Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Etanol w świecie - kierunki użytkowania, surowce i produkty uboczne

100%

Cibis E. , Krzywonos M. , Miśkiewicz T.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2006

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tom T. 85, nr 8-9

1263-1267

PL

Przedstawiono światowy rynek produkcji etanolu, omówiono kierunki jego wykorzystania, surowce stosowane do jego otrzymywania oraz sposoby zagospodarowania produktów ubocznych, powstających przy jego wytwarzaniu. Wskazano, że produkcja spirytusu jest zdominowana przez Brazylię i USA, wytwarzające łącznie ok. 70% jego globalnej ilości, a dominującym kierunkiem (70%) użytkowania etanolu jest wykorzystywanie go jako dodatku do paliw. Głównym i uciążliwym produktem ubocznym, powstającym przy produkcji alkoholu etylowego metodą fermentacji jest wywar gorzelniczy, najczęściej zagospodarowywany jako pasza (USA) lub nawóz (Brazylia), a w mniejszej skali jest też poddawany beztlenowej biodegradacji (wywar melasowy w Indiach).

EN

A review with 48 refs. covering ethanol as fuel additive, stillage utilization as fodder or fertilizer or by anaerobic biodegradation.

2

The effect of diesel/ethanol blends on variations of selected combustion parameter

80%

Lotko W. , Smigins R. , Górski K.

Journal of KONES

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2009

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tom Vol. 16, No. 2

279-284

EN

This paper presents and discusses selected research results of the diesel engine fuelled with blends of: diesel oil (DO), synthetic ethanol (ET) as oxygenated additive and small quantity of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) used as emulsifier. Content of ethanol in diesel oil was changed in wide range (up to 50%). Addition of 5% by vol. Of FAME was constant for each tested mixture. Preliminary tests were focused on influence of fuels blends composition on its combustion process. The main analyzed parameter was mean indicated pressure and its unrepeatability index. Research suggests that diesel oil blended with up to 20% of ethanol can be successfully used for diesel engines feeding. Higher ethanol content in mixture with diesel oil is unfavourable because misfire phenomenon occurs immediately. In this case tested engine works unstable with extremely high toxic gases emission. Some physical properties of tested fuels, measurement system configuration, Values of mean indicated pressure vs. cycle number for AD3.152 engine fuelled with: pure diesel oil, ETIO, ET20, ET30, ET 40, ET50, Variations of unrepeatability index of mean indicated pressure in relationship to kind of tested fuels are presented In the paper. Research shows that tested engine is not possible to operate with using above 40% of ethanol content in diesel oil, as the fuel simply will not ignite.

3

Effect of ethanol on the processes of thermoregulation

80%

Huttunen P.

Acta Physiologica Polonica

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1990

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tom 41

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nr 1-3

4

Ca-Modiﬁed Co/SBA-15 Catalysts for Hydrogen Production through Ethanol Steam Reforming

80%

Chiou J. Y. Z. , Liu S. W. , Ho K. F. , Huang H. H. , Tang C. W. , Wang C. B.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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tom Vol. 5

1--16

EN

Hydrogen production through steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) over the Ca-modified Co/SBA-15 catalysts was studied herein to evaluate the catalytic activity, stability andthebehavior of coke deposition.The Ca-modified SBA-15 supports were prepared from the Ca(NO3)2•4H2O (10 wt%) which was incorporated to SBA-15 by incipient wetness impregnation (assigned as Ca/SBA-15) and direct hydrothermal (assigned as Ca-SBA-15) method. The active cobalt species from the Co(NO3)2•6H2O (10 wt%) was loaded to SiO2, SBA-15 and modified-SBA-15 supports with incipient wetness impregnation method to obtain the cobalt catalysts (named as Co/SiO2, Co/SBA-15, Co-Ca/SBA-15 and Co/Ca-SBA-15, respectively). The prepared catalysts were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and BET.The catalytic performance of the SRE reaction was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor.The results indicated that the Co/Ca-SBA-15 catalystwas preferential among these catalysts and the ethanol can be converted completely at 375 °C. The hydrogen yield (YH2) approached 4.76 at 500 °C and less coke deposited. Further, the long-term stabilitytest of this catalyst approached100h at 500 °C and did not deactivate.

