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1 Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
1 Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

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Enantiosémie z perspektivy lingvistických teorií intersubjektivity

100%

Beneš M.

tom 9

nr Special Issue 2018

124-134

This paper deals with two rather under-researched aspects of enantiosemy, i.e. the state in which one word in a given language has two opposite meanings. First, the paper investigates how is it possible for the second, opposite meaning to emerge (= individual-psychological aspect); second, it focuses on the processes of spreading throughout the language community (= social-psychological aspect). As far as the first aspect is concerned, this paper is based on the Vygotskian trends in SLA (FLT, FLL; see e.g. van Compernolle, 2015; Wertsch, 1994) and conceives enantiosemy as result of an inferring false hypothesis about the meaning of the given word from the input. It shows that these false hypotheses, if not disproved, subsequently transform into rules constituting the new, opposite meanings. As far as the second aspect is concerned, this paper is based on the linguistic theories of intersubjectivity, where meanings are conceptualized as rules, i.e. normative social facts, existing in the so-called intersubjectivity of the language users’ minds (see e.g. Itkonen, 2003; 2008a; Zlatev et al., 2008; Zlatev, 2016; Verhagen, 2015). The spreading of the second, opposite meaning is perceived as a series of consequent individual-psychological acquisitions of the new rule with the new, opposite content (i.e. false hypothesis > new, opposite rule) by the first, second, third etc. language users. From this perspective, it is possible to demonstrate the difference between enantiosemy from the language’s point of view (one part of a language community knows the old meaning only, while the second knows only the new, opposite meaning) and enantiosemy from the user’s point of view (some members of a community knowing both the old and the new, opposite meaning).

Enantiosémie jako výsledek vývojových procesů

70%

Nejedlý P.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

2014

tom 75

nr 3

181-192

Enantiosemy describes a situation in which a lexical unit acquires opposing meanings as a result of long-term semantic development. In this article, using several examples from Old Czech, I show how the enantiosemic status of words results from the development of lexical units or (sub-)systems. In the first example, the verb ublížit (to harm) has gained (on the background of words blízký, bližní, přiblížit, etc.) negative conceptual content through the systemic usage of the directional meaning of the prefix u-. In another example, the verb odpravit has changed its meaning from ‘to arrange regularly’ to ‘to murder’ during its own complicated semantic development (‘to make sth rightly’ → ‘to punish sb rightly’ → ‘to put sb to death’ → ‘to murder’). Finally, it is shown that the meanings ‘to love’ and ‘to hate’ of the Old Czech verb náviděti have become the result of a double progressive artificially-created opposition to the initial common Slavic nenáviděti – the previous concept, presented both in linguistic and in popular literature on its polysemy, is thus incorrect.