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Asistovaná reprodukce u single osob a homosexuálních párů

100%

Konečná H.

Časopis zdravotnického práva a bioetiky (Journal of Medical Law and Bioethics)

2017

tom 7

nr 1

28-43

In recent months, Czech Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs repeatedly informs the public of its intention to make assisted reproduction techniques (ART) to single persons, reasoning that human rights and demographic situation. The article is an analysis of reasons expressed by the Ministry and possible consequences of the steps. Text loosely builds on my two previous analyzes published in ČZPB 2016, the first dealing with the intention to extend the health insurence payment of ART and to anchore legislatively surrogacy in CR. The other analysis is focused on age limits for ART at private patients.

Ministerstvo práce a sociálních věcí ČR v posledních měsících opakovaně informuje veřejnost o svém záměru zpřístupnit asistovanou reprodukci (ART) osobám bez partnera. Zdůvodňuje to lidskými právy a demografickou situací. Článek je analýzou vyslovených důvodů a možných konsekvencí. Text volně navazuje na moje dvě předchozí analýzy v minulých číslech ČZPB 2016, první řešící záměr rozšířit platbu ART zdravotními pojišťovnami a legislativně ukotvit náhradní mateřství, druhá zaměřená na věkové limity pro samoplátce.

O vědě, ideologii a strukturalismu

80%

Hana Š.

Slovo a smysl - Word & Sense

2015

tom 12

nr 23

105-114

The paper starts from a consideration of two variant critiques of structuralism: in 1935, Marxistoriented historians polemicized with Mukařovský’s concept of the development of literature; in 1951, Mukařovský himself presented a critique based in the ideology of the totalitarian regime. A comparison between the state of the scholarly debate in the 1930s and the latter event allows us to develop some more general characteristics of the ingerence of power ideology into scientific discourse and its paradigm. The focus of our inquiry is the question as to what allowed Mukařovský to perform this radical turn and adopt an ideological doctrine. What we find is that a link between the topics pursued in our argument — i.e. between the structuralist theory, an ideology in the service of power and the deformation of the scholarly paradigm — is provided by the position of the individual in history, in both artistic and social discourse. The gist of the matter is that with the weakening or even elimination of the individual’s role disappears the ethical dimension of the human relating to the world, disappears individual responsibility as an essential, irreducible part of one’s identity.

Robots with biological brains : autonomy and liability of a semi-artificial life form

70%

Krausová A. , Hazan H.

The Lawyer Quarterly

2017

tom 7

nr 3

162-172

Hybrid IT systems with biological brains (hybrots) enhance our understanding of brain functioning. However, given their specific form of existence and their ability to act autonomously to a certain degree, they raise questions regarding attributing liability in case they cause damage. The aim of this paper is to suggest a scheme for attributing liability to these systems while taking into account liability issues related to artificial intelligence. Firstly, the paper describes the technology of hybrid systems, its history, state of the art as well as its technological constraints. Next, general social and ethical aspects of the technology are briefly described. Finally, the paper describes the main problems related to liability of hybrid systems and sets out criteria for determining liability for damages caused by hybrots.

Singerova britva, druhizmus a výnimočné postavenie človeka vo vesmíre = : Singer’s razor, speciesism and the exceptional status of man in the universe

41%

Sýkora P.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

2013

tom 61

nr 3

415-426

The aim of this study is to refute the frequent and repeated critical objections to Singer’s almost four-decades-old argument against speciesism. These objections are based, above all, on misunderstanding. There is misunderstanding not only of the argument itself, but also of Singer’s methodological starting point, which we have termed “Singer’s ethical razor”. In the text we show why it is not possible to reject Singer’s utilitarian argument only by rejecting utilitarianism en bloc. In the same way, we show why it is not appropriate to charge Singer with failing to extend his ethics to include plants and lifeless nature. In fact the opposite is true because Singer clearly demonstrates how environmental ethics relating to the protection of the wild can be based on the same principle of the equal consideration of interests which is the basis for the moral unacceptability of speciesism.