5

Wybór parametrów jakościowych do specyfikacji technicznej paliwa etanol (E85) stosowanego do zasilania silników samochodów FFV

80%

Pałuchowska M. , Jakóbiec J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2012

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tom z. 1/87

39--47

PL

W artykule przedstawiono podstawy ustalenia wymaganych parametrów i ich limitów w specyfikacji technicznej paliwa silnikowego Etanol (E85). Przytoczono także dane na temat powstającego rynku dla tego paliwa w Europie odnośnie modeli samochodów oraz ilości stacji paliwowych dystrybuujących paliwo E85.

EN

The article presented the basis for determining the required parameters and their limits in the technical specification automotive fuel Ethanol (E85). Also quoted data on the emerging market for this fuel in Europe regarding cars model and number of filling stations dispensing E85 fuel.

6

The investigation of ethanol separation by the membrane distillation process

80%

Tomaszewska M. , Białończyk L.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2011

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tom 13

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nr 3

66-69

EN

Separation of ethanol from solutions with different concentrations in a BIOTRON bioreactor integrated with the direct contact membrane distillation system has been investigated. The experiments were carried out using immersed, capillary polypropylene membranes. The permeability of the membrane at the feed inlet temperatures of 308, 318 and 333K was determined. The permeate and ethanol flux was strongly affected by the vapour pressure which increased with the feed temperature and it was also associated with ethanol concentration in the feed. It was found that the membrane distillation can be successfully applied for the separation of volatile components such as ethanol.

7

Separation of volatile compounds from fermentation broth by membrane distillation

80%

Gryta M. , Barancewicz M.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2011

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tom 13

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nr 3

56-60

EN

The diluted ethanol solutions and fermentation broth (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were separated by membrane distillation (MD). Hydrophobic macroporous (pore size 0.2 μm) capillary polypropylene membranes, Accurel PP V8/2 HF and Accurel PP S6/2, were used for these studies. The MD process can be successfully applied to remove the volatile components from the fermentation broth. Besides ethanol, propionic and acetic acids were moved from the broth to the distillate. Therefore, the course of the fermentation carried out in a membrane distillation bioreactor considerably accelerate its rate and increase the efficiency by a selective removal of fermentation products. It was found that the broth subjected to the separation did not affect the hydrophobic properties of the polypropylene membrane assembled in the MD modules.

8

Energetyczne i ekonomiczne aspekty ekstarakcyjnej fermentacji etanolowej

80%

Szewczyk K. W. , Zautsen R.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2003

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tom T. 82, nr 8-9

1104-1106

9

Direct Transformation of Ethanol to Ethyl Acetate over MoSx/C Catalyst

80%

Wang L. X. , Zheng D. F. , Ma C. X. , Zhu W. C. , Liu S. Y. , Cui J. , Wang Z. L. , Zhang W. X.

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2009

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tom Vol. 83, nr 11

1993-2000

EN

Activated carbon-supported sulfided molybdenum catalysts were tested in transformation of ethanol to ethyl acetate. The catalytic activity of MoSx/C catalysts was found to depend strongly on preparation procedure. Surface atomic ratio of S/Mo on these catalysts was different and the catalyst with the ratio of S/Mo = 2.2 had better catalytic properties. For the purpose of enhancement of catalytic activity, the treatment of activated carbon support by HNO3 had been applied. Physicochemical characterization showed that the pretreatment was effective in obtaining a highly dispersed molybdenum species on the surface of the catalyst, which led to an in crease in conversion of ethanol.

10

Ethyl and methyl esters production field esterification plant

80%

Chraplewska N. , Duda K.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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tom Vol. 18, No. 4

49-52

EN

Production of biofuels from vegetable oils, which would be able to meet restrictive standards in quality, is a complicated process. It results from building provision determinants to be met, as well as the method of process, which requires necessary equipment. While the production of ethyl esters is less harmful for operators than in case of methyl esters, so far for both alcohols there are many hazardous for them. One way of reduction inconvenience of the construction requirements for work with explosives is to put the installation on the mobile platform that will enable the creation of biofuels away from the urban areas. For the production of esters from rapeseed oils may be used methanol and ethanol. Depending on alcohol used, the resulting ester will have different properties. Presented material describes the requirements for the buildings where the production of esters can be made. A comparison of properties of methyl and ethyl esters, as well as a description of the transesterification process and the quality of test results obtained in the field esterification plant. The paper focuses on the renewable energy on the example of biodiesel. Esters, being an alternative to diesel oil, fall into two groups: methyl or ethyl fatty acids esters derived from oils, most often rapeseed oil. Biodiesel is available at petrol stations as 100% ester or mixture with diesel oil.

