Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Pyrometric method of temperature measurement with compensation for solar radiation

100%

Madura H. , Kastek M. , Sosnowski T. , Orżanowski T.

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2010

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tom Vol. 17, nr 1

77-86

EN

Outdoor remote temperature measurements in the infrared range can be very inaccurate because of the influence of solar radiation reflected from a measured object. In case of strong directional reflection towards a measuring device, the error rate can easily reach hundreds per cent as the reflected signal adds to the thermal emission of an object. As a result, the measured temperature is much higher than the real one. Error rate depends mainly on the emissivity of an object and intensity of solar radiation. The position of the measuring device with reference to an object and the Sun is also important. The method of compensation of such undesirable influence of solar radiation will be presented. It is based on simultaneous measurements in two different spectral bands, short-wavelength and long-wavelength ones. The temperature of an object is derived from long-wavelength data only, whereas the short-wavelength band, the corrective one, is used to estimate the solar radiation level. Both bands were selected to achieve proportional changes of the output signal due to solar radiation. Knowing the relation between emissivity and solar radiation levels in both spectral bands, it is possible to reduce the measurement error several times.

2

Determining the emissivity at the tool-chip interface during S235JR steel turning

100%

Molenda J. , Charchalis A.

Journal of KONES

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2015

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tom Vol. 22, No. 2

149--154

EN

Temperature on the chip-tool interface is important parameters in the analysis and control of turning process. Due to the high shear and friction, energies dissipated during a machining operation the temperature in the primary and secondary shear zones are usually very high; hence, affect the shear deformation and tool wear. In a single point cutting, heat is generated at three different zones i.e. primary shear zone, chip tool interface and the tool-workpiece interface. The primary shear zone temperature affects the mechanical properties of the work piece – chip material and temperatures at tool-chip and tool-work piece interfaces influence tool wear at tool face and flank respectively. Total tool wear rate and crater wear on the rake face are strongly influenced by the temperature at chip-tool interface. Therefore, it is desirable to determine the temperatures of the tool and chip interface to analyse or control the process. To measure the temperature at the tool-chip interface many experimental methods have been developed over the past century. Since at the interface there is a moving contact between the tool and chip in this work, authors propose infrared method for temperature measuring. To assure possibly high accurate of noncontact temperature measurement there is a need to keep in mind several factors, including determining appropriate value of emissivity. In this work, authors present results of experimental determining emissivity value of tool-chip interface. As initial value, emissivity of polished steel was taken.

3

Testing coatings of reflecting infrared radiation for a target for night shooting

100%

Swiderski W. , Hłosta P. , Polak G. , Tymiński D.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2019

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tom Vol. 65, No. 2

41--43

EN

The paper presents the principle of operation of a new night-shooting target. Because this target requires a covering that reflects the infrared radiation flux generated by the reflector from its surface, testing of different variants of the cover and the shape of the target surface has been carried out. Emissivity is a physical parameter characterizing the radiant properties of real bodies. The emissivity coefficient of extruded aluminum sheet samples covered with a layer of green colored aluminum oxide was determined. The aluminum oxide layer was applied using two different technologies being galvanic and anodizing.

4

Appointing of surface topography parameters to describe the diffuse reflective properties of selected dielectrics

100%

Majchrowski R. , Rozanski L. , Grochalski K.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2017

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tom Vol. 63, No. 3

78--81

EN

The investigations have been performed in order to choose the specific roughness parameters, which would inform the customer about the diffuse emissive and reflective characteristics of the adhesive tapes used in the thermographic measurements. To achieve that, a series of the surface topography parameters of various adhesive tapes (i.e. objects with diffusive reflective characteristics) and various glass plates (i.e. objects with directional reflective characteristics) has been examined. For the analysis of surface topography the following parameters were selected: Sdr (the Developed Interfacial Area Ratio) and Sdq (the Root Mean Square Surface Slope). These selected parameters seem to be most suitable to describe the properties of the surface in the discussed aspect.

5

Device for emissivity estimation in LWIR range

100%

Olbrycht R.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2017

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tom Vol. 63, No. 3

90--93

EN

The paper deals with the influence of emissivity on infrared measurements (Tab. 1; Fig. 1-3) and presents the developed device for emissivity estimation (Fig. 4). There is comparison shown between the reference emissivity values measured with thermal camera (Fig. 5) and estimated with the developed device (Tab. 2). Obtained results are in good agreement for three examined samples with emissivity ranging from 0.1 to 0.95.

