, collective redress mechanisms, legal costs and fees as well as discovery and burden of proof. It is shown which legislative changes may be needed in order to improve the effectiveness of private enforcement and the practical obstacles that will have to be overcome in the future. Furthermore, the article analyses the jurisprudence of Slovenian courts concerning private enforcement. Although there was practically no jurisprudence in this area only a few years ago, Slovenian courts have now ruled on a few such cases already. The number of private enforcement proceedings will most likely increase in the future. Therefore, it can be stated that private enforcement of competition law is an area that is slowly, but steadily, gaining importance in the Slovenian legal system.

FR

La présente contribution vise à démontrer le cadre juridique susceptible de former et d’influencer la mise en œuvre des règles de concurrence de l'UE à l'initiative de la sphère privée (« private enforcement ») en Slovénie. Les conditions pour des recours en dommages et intérêts, des mécanismes des recours collectifs, des règles sur des dépens ainsi que la divulgation des preuves et la charge de la preuve y sont analysés. La contribution démontre quelles modifications législatives seraient nécessaires et quelles obstacles pratiques devront être surmontés à l’avenir afin d’améliorer l’effectivité de ce type de mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence. La jurisprudence des juridictions Slovènes dans ce domaine y est également analysée. Même si cette jurisprudence a été pratiquement inexistante il y a quelques années, les juridictions Slovènes ont, jusqu’à présent, rendu déjà quelques arrêts dans ce domaine et il est à attendre que le nombre de ce type d’affaires accroîtra dans le futur. Ainsi, il est possible de constater que l’importance de ce type de mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence augmentera lentement mais sûrement dans l’ordre juridique slovène.

10

Specyfika operatu szacunkowego jako dowodu w postępowaniu cywilnym

75%

Badowska-Zygmuntowicz K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy

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2016

|

nr 1(18)

PL

W procesie cywilnym obowiązuje zasada kontradyktoryjności, zatem to strony mają obowiązek przedstawić wszelkie dowody na poparcie swoich twierdzeń. Jednym z dostępnych dowodów może być operat szacunkowy o wartości nieruchomości sporządzony bądź na zlecenie strony postępowania, bądź sądu. Zgodnie z utrwalonym orzecznictwem Sądu Najwyższego operat szacunkowy wykonany na zlecenie strony stanowi dowód prywatny. Większe znaczenie dla oceny materiału dowodowego ma operat szacunkowy sporządzony przez biegłego rzeczoznawcę majątkowego na zlecenie sądu. Wówczas sąd ocenia go pod względem zgodności z zasadami logiki i wiedzy powszechnej, poziomu wiedzy biegłego, a także sposobu motywowania oraz stopnia stanowczości wyrażonych wniosków. Celowa jednak mogłaby być próba zrównania wartości dowodowej operatu szacunkowego sporządzonego na zlecenie stron z opinią sporządzoną na wniosek sądu. Sytuacja taka mogłaby mieć wpływ na przyśpieszenie rozpoznania sprawy oraz ograniczenie kosztów postępowania.

EN

Civil proceedings are based on the contradictory procedure. Thus, the parties are obliged to present all the relevant evidence to support their claims. Property valuation reports drawn up at the request of a party to proceedings or at the request of the court constitute valid pieces of evidence. According to the Supreme Court’s established case law, a property valuation report drawn up by a certified property valuer at the request of the court is more significant in the process of evaluation of evidence. In that case, the court evaluates the report in terms of logic and common knowledge, the valuer’s expertise level as well as the way of reasoning and the firmness of conclusions. However, it might be expedient to make the probative value of property valuation report prepared at the request of the parties to proceedings equivalent to an opinion prepared at the request of the court. This could accelerate the examination of cases and lower the costs of proceedings.

