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Przeobrażenia w państwach Europy Wschodniej. Mozaika etniczna współczesnej Białorusi, Mołdawii i Ukrainy a bezpieczeństwo subregionu

100%

Karolak-Michalska M. , Waloch W.

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nr 4 (373)

147-174

EN

Political and economic developments in the Eastern European countries are an important element of the public debate. Ongoing socio-political and economic transformation in the subregion (Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine) highlights the diversity of individual countries also in ethnic terms, with Ukraine and the current war in Donbass being a particular example, as well as Crimean annexation events where the nationality of the society plays a special role. The aim of the article is to analyze the ethnic structure of Eastern European countries in an attempt to identify the demographic potential of their national and ethnical minorities in the context of the threat to the security of the subregion. The research hypothesis is as follows: the demographic potential of national and ethnic minorities in the countries of Eastern Europe is an important element threatening the security of individual states. Detailed research questions take the following form: 1) What is the ethnic diversity of Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine? 2) Does the ethnic diversity of the subregion’s states constitute an element of threat to their security and as a consequence to the security of the entire subregion? 3) Which of the minorities in the subregion has a real demographic strength (numerical potential) to threaten the security of Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine, respectively? Looking for answers to the research questions raised, the authors treat the determinants of the structure of the surveyed countries, then present a comparative view of the contemporary demographic picture of Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine, and also point to clusters of national/ethnic minorities in particular regions of the surveyed countries. They also identifies the demographic potential of minorities in terms of security threats. In theirs final remarks they come to the conclusion that in comparison to the countries of Eastern Europe, particular national and ethnic minorities, due to their size, are an important crisis-generating element in Moldova and Ukraine (mainly the Russian minority), in contrast to Belarus. In the writing of this article the interdisciplinary research approach was particularly helpful, combined with the integrating quantitative method, qualitative analysis, and the comparative method.

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Struktura narodowościowa województwa zachodniopomorskiego

100%

Ślęzak M.

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nr 4

5-23

XX

According to the results of the latest census the West Pomeranian Voivodship is ethnically homogeneous; within its territory there are various communities with ethnic identities that differ from the Polish one, yet their total proportion does not exceed the level of a few percent. The most numerous non-Polish communities are the Ukrainian and German ethnic minorities, and the Gypsy (Romani people’s) ethnic community. According to the analysed statistics the number of the people born in a given country does not affect the size of the population of the minorities or immigrants. The number of the inhabitants of the West Pomeranian Voivodship born outside Poland is several times higher that the number of the people of the same ethnic identity. For example, in 2011 in the West Pomeranian Voivodship there were over 16,600 people born in the Ukraine, but about 5,000 declared to be of Ukrainian nationality and only 129 were Ukrainian citizens. There were over 1,300 people born in France, 298 declared to be of the French nationality and 153 were citizens of France. The conclusion is that the people declaring to be of the Polish nationality are the dominant part of the population born outside Poland. A very small proportion of the inhabitants of the West Pomeranian Voivodship use a language other than Polish in their private contacts. The biggest part of them are English-speaking people (4,500), followed by the German-speaking population (3,300) and the Ukrainian-speaking one (2,500). With the exception of Ukrainian, which is considered as a native language by more people (2,700) than the ones who speak it at home, the other languages were less frequently mentioned as a native tongue than as the language used at home. But only the results of the next census will give a basis to carry out reliable comparative analyses concerning the ethnic structure of Poland and the West Pomeranian Voivodship (assuming that the questions will be identical with the ones of the 2011 questionnaire).

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1935. gada tautskaites datu pielāgojums rajonu un mūsdienu pagastu iedalījumam

84%

Mežs I. , Németh Á.

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nr 3/4

61-84

EN

Significant changes in population size and ethnic structure have occurred in Latvia over the last century, but it is difficult to analyze the changes on the level of districts, as well smaller rural divisions due to border changes. To compare the changes of the number of population and its ethnic structure in different areas, we need data from regular census as well as geographically stable or compatible administrative divisions. Regular population census detailed data for Latvia are available from more than 10 census (1897, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1943, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2000, and 2011), but the administrative divisions have changed significantly. The current administrative division has been formed by merging the previous smaller civil parishes (pagasti), so it is still possible to make calculations between the current division and the former 26 districts and vice versa. But so far it was impossible to make accurate comparisons between the pre-war 19 counties and later 26 districts, which existed until 2009 and even more difficult is to compare historic and current civil parishes. As a result, it is impossible to make an accurate population and the composition of an analysis comparing the pre-war and post-war data. This article aims to bridge this gap created by the administrative border changes to enable accurately compare the size of population and ethnic composition in the long term through a special method. In addition this article includes unpublished statistical information of the 1935 census about Eastern Latvia. Ethnic composition of the population has been much more stable than the total number of population in Eastern Latvia. The most rapid increase of the population between 1935 and 1959 was recorded in Riga area, but the largest depopulation occurred in Latgale, since Latgalians more actively moved to other regions of the country. In spite of the war and deportations the total population of Latvia has increased. In addition to large increase of biggest cities, the population has grown rapidly in the vicinity of Riga and Zemgale. But the total population of Latgale has rapidly declined, especially in Ludza and Krāslava regions. Some corrections of ethnicity have been found in published results of 1935 census in some of 20 municipalities, covering almost 15 000 inhabitants, mostly increasing the share Latvians on behalf of Belarusians and Poles.

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Deportations and distribution of Polish citizens of the Mosaic faith in the territories of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1939-1943

84%

Cutter Z.

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tom 52

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nr 4(198)

749-762

PL

Prezentowany artykuł ściśle wiąże się z dziejami stosunków politycznych II Rzeczypospolitej ze Związkiem Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich w latach 1939-1943. Charakterystyka masowych deportacji oraz rozmieszczenia obywateli polskich na obszarach Związku Radzieckiego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ludności wyznania mojżeszowego stanowią zasadnicze cele opracowania. Przy zastosowaniu metody statystycznej poddano analizie i ocenie kwestie zasadnicze związane z: eksploracją ludności żydowskiej na tle struktury narodowościowej Polski lat 1918-1939; masowymi deportacjami ludności Kresów Wschodni przez władze radzieckie w latach 1940-1941 oraz obszary państwa radzieckiego, na których została rozmieszczona ludność z okupowanych ziem II Rzeczypospolitej. W rozważaniach merytorycznych wskazano jednocześnie , że masowe akcje deportacyjne, a także życie codzienne na „nieludzkiej ziemi” dosięgły oprócz Polaków, również obywateli polskich wyznania mojżeszowego.

EN

The presented article addresses the history of the Second Polish Republic’s political relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1939-1943. The study aims to characterize the mass deportations and the distribution of Polish citizens in the territory of the Soviet Union, with emphasis on the population of the Mosaic faith. The statistical method was used to analyze and assess the fundamental issues related to the exploration of the Jewish population against the background of the national structure of Poland in the years 1918-1939, mass deportations of the people of the Eastern Borderlands by the Soviet authorities in 1940-1941, and the areas of the Soviet state where people from the occupied territories of the Second Polish Republic were deployed. The substantive considerations also indicated that mass deportation actions and everyday life on “inhuman land” reached not only Poles but also Polish citizens of the Mosaic faith.