6

Study of selected physical, chemical and biological properties of selected materials intended for contact with human body

88%

Mrówka M. , Machoczek T. , Jureczko P. , Szymiczek M. , Skonieczna M. , Marcoll Ł.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2019

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tom Vol. 21, nr 1

1--8

EN

The purpose of the conducted study was to analyse new materials intended for contact with the human body in view of their physical, chemical and biological properties. The authors have put to test six commercially available materials, four out of which were composite polyamide 12-based materials, while two were polyurethanes. The examined materials were assessed in terms of the surface. Subsequently, their hardness and biocompatibility were tested. The authors devoted major attention to the tests of absorption and emissivity of water, the pH = 7.4 PBS buffer solution and pH = 4.3 artificial sweat in temperatures of 21°C and 37°C. The results of the tests have confirmed the non-toxicity of all the tested materials and allowed to provide their characteristics in terms of their surface, hardness, as well as absorption and emissivity of various body fluids. Both polyamide 12 and the tested polyurethanes are classified as thermoplastics that may be used in additive technology.

7

Pyrometric Method of Temperature Measurement with Compensation for Solar Radiation

88%

Madura H. , Kastek M. , Sosnowski T. , Orżanowski T.

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8

Emissivity measurement of black paint using the calorimetric method

88%

Pelińska-Olko E.

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2023

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tom Vol. 44, no 3

161--177

EN

The paper is of practical importance and describes the construction of a test rig and the measurement method for determining the relative emissivity coefficient of thermosensitive thin polymer coatings. Polymers are high-molecular chemical compounds that produce chains of repeating elements called ‘mers’. The polymers can be natural and artificial. The former ones form the building material for living organisms, the latter – for plastics. In this work, the words plastics and polymers are used as synonyms. Some plastics are thermosensitive materials with specific physical and chemical properties. The calorimetric method mentioned in the title consists of two steps. The first stage, described here, involves very accurately measuring the emissivity of black paint with the highest possible relative emissivity coefficient, which covers the surface of the heater and the inner surface of the chamber. In the second step, the thermosensitive polymer will be placed on the inner surface of the chamber, while black paint with a known emissivity coefficient will remain on the heater. Such a way of determining the properties of thermosensitive polymers will increase the error of the method itself, but at the same time will avoid melting of the polymer coating. During the tests, the results of which are presented in this work, the emissivity coefficient of the black paint was obtained in the range of 0.958–0.965.

9

Emissivity of the one - plate lapping machine tool

88%

Molenda J. , Barylski A.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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tom Vol. 19, No. 1

283-288

EN

A number of precision manufacturing applications use lapping process as a critical technology to achieve thickness tolerance and surface quality specification. Typical examples of the processed components are pump parts, transmission equipments, cutting tools, hydraulic and pneumatics, aerospace parts, inspections equipment, stamping and forging. Lapping leads to a surface with low roughness and high precision. It is carried out by applying loose abrasive grains between work and lap surfaces, and causing a relative motion between them resulting in material removal. The grains activities in the working gap cause also temperature rise of the executory system elements, including lap plate. Because of required parts accuracy tool flatness is the key to the successful machining. To avoid its excessive thermal expansion, plate temperature research was taken. Temperature is the most often measured physical quantity, second only to time. All advantages of infrared technology have led it to become frequently used technique for temperature measurement. It was also used by authors for lapping process observation. To assure accurate noncontact infrared temperature measurement there is a need to keep in mind several factors, including determining appropriate value of emissivity. Incorrectly, designated emissivity results in bigger measuring error. This work presents a method for determining wheel emissivity and its value obtained by presented way. To find emissivity of the lapping plate infrared camera V-20 II produced by VIGO System S.A. and contact thermometer TES1312 Dual K-Type were used. The experiments were carried out on a plate-lapping machine ABRALAP 380 with a grooved cast-iron lapping plate and three conditioning rings. The determined emissivity was equal 0.95 and was bigger than value from the table, as was expected. During lapping wheel surface is in fact very dark due to charging and covering the waste slurry. Obtained value will be used in future measurements.

10

Pomiary emisyjności powierzchni zewnętrznych kadzi stalowniczych z wykorzystaniem kamery termowizyjnej

75%

Hutny A. M. , Wyczółkowski R. , Warzecha M.

Prace Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza

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2015

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tom T. 67, nr 4

44--49

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badania poświęcone pomiarom emisyjności kadzi stalowniczych. Uzyskano dane dotyczące temperatur w wybranych punktach powierzchni płaszcza analizowanych kadzi, pochodzących z pomiaru stykowego. Dla każdej kadzi zarejestrowano termogramy. Wykazano, że wartość badanego parametru zależy istotnie od stopnia pokrycia kadzi zanieczyszczeniami. Ustalono, że emisyjność powierzchni zewnętrznych badanych kadzi stalowniczych mieści się w zakresie od 0,75 do 0,92.