11

Private Enforcement of Competition Law – the Case of Estonia

75%

Sein K.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

|

2013

|

tom 6(8)

129-139

EN

Jurisprudence on private enforcement of competition law has so far been almost non-existent in Estonia. Most cases where competition law issues are raised within the context of damage claims are solved by out-of-court settlements. One of the main reasons for this scarcity is the fact that this is a fairly unfamiliar field for Estonian lawyers, attorneys and judges. The first reason for the low number of private enforcement of competition law cases in Estonia is therefore lacking awareness and legal uncertainty. The other key barrier lies in burden of proof issues associated with damage claims. It has proven very difficult in practice for an injured person to prove that he/she sustained damages as a result of a competition law infringement; even more so to prove the actual extent of such damages. There is no juridical practice yet on how to calculate business losses and judges face considerable difficulties when confronted with this task. Another problem lies in the availability of evidence. As discovery is not possible in Estonia, its civil procedure rules make it difficult for claimants to obtain evidence necessary to prove the facts underlying their claims. Estonian law does not provide for a special procedure for antitrust damage claims – there are no collective claims, no class actions, nor actions by representative bodies or other forms of public interest litigation (no collective redress). It is thus only possible to file damage claims arising from competition law infringements either in normal civil proceedings or as a civil claim within the framework of criminal proceedings on a competition law crime. The need for collective redress has not yet been subject to a legal debate at the national level, and there has not been a single private enforcement case opened by a consumer in Estonia so far. The only Supreme Court case in existence in this field, which was decided in 2011, has cleared the basis and availability of damage claims for competition law infringement. It has shown, at the same time, the many problems connected to calculating damages in this context.

FR

La jurisprudence relative à l’application privée du droit de la concurrence a été jusqu’à présent presque absente en Estonie. La plupart des cas où les questions de droit de la concurence sont soulevées dans le cadre de demandes d’indemnisation, sont résolus par des règlements à l’amiable. L’une des raisons principales de cette pénurie est le fait que c’est un domaine assez inconnu pour les avocats, les procureurs et les juges estoniens. La première raison pour le faible nombre de cas de l’application privée du droit de la concurrence en Estonie est donc la manque de conscience et l’incertitude juridique. L’autre obstacle majeur réside dans des questions relatives à la charge de preuve liées à des demandes d ‘indemnisation. Il s’est avéré très difficile en pratique pour une personne blessée à prouver qu’il/elle a subi des dommages à la suite d’une infraction au droit de la concurrence ; plus encore à prouver l’étendue exacte de tels dommages. Il n’existe pas encore de pratique juridique sur la façon de calculer les pertes commerciales. Alors les juges font face à des difficultés considérables lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à cette tâche. Un autre problème réside dans la disponibilité de la preuve. A cause du fait que la découverte n’est pas possible en Estonie, ses règles de procédure civile rendent l’obtention des preuves nécessaires pour soutenir les faits qui prouvent des revendications soumis par des demandeurs difficile. La législation estonienne ne prévoit pas de procédure spéciale pour les demandes de dommages antitrust – il n’y a pas de revendications collectives, aucune action de classe, ni des measures prises par les organes représentatifs ou d’autres formes de litiges d’intérêt public (pas de resours collectif). Il n’est donc possible que de déposer des demandes d’indemnsation en cas d’infraction au droit de la concurrence soit dans les procédures civiles normales, soit comme une action civile dans le cadre d’une procédure pénale sur un crime de droit de la concurrence. La nécessité de recours collectif n’a pas encore fait l’objet d’un débat juridique au niveau national, et il n’a pas eu en Estonie un seul cas de l’application privée ouverte par un consommateur jusqu’à présent. Le seul cas qui a été présenté à la Cour suprême en ce domaine (le jugement a été prononcé en 2011), a autorisé la base et la disponibilité des demandes d’indemnisation pour violation du droit de la concurrence. Il a présenté en même temps les problèmes nombreux reliés à la calculation des dommages dans ce contexte-là.

12

Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Polish Courts: The Story of an (Almost) Lost Hope for Development

75%

Jurkowska-Gomułka A.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

|

2013

|

tom 6(8)

107-128

EN

The article reviews judgments of Polish courts on private enforcement of competition law between 1993 and 2012. A quantitative analysis of this jurisprudence shows that very few cases of that type exist at all. Their qualitative characteristics illustrate that: none of them referred to consumers; none of the claims was a 'pure' damage claim; all of these cases focused on partial or general nullity of contracts concluded as a result of an anticompetitive practice; almost all of them concerned an abuse of a dominant position; only one referred to competition-restricting agreements. The relevant jurisprudence largely focused on the binding force of a prior decision of the Polish competition body upon civil courts. Even if the fact that some cases of this type were at all record might suggest that there is a potential for developing private enforcement of antitrust in Poland, nothing like this actually happened. Unfortunately, the Act on Collective Redress (in force since July 2010) has not contributed to a growth in the number of consumers (or any other entities) engaging in court disputes with undertakings restricting competition.

