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EN
The existing formulae, like the well-known Penman-Monteith equation, used for calculating evapotranspiration are characterized by great differences concerning their results. These differences stem from the diversified climatic conditions and vegetation specifics during their development. Every formula of evapotranspiration only delivers 100% correct results, if it is used under the same climatic condition it was developed in. Therefore, a new method for calculating evapotranspiration via specific, but comparatively easily established formula was presented. After a theoretical introduction for illustrating some fundamental aspects for this work, the test setup and approach for creating these formulae are described in detail. The test set up considers typical climatic conditions and simulates, for example, the average temperature of Vienna, a summer day and an extremely hot day. While using a polynomial correlation, a formula for calculating evapotranspiration at any temperature is possible. For determining the evapotranspiration rate (in mm/m2 per 24 hours day) due to the presented formula, only temperature, sort of vegetation and technical soil has to be defined. As a result, the relevance of this work is the presentation of a method to determine the evapotranspiration of any technical substrates (used for e.g. green roofs, façade greenery, indoor greenery, raingardens…) with or without any kind of vegetation, while using the created formula.
EN
The category of all binary relations between arbitrary sets turns out to be a certain symmetric monoidal category Rel with an additional structure characterized by a family $d = (d_{A}: A → A⨂ A | A ∈ |Rel|)$ of diagonal morphisms, a family $t = (t_{A}: A → I | A ∈ |Rel|)$ of terminal morphisms, and a family $∇ = (∇_{A}: A ⨂ A → A | A ∈ |Rel|)$ of diagonal inversions having certain properties. Using this properties in [11] was given a system of axioms which characterizes the abstract concept of a halfdiagonal-halfterminal-symmetric monoidal category with diagonal inversions (hdht∇s-category). Besides of certain identities this system of axioms contains two identical implications. In this paper is shown that there is an equivalent characterizing system of axioms for hdht∇s-categories consisting of identities only. Therefore, the class of all small hdht∇-symmetric categories (interpreted as hetrogeneous algebras of a certain type) forms a variety and hence there are free theories for relational structures.
EN
The existence of a solution, as well as some properties of the obtained solution for a Hammerstein type nonlinear integral equation have been investigated. For a certain class of functions the uniqueness theorem has also been proved.
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nr 1
EN
The paper presents a global formulation of the initial – boundary problem of coupled thermoelasticity. The principle of virtual work was used. The equation for virtual work in thermoelasticity has been formulated for various types of thermal boundary conditions as well as internal sources of heat. The problem of coupled thermoelasticity in a plane stress state, especially in a rigid disk, is considered in a further part of the paper. In the formulation of the virtual work principle, some changes of the boundary thermal conditions have been considered on a plane bordering the rigid disk, on the assumption that the temperature distribution is symmetrical with respect to the central surface of the rigid disk.
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2015
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tom R. 71, nr 3
166--168
PL
System wzrokowy człowieka można uważać za najbardziej doskonałe urządzenia pomiarowe barwy, ale nie jest on w stanie przypisać barwom odpowiedniej wartości liczbowej, tak jak nie jest w stanie oszacować liczbowo różnicy pomiędzy barwami ocenianych obiektów. Właśnie dlatego zaistniała potrzeba opracowania obiektywnych standardowych metod pozwalających na ilościowe przedstawienie barwy oraz systematyki tych sposobów. Uwarunkowało to również konieczność pojawienia się kolorymetrii – nauki zajmującej się ilościowym opisem i charakterystyką postrzeganych barw.
10
75%
EN
The effects of friction were observed in electric guitar strings passing over an electric guitar saddle. The effects of changing the ratio of the diameter of the winding to the diameter of the core of the string, the angle through which the string is bent, and the length on either side of the saddle were measured. Relative tensions were deduced by plucking and measuring the frequencies of vibration of the two portions of string. Coefficients of friction consistent with the capstan equation were calculated and were found to be lower than 0.26 for wound strings (nickel plated steel windings on steel cores) and lower than 0.17 for unwound (tin plated steel) strings. The largest values of friction were associated with strings of nar rower windings and wider cores and this may be due to the uneven nature of the contact between the string and saddle for wound strings or due the surface of the windings deforming more, encouraging fresh (and therefore higher friction) metal to metal contact. It is advised to apply lubrication under the saddle to string contact point after first bringing the string up to pitch rather than before in order to prevent this fresh metal to metal contact.
RU
Приведен синтез линейных регуляторов для задач оптимального управления нестационарными колебаниями, возникающими в режимах пуска/торможения автомобильных кранов. Для обоснования достаточных условий оптимальности решения указанной задачи, сформулированных В.Ф. Кротовым, установлено и решено методом неопределённых коэффициентов уравнение Р. Беллмана.
EN
The synthesis of the linear controllers for the goals of the optimizing control over the transient oscillations arising in the triggering and braking modes of the automobile cranes is presented. For reasoning sufficient conditions of optimality as to resolving of the indicated assignmentformulated by V.F. Krotov it is set and resolved by means of the Bellman unidentified coefficients equation.
EN
The paper presents simulation of phase parameter asymmetries in a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor and the analysis of their impact on the instantaneous torque. The torque ripple, which is created by the asymmetries, is simulated for open-loop and vector-control operating modes using a specifically developed mathematical model of the 3-phase asymmetrical machine.
EN
The completeness theorem of equational logic of Birkhoff asserts the coincidence of the model-theoretic and proof- theoretic consequence relations. Goguen and Meseguer, giving a sound and adequate system of inference rules for many-sorted deduction, founded ultimately on the congruences on Hall algebras, generalized the completeness theorem of Birkhoff to the completeness theorem of many-sorted equational logic. In this paper, after simplifying the specification of Hall algebras as given by Goguen-Meseguer, we obtain another many-sorted equational calculus from which we prove that the inference rules of abstraction and concretion due to Goguen-Meseguer are derived rules. Finally, after defining the Bienabou algebras for a set of sorts S we prove that the category of Bienabou algebras for S is equivalent to the category of Hall algebras for S and isomorphic to the category of Bienabou theories for S, i.e., the many-sorted counterpart of the category of Lawvere theories, hence that Hall algebras and Bienabou theories are equivalent.
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