11

Experimental study of compression and combustion processes in a combustion characteristics of compression ignition engine fuelled with RME and ethanol

80%

Kowalewicz A.

Journal of KONES

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2005

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tom Vol. 12, No. 1-2

163-174

EN

At the previous conference KONES’2004 emission characteristics of C.I. engine fuelled with either rape oil methyl ester (RME) or diesel fuel (DF) as a main fuel and ethanol as additional fuel were presented. Comparison of emission and brake fuel conversion efficiency (BFCF) of the engine fuelled with both main fuels showed that fuelling with RME and ethanol is more advantageous on account of both emission and efficiency than with DF and ethanol. In this paper combustion characteristics of the engine fuelled with RME and ethanol are presented and analysed. They enabled the insight into combustion processes of RME and ethanol resulting in better understanding influence of ethanol fraction in total fuel on emission and efficiency.

12

A comparison of burning characteristics of iso-octane and ethanol fuels in an optical SI engine

80%

Moxey B. , Cairns A. , Zhao H.

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2013

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tom Vol. 20, No. 2

299--305

EN

Over the next few decades the automotive industry will be faced with a number of challenging decisions as the world’s supply of oil reduces and the global population increases beyond 7 billion. These factors have driven some researchers to look at blending fossil fuels with alternatives such as crop-produced alcohols (or so-called biofuels). The currently reported study was concerned with the combustion characteristics of ethanol-isooctane blended fuels in a specially designed, single cylinder, spark ignition research engine equipped with full bore overhead optical access. The testing was undertaken using port fuel injection (PFI) and was focused on the behaviour of differing ethanol concentrations under varied internal exhaust gas re-circulation levels (IEGR). Simultaneous high speed imaging and in-cylinder pressure data analysis was used to understand the fundamental influence of varying ethanol content on turbulent flame propagation and subsequent mass burning. The resulting images were analysed looking at the speed of the advancing flame and the shape factor of the burning velocity. The initial evidence suggested that under the moderate speeds and loads tested, poor charge mixture preparation associated with ethanol was leading to fast but unstable burn rates. This could be avoided and combustion improved by using increased valve overlap settings, with the hot residuals entering the intake port aiding the full evaporation of the fuel.

13

Eco-Diesel Engine with Additional Injection of Ethanol

80%

Kowalewicz A. , Pajączek Z.

Archivum Combustionis

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2003

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tom Vol. 23 nr 3-4

169-183

EN

Investigation into possibility of fuelling of compression ignition (CI) engine, with an addition of ethanol, was carried out. Ethanol can be a suitable fuel for SI engines, but its application to CI engines requires an assisted ignition. In this work ethanol was injected into the inlet port and entered the engine cylinder mostly as a vapour. Diesel fuel remained a main fuel, but played the role of the ignition fuel. Investigation was carried out on one-cylinder, direct injection CI engine with modified inlet duct for injection of ethanol. The investigations showed that: 1) energy ratio of ethanol to diesel fuel up to 50% can be applied, 2) engine thermal efficiency increased, with the increasing load, 3) soot emission was decreased dramatically after even a small amount of the injected ethanol, 4) emission of greenhouse gas (CO2) was decreased with increasing amount of ethanol, 5) NOx emission was decreased for a small load, but for a high load it is kept at the same level if the engine is fuelled only with diesel fuel. Optimization of the energy ratio of both fuels and injection timing of diesel fuel is being carried out at present.

14

Effect of ethanol on lipid bilayer relaxation kinetics

80%

Przybylo M. , Borowik T. , Kraszewski S. , Langner M.

Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters

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2005

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tom 10

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nr Suppl.