FR

L’article passe en revue les jugements des tribunaux polonais sur l’application privée du droit de la concurrence entre 1993 et 2012. Une analyse quantitative de cette jurisprudence montre que très peu de cas de ce type existent. Leurs caractéristiques qualitatives montrent que : aucun d’entre eux ne concernait les consommateurs ; aucune des revendications ne constituait une demande d’indemnisation dans le sense exacte ; tous ces cas axaient sur la nullité partielle ou générale des contrats conclus à la suite d‘une pratique anticoncurrentielle ; la quasi-totalité d’entre eux concernaient un abus de position dominante ; une seule visait aux accords restreignant la concurrence. La jurisprudence se concentrait surtout sur la force contraignante d’une décision préalable de l’organe polonais de la concurrence prise par des tribunaux civils. Même si le fait que certains cas de ce type-là étaient notés, il pourrait suggérer qu’il existe un potentiel de développement de l’application privée de la concurrence en Pologne – rien que cela ne s’est réellement passé. Malheureusement, la Loi sur les recours collectif (en vigueur depuis juillet 2010) n’a pas contribué à une augmentation du nombre de consommateurs (ou d’autres entités) s’engageant dans des litiges judiciaires avec les entreprises qui restreignent la concurrence.

13

Eliminacyjna Baza Danych DNA – szansa czy zagrożenie? Przegląd funkcjonowania baz eliminacyjnych na przykładzie wybranych państw

63%

mgr Ćwik K.

Problemy Kryminalistyki

|

2017

|

nr 295

3-17

PL

Jednym z podstawowych zapisów argumentujących zasadność funkcjonowania eliminacyjnych Baz Danych DNA jest 20. rekomendacja ENFSI (Europejskiej Sieci Instytutów Nauk Sądowych) zawarta w dokumencie pt. „DNA Database management review and recommendations”, opracowanym przez Grupę Roboczą ENFSI ds. DNA, która stanowi wprost, iż każda Baza Danych DNA powinna posiadać eliminacyjną bazę lub bazy danych DNA zawierającą profile i dane osób, które mogły spowodować tzw. krzyżową kontaminację (ang. cross contamination) badanych śladów. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zobrazowanie istoty funkcjonowania eliminacyjnych Baz Danych DNA na przykładzie wybranych państw, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem m.in.: zastosowanego rozwiązania systemowego, katalogu osób podlegających rejestracji, podstawy prawnej funkcjonowania oraz liczby wykrytych kontaminacji materiału badawczego, dzięki dokonaniu sprawdzeń w przedmiotowej bazie. Jako wynik przeprowadzenia kwerendy bibliograficznej, analizy materiałów źródłowych i procedur zagranicznych autorka przedstawia rozwiązania systemowe oraz założenia funkcjonowania wybranych eliminacyjnych Baz Danych DNA na świecie, zwracając jednocześnie uwagę na to, jak ważnym narzędziem są one w procesie wykrywania sprawców przestępstw oraz jakie szanse i zagrożenia pociąga za sobą ich zaimplementowanie.

EN

One of the basic provisions laying down the rationale for the functioning of elimination DNA databases is the 20th recommendation of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes - ENFSI, set out in the document entitled: “The DNA Database management. Review and recommendations”, developed by ENFSI DNA Working Group. The recommendation states clearly that each DNA database should also include an elimination database(s) containing the profiles and data of persons who may have been the source of the so-called cross-contamination of traces being the subject of analysis. The purpose of this article was to illustrate the essence of functioning of elimination DNA databases on the example of selected countries, with particular regard to, among others, system solutions applied, directories of persons subject to registration, legal basis and the number of contamination events detected as a result of database querying. A bibliographic query and analysis of source materials and foreign procedures enabled the author to present system solutions and the basics of functioning of selected elimination DNA databases established worldwide. Moreover, the author emphasized the importance of elimination databases as a tool for identifying the offenders and highlighted certain opportunities and risks involved in their implementation.