EN

The article presents research performed to obtain the emission coefficient of the investigated steel ladles. The measurements were perfomed for selected points in the mantle surface of the analyzed ladle with the direct contact measurement. Thermal images were recorded for different ladles. It has been shown that the value of the examined parameter significantly depends on the degree of coverage of the ladle impurities. It was found that the emissivity of the outer surfaces of the tested steel ladles are in the range from 0.75 to 0.92.

11

Minimalizacja wpływu emisyjności na błąd pomiaru temperatury metodą bezstykową

75%

Mrożek J.

Śląskie Wiadomości Elektryczne

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2011

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tom Nr 5 (98)

24--26

PL

We wstępie przedstawiono niedoskonałości bezstykowych pomiarów temperatury. Artykuł przedstawia nowy sposób pomiaru temperatury, który pozwala zminimalizować wpływ emisyjności na wynik pomiaru.

EN

Imperfection of non-contact temperature measurement methods are presented in the introduction. The paper presents the new method of measurement that allows to minimize the influence of incorrect emissivity on measurement result.

12

Algorytm korekcji zmienności emisyjności powierzchni nagrzewanego indukcyjnie wirującego walca

75%

Urbanek P. , Kucharski J.

|

2007

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tom Z. 5

147-154

PL

Bezstykowy pomiar temperatury wysokopołyskliwych obracających się walców stalowych, wykorzystywanych w różnych procesach technologicznych, jest kłopotliwy nie tylko ze względu na małą emisyjność ich powierzchni, ale również z powodu różnorodnych zabrudzeń powodujących nieprzewidywalne wahania emisyjności walca. Powoduje to powstanie znaczących zakłóceń, które mogą znacznie utrudniać działanie układu regulacji temperatury powierzchni walca. W artykule zaproponowano algorytm śledzący zmiany emisyjności powierzchni w mierzonych obszarach wzdłuż obwodu walca na podstawie pomierzonych przez czujnik promieniowania podczerwonego wartości chwilowych temperatury jego powierzchni. Wykorzystując procedury optymalizacji w doborze wartości emisyjności badanej powierzchni stworzono możliwość znacznej redukcji błędów pomiarowych wynikających z opisanej zmienności emisyjności powierzchni.

EN

Non-contact temperature measurement of a high-glittering rotating steel cylinder may be sufficiently biased by variations of surface emissivity, which can result from a technological process. It can be a very important problem for temperature control systems. Usually these emissivity variations can appear periodically thus it is possible to reduce their influence by applying a special numerical algorithm. In the paper such algorithm based on optimization techniques has been presented and is efficiency has been verified experimentally.

13

Półprzewodnikowe źródło promieniowania IR z przestrajaną emisyjnością

75%

Piątkowski T. , Polakowski H. , Trzaskawka P. , Piotrowski T.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2009

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tom R. 55, nr 11

886-889

PL

W pracy dokonano analizy wpływu parametrów geometrycznych i optycznych planarnej diody krzemowej na jej właściwości emisyjne. Przeprowadzono analizy teoretyczne oraz dokonano pomiarów emisyjności różnicowej, weryfikujących obliczenia. Wykonano badania wpływu parametrów impulsów sterujących oraz właściwości promiennych testowanego źródła. Zbadano rozkład promieniowania w obszarze optycznie czynnym. Promienniki podczerwieni takiego typu można użyć zarówno do tworzenia sceny termalnej sterowanej elektrycznie jak do pomiarów parametrów dynamicznych kamer termowizyjnych.

EN

The paper presents the influence of geometrical and optical parameters of a planar silicon diode on its emissive properties, especially the maximal value of differential emissivity that can be achieved at 100°C operating temperature. The theoretical analysis was performed (Figs. 1, 2) and was verified by emissivity measurements for two silicon structures, 0.3 and 0.5 mm thick, with and without an aluminum reflective layer. The pulse mode for carrier injection into p-n junction was applied. The pulse parameters as well as radiative properties of silicon structure were optimized and verified experimentally. The pulse amplitude, duration and repetition frequency were determined to obtain optimal source characteristics. The apparent temperature distribution across the active surface with and without carrier injection was measured with use of a thermal camera (Fig. 7). Due to generally promising results for a single diode, the next stage of research concerning a 4-element source (2x2 matrix) is planned. The mutual influence of adjacent diodes will be investigated and the designed control electronics will be tested.