15

XAFS in the tracking of reactions in aqueous solution: a case of redox reaction between [AuCl4]- complex ions and ethanol

70%

Pacławski K. , Sikora M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2012

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tom Vol. 57, iss. 4

1011-1020

EN

In this work the potential application of synchrotron radiation in the studies of reaction kinetics in aqueous phase were presented. After short introduction describing principles of technique and potential application of XAFS for the structural studies of reacting species, the experimental results of kinetic measurements of reaction between gold(III) chloride complex ions and ethanol were presented. Analyzing the changes of absorption intensity in the XANES spectra registered at Au-L &sub3; edge during the reaction, the change of the valence state of Au central atom (form 3+to 0) of reacting complex ion was determined. Moreover, empirical XANES data gave the chance to register the kinetic curve and to determine the rate constant of the studied reaction. It was found that reaction is relatively slow (second-order rate constant k = 3.66 · 10 &sup-5; M ;sup-1;s) and lead to the gold metallic phase formation in the system. Applying the continuous-flow method, within the first 600 ms of reaction the changes in XANES spectra were registered. From the obtained results, supported with numerical calculations, two intermediate forms of adducts appearing prior the electron transfer were suggested. It was concluded that when the classic methods, e.g. UV-Vis spectrophotometry, cannot be applied to studies of kinetics of reactions in aqueous solution, the XAFS technique can be a valuable and substitutive (or supplementary) tool for such measurements.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono potencjalne możliwości zastosowania promieniowania synchrotronowego w badaniach nad kinetyka reakcji przebiegających w roztworach wodnych. We wstępie, omówiono podstawy techniki rentgenowskiej analizy struktury nadsubtelnej (XAFS) i jej możliwości zastosowania w badaniach strukturalnych związków chemicznych w fazie ciekłej. Zaprezentowano również dane eksperymentalne z pomiarów XAFS dotyczące kinetyki reakcji pomiędzy chlorkowymi kompleksami złota(III) i alkoholem etylowym. Z analizy zmian intensywności absorpcji widm XANES rejestrowanych przy krawędzi L &sub3; złota określono zmianę stopnia utlenienia atomu centralnego Au (z 3+ do 0) reagującego kompleksu. Ponadto, dane empiryczne pozwoliły na wyznaczenie krzywej kinetycznej oraz określenie drugorzędowej wartości stałej szybkości reakcji (k = 3.66 ·10 &sup-5; M &sup-1;s). W wyniku analizy widm XANES potwierdzono powstawanie faza metalicznej złota w układzie. Stosując metodę ciągłego przepływu reagentów, zarejestrowano zmiany w widmie XANES w ciągu 600 ms od rozpoczęcia reakcji.Na podstawie zarejestrowanych widm oraz przeprowadzonych obliczeń numerycznych zasugerowano dwie możliwe struktury adduktu tworzącego się przed właściwym transferem elektronu w reakcji redoks. Z przeprowadzonych eksperymentów wynika, ze w układach, w których nie jest możliwe stosowanie spektrofotometrii UV-Vis, metoda XAFS może być zastępczym i obiecującym narzędziem do badań kinetyki reakcji.

16

Acetic acid hydroconversion over mono- and bimetallic indium doped catalysts supported on alumina and silicas of various textures

70%

Onyestyák G. , Harnos S. , Badari C. A. , Drotár E. , Klébert S. , Kalló D.

Open Chemistry

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2015

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tom 13

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nr 1

EN

Consecutive hydroconversion of acetic acid (AA) to ethanol was compared over monometallic and novel bimetallic (containing In as guest metal) catalysts on alumina and silica supports (inter alia highly ordered SBA-15) of different porosity and pore structure. The transformation was studied in a fixed bed, flow-through reactor in the temperature range of 220–380°C using hydrogen flow at 21 bar total pressure. AA hydroconversion activity of Cu and Pt catalysts and the yield of selectively produced alcohol were increased drastically by applying SBA-15 as highly ordered, mesoporous silica support instead of alumina. The most active nickel catalysts do not allow the selective addition of hydrogen to carbon-oxygen bonds independently of supports producing mainly CH4; however, indium doping can completely eliminate the hydrodecarbonylation activity as found in earlier studies. The textural properties of studied silica supports of various textures such as SBA-15, CAB-O-SIL, and Grace Sylobead have a profound impact on the catalytic performance of Ni and Ni2In particles.