14

Sociální právo a veřejné zdravotní pojištění

63%

Telec I.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

|

2017

|

tom 156

|

nr 7

587-602

EN

Public health insurance constitutes a constitutionally significant social value, which is associated with social rights. The article focuses on the legal problems of complementary and alternative medicine. The first part is devoted to the socio-cultural issues related to the topic. Detailed attention is paid to the legal prerequisites of the payment of the health services from public health insurance under the recent Czech law. Some special legal requirements are discussed in detail, especially the issue of proving efficacy. Attention is also paid to a couple of differences between science testing and facts proving according to the civil procedural law. Legal analysis also focuses on the legal problems concerning medical psychotherapeutic interventions, because the ministerial decree is contrary to the Act on the Public Health Insurance (1997). Balneology is referred to as the borderline case between the complementary and alternative medicine and so called conventional medicine. Particular attention is paid to the legal issues of the prevention funds of health insurance legal persons. The paper concludes that diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive practices of the complementary and alternative medicine are subject to public health insurance, if all general legal conditions are satisfied. The only exception is the legal prohibition of acupuncture reimbursement from the public health insurance since April 1997.

CS

Veřejné zdravotní pojištění tvoří ústavně významnou sociální hodnotu, která je spjata se sociálním právem. Téma je nahlíženo právním pohledem komplementární a alternativní medicíny. Úvodní část je věnována některým sociokulturním otázkám spjatým s tématem. Dále je právně rozebráno veřejné sociální právo pojištěnce. Podrobná pozornost je věnována právním předpokladům hrazení zdravotní služby z veřejného zdravotního pojištění podle českého práva. Jednotlivé právní požadavky jsou podrobně rozebrány, zejména otázka dokazování účinnosti. Pozornost je také věnována rozdílům mezi přírodovědeckým dokazováním účinnosti a mezi důkazy podle procesního práva. Dílčí právní pozornost je zaměřena na právní problém hrazení psychoterapeutických zdravotních výkonů, protože ministerská vyhláška je v rozporu se zákonem o veřejném zdravotním pojištění. Balneologie je uváděna jako hraniční případ mezi komplementární a alternativní medicínou a tzv. konvenční medicínou. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována fondům prevence zdravotních pojišťoven. Závěr příspěvku spočívá v tom, že diagnostické, terapeutické nebo preventivní postupy komplementární a alternativní medicíny jsou hraditelné z veřejného zdravotního pojištění. Legálním předpokladem ovšem je splnění obecných zákonných požadavků. Jedinou výjimkou je legální zákaz hrazení akupunktury z veřejného zdravotního pojištění od dubna roku 1997.

15

Czy schizofrenia jest chorobą neuodegeneracyjną, czy neurorozwojową?

63%

Rabe-Jabłońska J.

Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna

|

2005

|

tom 5

|

nr 3

117-125

EN

According to the neurodevelopmental theory, etiological and pathological factors of a disease occur long before its symptoms. Cessation of the normal course of neuronal development causes disorders in their function and neuronal network, whereas after latency it leads to clinical manifestation of symptoms. In neurodegenerative diseases the specifically pathophysiological process, usually conditioned genetically, impairs selectively the ”sensitive” population of neurons and causes neuropathological symptoms and changes. The course and nature of these dysfunctions depend on superimposing of the pathological process on the normal process of development and puberty, and on individual plasticity and compensatory processes in the central nervous system. Schizophrenia meets some of these criteria, but it does not fit into the narrow definition of neurodegenerative diseases. So far no histopathological, immunocytochemical changes have been found, which would allow to identify the disease. However as early as during the first episode, most patients exhibit some characteristics of clinical deterioration, afterwads the status of most of them gets stabilized at a certain level of cognitive and social functioning, whereas in some patients the severity of the disease and cognitive dysfunctions gradually progress. The progression of schizophrenic process is also reflected in evolution of symptoms in the course of the disease, in biochemical and anatomical changes of the central nervous system. Presently, the neurodegenerative hypothesis of schizophrenia cannot be rejected. It may appear true only in a part of the patients with specific course of the disease, and in some cases neurodegeneration may be superimposed on neurodevelopmental disorders.