14

Analiza czynników składowych błędów pirometrii radiacyjnej

75%

Hots N. , Piątkowski T.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2009

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tom R. 55, nr 11

874-877

PL

W artykule zamieszczono analizę źródeł błędów pomiaru temperatury w jednopasmowej pirometrii radiacyjnej w zakresie temperatur od 0°C do 500°C. Wykonano pomiary zmian emisyjności w funkcji temperatury dla utlenionej stali z pieca cementowego oraz stopu aluminium. Przedstawio-no algorytm obliczeń błędu pomiarowego w pirometrze. Wyznaczono za jego pomocą wpływ takich czynników jak błąd określenia emisyjności, wpływ promieniowania tła oraz emisyjność zmienną z temperaturą obiektu.

EN

The paper describes error sources in non-contact, single band pyrometer temperature measurements within the range 0-500°C. The main causes of measurement errors are summarized in Table1. The relation between the emissivity and temperature was measured for the oxidized steel interior of cement kiln and aluminum alloy. The measurement results are shown in Fig. 2. The algorithm of calibration procedure and approximation of the calibration curve are presented. The errors introduced by calibration (Fig. 3.) and the method for error estimation in a virtual pyrometer are given. The influence of physical parameters of the measured object and its surrounding on the radiative temperature measurement accuracy is discussed. The mentioned algorithm was also used to determine the influence of such factors as the emissivity assessment error (Fig. 4) and the error caused by temperature dependence of the object emissivity (Fig. 5). The magnitude of measurement error resulting from reflected background temperature was also determined (Fig. 6). The methods for diminishing the effect of the considered factors on the result of radiative temperature measurements are proposed.

15

Badania emisyjności żużla stalowniczego w zakresie podczerwieni MWIR i LWIR

75%

Więcek B. , Świątczak T. , Olbrycht R. , Wittchen W. , Borecki M.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2009

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tom R. 55, nr 11

914-918

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wstępne badania emisyjności żużla stalowniczego w dwóch zakresach widmowych podczerwieni MWIR i LWIR. Wyniki wykazały znaczące różnice emisyjności spektralnej, co można wykorzystać do określenia parametrów żużla stalowniczego. Ideą prowadzonych badań jest poszukiwanie nowych zastosowań termowizji w metalurgii stali.

EN

In this work, the preliminary results of emissivity for steel slag measured in two spectral ranges, MWIR and LWIR are presented. The investigations confirmed significant difference of spectral emissivity. The results can be used for estimation of technological parameters in the steel slag. The idea of the investigations presented in this paper can be useful in searching new applications of the thermovision in ferrous metallurgy.

16

Kamera termowizyjna w diagnostyce urządzeń elektronicznych

75%

Hulewicz A.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2012

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tom Vol. 53, nr 7

107-110

PL

Tematyka artykułu dotyczy interdyscyplinarnego obszaru badań związanego z pomiarami termowizyjnymi i ich zastosowaniem w diagnostyce urządzeń elektronicznych. Przedstawiono podstawowe zagadnienia obejmujące pomiary termowizyjne i zastosowaną aparaturę pomiarową. Zaprezentowano wyniki pomiarów termowizyjnych dla wybranych elementów elektronicznych pracujących przy prawidłowym obciążeniu oraz przy zwiększonych wartościach tego parametru.

EN

The subject of the paper concerns an interdisciplinary area of research related to infrared, thermovisual measurements and their application in the diagnostics of electronic devices. The basic issues associated with infrared measurements and used measuring equipment are presented. The results of infrared measurements for selected electronic components operating at normal load and the increased value of this parameter are presented.

17

Pyrometry of hot metals with changing and nonuniform emissivity

75%

Firago V. , Senkov A. , Wójcik W.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2010

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tom R. 86, nr 7

104-108

EN

There are analyzed opportunities of decreasing the influence of changes of hot metals’ emissivity on the results of determining their thermodynamic temperature by two- and three-color pyrometers on modern ‘sandwich’ type and ‘mosaic’ type photo detectors. The dependence of the error of temperature measurement on the spectral location and spectral width of pyrometer’s working spectral bands is estimated. The effectiveness of additional using of laser reflectometry together with spectral ratio method and luminous method is considered. There is suggested a three-color pyrometric method using three-color multi-element photo detectors on Si.

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano możliwość zmniejszenia wpływu zmian emisyjności gorących metali na wynik pomiarów ich temperatury za pomocą pirometrów dwu i trójbarwowych z nowoczesnymi mozaikowymi detektorami typu „sandwich”. Oszacowano zależność błędu pomiaru temperatury od doboru zakresu spektralnego, w którym pracuje pirometr oraz od jego szerokości widmowej. Rozważono skuteczność dodatkowego wykorzystania reflektometrii laserowej razem z metodami porównania widm i natężeniową. Zaproponowano trójbarwową metodę pirometryczną wykorzystującą trójkolorowy wieloelementowy detektor krzemowy.