17

Investigation of effiency of consuming ethanol of diesel engine

70%

Pikunas A. , Pukalskas S. , Bureika G. , Grabys J.

Journal of KONES

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2006

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tom Vol. 13, No. 2

381-386

EN

Renewable resources, searching for alternative energy and its application in motor vehicles became particularly urgent now, when oilfields are approaching to their depletion and prices of hydrocarbon fuel are permanently growing. One of renewable energy sources is ethanol that may be produced upon the existing conditions in Lithuanian as well. Consuming alternative fuel in internal combustion engines of motor vehicles that are applied to use fuel made of fossil oil causes various technical problems. When pure alternative fuel is consuming, one meets into collision with expensive and complicated changes of structure of the engine and its control (fuel supplying) systems. Seeking for reduction of the above mentioned expenses and simplified exploitation, the usual fuel is partially replaced by the alternative one. The problem arises in using a supply system for introducing the fuel applied for extra supply of ethanol to the air, sucked into Diesel engines combustion chambers. The issues related have been discussed in the presented paper.

18

Influence of the ethanol added into petrol and diesel fuel

70%

Namešanský P. , Lábaj J. , Fabrici J.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2006

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tom nr 4

67-70

EN

The paper deals with the problem scope of ethanol (as biologically decomposable compound) adding into petrol and diesel fuel on the final lubricity of motor fuels. It analyses the subject of tribology and automobile fuels in connection with modern technologies in construction of automobile engines. The mentioned properties and characteristics were measured by commonly used laboratory method on Plint TE 82 (PLINT & PARTNERS LTD). Measured data show, that diesel fuel with ethanol has better lubricity parameters and lubricity persists longer, than in case of petrol fuel with ethanol. One problem occurred, when diesel fuel was mixed with ethanol, which contained more then 0,5 % of water. This problem was solved by eliminating of the water from ethanol, eventually the suitable solubility additive is recommended.

19

Production of ethanol from wheat straw

70%

Smuga-Kogut M. , Wnuk A. D. , Zgórska K. , Kubiak M. S. , Wojdalski J. , Kupczyk A. , Szlachta J. , Luberański A.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2015

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tom Vol. 17, nr 3

89--94

EN

This study proposes a method for the production of ethanol from wheat straw lignocellulose where the raw material is chemically processed before hydrolysis and fermentation. The usefulness of wheat straw delignification was evaluated with the use of a 4:1 mixture of 95% ethanol and 65% HNO3 (V). Chemically processed lignocellulose was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis to produce reducing sugars, which were converted to ethanol in the process of alcoholic fermentation. Chemical processing damages the molecular structure of wheat straw, thus improving ethanol yield. The removal of lignin from straw improves fermentation by eliminating lignin’s negative influence on the growth and viability of yeast cells. Straw pretreatment facilitates enzymatic hydrolysis by increasing the content of reducing sugars and ethanol per g in comparison with untreated wheat straw.

20

A numerical study of steady diffusion flames established over ethanol fed porous spheres

70%

Vaibhav Kumar Sahu V. K. , Vasudevan Raghavan V.

Archivum Combustionis

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2011

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tom Vol. 31 nr 4

211-222

EN

An investigation of steady burning of liquid ethanol at the surface of porous spheres subjected to forced convective air flow has been carried out in this study. In this study, the diameter of the porous sphere is kept constant at 10 mm. Gasphase combustion at atmospheric pressure and under normal gravity has been studied numerically. A numerical model, which employs variable thermo-physical properties, a global single-step reaction mechanism and an optically thin radiation model, has been first validated against the published experimental results obtained from porous sphere technique. The validated model has been employed to study the effect of air velocity on flame behavior. Numerical results in terms of burning rates and velocity profiles around the sphere are presented. The flame zone in the front portion of the sphere (front stagnation point), where fresh air is supplied, becomes unstable as the air velocity is increased. This has been analyzed using the quantities such as oxygen contours and the momentum ratio.