PL

Zgodnie z teorią neurorozwojową etiologiczne i patologiczne czynniki choroby występują na długo przed jej objawami. Przerwanie prawidłowego przebiegu rozwoju neuronalnego powoduje zaburzenia ich funkcji oraz sieci neuronalnej, a po okresie latencji doprowadza do klinicznej manifestacji objawów. W chorobach neurodegeneracyjnych specyficzny patofizjologiczny proces, najczęściej uwarunkowany genetycznie, uszkadza selektywnie „wrażliwą” populację neuronów i wywołuje symptomy i zmiany neuropatologiczne. Przebieg w czasie i natura tych dysfunkcji zależy od nałożenia się procesu chorobowego na normalny proces rozwojowy i dojrzewania, a także od indywidualnej plastyczności i procesów kompensacyjnych w OUN. Schizofrenia spełnia niektóre z tych kryteriów, lecz nie mieści się w wąskiej definicji chorób neurodegeneracyjnych. Nie stwierdzono do tej pory zmian histopatologicznych, immunocytochemicznych pozwalających identyfikować schorzenie. Jednak już w okresie I epizodu większość chorych ma cechy klinicznej deterioracji, po czym u wielu z nich stan stabilizuje się na pewnym poziomie funkcjonowania poznawczego i społecznego, natomiast u części pacjentów nasilenie choroby i dysfunkcje poznawcze stopniowo postępują. Progresja procesu schizofrenicznego znajduje także odbicie w ewolucji objawów w miarę przebiegu choroby, zmianach biochemicznych, anatomicznych w OUN. Obecnie nie można odrzucić hipotezy neurodegeneracyjnej schizofrenii. Może się okazać prawdziwa tylko u części chorych ze specyficznym przebiegiem choroby, a w niektórych przypadkach neurodegeneracja może nakładać się na zaburzenia neurorozwojowe.

16

GILSON ON THE RATIONALITY OF CHRISTIAN BELIEF

63%

Hancock C. L.

Studia Gilsoniana

|

2012

|

tom 1

29-44

EN

The underlying skepticism of ancient Greek culture made it unreceptive of philosophy. It was the Catholic Church that embraced philosophy. Still, Étienne Gilson reminds us in Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages that some early Christians rejected philosophy. Their rejection was based on fideism: the view that faith alone provides knowledge. Philosophy is unnecessary and dangerous, fideists argue, because (1) anything known by reason can be better known by faith, and (2) reason, on account of the sin of pride, seeks to replace faith. To support this twofold claim, fideists, like Tertullian and Tatian, quote St. Paul. However, a judicious interpretation of St. Paul’s remarks show that he does not object to philosophy per se but to erroneous philosophy. This interpretation is reinforced by St. Paul’s own background in philosophy and by his willingness to engage intellectuals critical of Christianity in the public square. The challenge of fideism brings up the interesting question: what would Jesus himself say about the discipline of philosophy? Could it be that Jesus himself was a philosopher (as George Bush once declared)? As the fullness of wisdom and intelligence, Jesus certainly understood philosophy, although not in the conventional sense. But surely, interpreting his life through the lens of fideism is unconvincing. Instead, an appreciation of his innate philosophical skills serves better to understand important elements of his mission. His perfect grasp of how grace perfects nature includes a philosophy of the human person. This philosophy grounded in common-sense analysis of human experience enables Jesus to be a profound moral philosopher. Specifically, he is able to explain the principles of personal actualization. Relying on ordinary experience, where good philosophy must start, he narrates moral lessons—parables—that illumine difficulties regarding moral responsibility and virtue. These parables are accessible but profound, showing how moral understanding must transcend Pharisaical legalism. Additionally, Jesus’ native philosophical power shows in his ability to explain away doctrinal confusions and to expose sophistical traps set by his enemies. If fideism is unconvincing, and if the great examples of the Patristics, the Apostles, and Jesus himself show an affinity for philosophy, then it is necessary to conclude that Christianity is a rational religion. Accordingly, the history of Christian culture is arguably an adventure in faith and reason. Since God is truth and the author of all truths, there is nothing in reality that is incompatible with Christian teaching. As John Paul II explains effectively in the encyclical, Fides et Ratio, Christianity is a religion that is rational and can defend itself. This ability to marshal a defense makes Christianity a religion for all seasons.

17

Problematyczność identyfikacji impaktu na podstawie geologicznych mikrośladów

63%

Brachaniec T. , Broszkiewicz A.

Acta Societatis Metheoriticae Polonorum

|

2013

|

tom 4

28-36

EN

Geological record contains macro and micro traces of the impacts. Macro traces are much easier to interpretation and diagnosis. Undisputed micro evidences of the impact are platinum group element anomalies and shock minerals. In the proximal parts of strewnfield may occur spherules, iron spinels, fullerenes or even deformed fossils. Nevertheless, due to problematic in the recognition and determine the origin does not qualify them as clear evidences of the impact.