18

Kamera termowizyjna w pomiarach emisyjności powierzchni metali

75%

Polakowski H. , Madura H. , Firmanty K. , Bareła J.

Pomiary, Automatyka, Komputery w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

|

2008

|

tom nr 2

21-23

PL

W artykule omówiono metodę pomiaru współczynnika emisyjności przy wykorzystaniu kamery termowizyjnej. Metoda jest szczególnie przydatna do pomiarów emisyjności powierzchni silnie odbijających promieniowanie podczerwone takich jak powierzchnie metali. Praktyczną przydatność metody zilustrowano wynikami pomiarów emisyjności folii aluminiowej. Znajomość tego parametru jest istotna przy dokładnych pomiarach temperatury pirometrem podczerwieni lub kamerą termowizyjną.

EN

The paper presents the method of emissivity measurements by means of a thermal camera This method can be extremely useful when the emissivity of highly reflecting surfaces (e.g. metallic ones) is to be measured. The practical application of the method is shown and the measurements of the emissivity of aluminum foil are presented as an example. The knowledge of the emisivity value is important during non-contact temperature measurements with pyrometers or thermal cameras.

19

Zasady bezstykowego pomiaru temperatury z użyciem nowoczesnych pirometrów

75%

Dziewiecki A.

Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych

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2017

|

tom Nr 1

36--40

PL

Postęp w rozwoju elektroniki cyfrowej zrewolucjonizował w ostatnich latach sposób działania termometrów bezdotykowych. Większość nowoczesnych pirometrów wykazuje się wysoką dokładnością i stabilnością pomiaru w warunkach laboratoryjnych, jednakże, w realnych sytuacjach ich wyniki naznaczone są pewnymi błędami. Pomimo tego branża budowlana z powodzeniem wykorzystuje pirometry cyfrowe do uzyskiwania miarodajnych pomiarów badanych obiektów.

EN

Advanced innovations and modern digital electronics have revolutionized infrared thermometers in recent years. Most modern pyrometers are highly accurate, precise and stable when used in a clean and controlled calibration laboratory; yet, incorrect performance is frequently obtained when general – purpose sensors are applied throughout the real – life situations. However, civil engineering industry has directly benefitted from the introduction of infrared pyrometers to produce reliable temperature readings under demanding empirical conditions.

20

Testowe promienniki podczerwieni

75%

Polakowski H. , Piątkowski T.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

|

2011

|

tom R. 57, nr 11

1351-1354

PL

Jednym z najważniejszych parametrów oceny jakości kamery termowizyjnej jest jej rozdzielczość temperaturowa. Do jej oceny wymagane są kosztowne wzorce kontrastu. W pracy omówiono zasadę działania oraz praktyczną możliwość wytworzenia wzorcowego kontrastu termicznego za pomocą promiennika monolitycznego. Różnicę kontrastu termicznego uzyskano poprzez wytworzenie struktury mikrownęk na jego powierzchni. Zmiana wartości kontrastu uzyskiwana jest poprzez dobór odpowiedniej temperatury takiego promiennika.

EN

Comparative evaluation of the thermal resolution of infrared cameras can be performed by simultaneous observation of a precisely defined temperature difference (two standard blackbodies, each at different temperature) or thermal contrast obtained by any different method [1]. The standard testing procedure involves usually application of an expensive, precise blackbody and four-bar tests (Fig. 1) [2]. The paper deals with the possibility of obtaining the standard thermal contrast using a single monolithic IR emitter, by creating microcavity pattern on its surface. (Fig. 20 [8]. The results of numerical simulation of such an IR emitter are presented as a set of characteristics, expressing the relation between the effective emissivity and the shape coefficient (Fig. 4). The idea of creating the thermal contrast is discussed in Section 4. The possibility of achieving the thermal contrast desired value is shown on the thermal image of the proposed type of emitter (Fig. 6). The profile of the apparent temperature across the surface is shown in Fig. 7 (the emitter temperature T=75°C). On the basis of thermographic measurements the relation between effective thermal contrast and the emitter temperature was determined (Fig. 9). By choosing the emitter sectors of small differences in emissivity it is possible to observe and evaluate the response of the tested infrared device to the very subtle changes of thermal contrast. The change in thermal contrast between the adjacent sectors is achieved by proper selection of the emitter temperature.