18

Development of Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Lithuania

63%

Moisejevas R.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

|

2015

|

tom 8(11)

35-52

EN

The article reviews the jurisprudence of Lithuanian courts on private enforcement of competition law and identifies the main obstacles for the development of this practice. The analysis of the jurisprudence makes it possible to summarise that: most rulings of the Lithuanian courts relate to cases on the abuse of dominance; usually, dominant undertakings were allegedly applying discriminatory conditions towards the injured party and; most of the claims were presented as follow-on actions after a decision of the Competition Council. The courts held that damages caused by a breach of competition law have to be recovered in accordance with Lithuania’s main principles of civil responsibility. At the same time, the courts made it clear that their jurisprudence is based on the rulings of European Courts and the main principles of EU competition law. The main obstacles for the successful development of antitrust damages claims in Lithuania are, inter alia: complexity of competition cases; difficulty in obtaining substantive evidence; proving a consequential relationship and; high legal costs. The article also analyses substantial and procedural provisions of Lithuanian legislation that regulate the submission of antitrust damage claims.

19

Opinia biegłego lekarza jako dowód w procesie medycznym – wybrane aspekty

63%

Borys A.

|

2017

|

nr 7

59-72

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane aspekty prawne dotyczące wykorzystania opinii biegłego lekarza, która stanowi podstawowy dowód w procesie medycznym – procesie, w którym dochodzi się odszkodowania lub zadośćuczynienia związanego z wykonywaniem zawodu lekarza. Proces medyczny ze swojej specyficznej natury dla rozstrzygnięcia sprawy wymaga wiedzy specjalistycznej niekiedy z różnych dziedzin medycyny, dlatego dowód z opinii biegłego lekarza ma doniosłe znaczenie. W artykule zostało przedstawione w pierwszej kolejności pojęcie i znaczenie dowodu z opinii biegłego lekarza. Przedstawione zostały również relacje jakie zachodzą między dowodem z opinii biegłego lekarza a innymi środkami dowodowymi w ramach procesu medycznego. Ze względu na przemiany społeczne i zwiększenie świadomości prawnej pacjentów można zaobserwować wzrost liczby wszczynanych procesów sądowych przeciwko lekarzom, dlatego aspekt wykorzystania dowodu z opinii biegłego lekarza ma duże znaczenie praktyczne.

EN

The article presents selected legal aspects concerning the use of the expert medical opinion, which is the primary evidence in the medical process, i.e. proceedings in which one shall seek compensation or damages related to the performance of the medical profession. Medical process due to its specific nature for the settlement of the case sometimes requires expertise in various fields of medicine, therefore the evidence such as medical expert opinion is of great importance. First of all, the article presents the concept and meaning of evidence, i.e. medical expert opinion. It also includes the relations which exist between the evidence of the medical expert opinion and other evidence within the medical process. Due to the social changes and raising legal awareness of patients one can observe an increase in the number of lawsuits initiated against doctors. Therefore the question of using the medical expert opinion as evidence is of vital practical importance.

20

Philosophy, Christian Philosophy, and Christian Faith: Reply to Hasker

63%

Moser P. K.

Roczniki Filozoficzne

|

2016

|

tom 64

|

nr 4

41-54

EN

Many Christians seek to understand how their Christian faith relates to what goes by the name “philosophy.” They eventually see that no single well-defined subject goes by the name “philosophy.” It does not help matters that the term “philosophy” is among the most variably used terms in the English language, even among academic philosophers. This raises the question of how a Christian philosopher should proceed with inquiry about the relation between Christian faith and philosophy. This paper offers an answer in terms of “Christ-shaped” philosophy, and replies to some criticisms from William Hasker.

XX

Wielu chrześcijan stara się zrozumieć, w jaki sposób ich wiara chrześcijańska odnosi się do tego, co znane jest pod nazwą „filozofia”. Ostatecznie przekonują się oni, że nie istnieje jeden wyraźnie określony przedmiot, który w sposób wyłączny określałaby nazwa „filozofia”. Nie ułatwia sprawy fakt, że termin ten należy do najbardziej wieloznacznie używanych terminów języka angielskiego, nawet wśród filozofów akademickich. Powstaje zatem problem, w jaki sposób filozof chrześcijański ma prowadzić badania w zakresie relacji, jaka zachodzi między wiarą chrześcijańską a filozofią. Niniejszy artykuł proponuje odpowiedź na to pytanie w kategoriach filozofii „ukształtowanej przez Chrystusa”; odpowiada on również na niektóre zarzuty ze strony Williama Haskera.