We present a new method of making the final approach trajectories for a rendezvous between two spacecrafts or between a spacecraft and a station. The final approach is performed by the use in two successive steps of suitable forces having variable amplitude and direction. Electric thrusters can be today considered as the best devices to obtain these forces acting on a spacecraft. The suggested method could be also employed to maintain the geometrical figure of a constellation of satellites. The mathematical description is based on the equations of Hill with the introduction of additional forces. The method is illustrated by three examples.
The paper presents the structure of hybrid and electric modern ship propulsion systems. Types and configuration of electrochemical cells for selected electric energy storage facilities on the ship were presented. The method and results of reliability analyses, such as failure mode effect analysis (FMEA), reliability block diagram (RBD) and fault tree analysis (FTA), used to estimate the probability of failure of the energy storage systems supplying the ship's main propulsion, are presented. Methods of evaluation and verification of the proposed reliability model using a laboratory model and available operational and service data are discussed. A proposal for a quantitative risk analysis of potential damage during the operation of the energy storage has been presented.
The paper presents issues related to the possibility of using an electric propulsion system for inland craft, in this particular case self-propelled barges. Perspectives for development of inland water transport in Poland are presented. Historical engineering designs used in water transport at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are shown. The current status of stock used in inland navigation along with the condition of waterways available in Poland is presented. Energy consumption by inland craft using various configurations of propulsion systems is discussed, along with comparison of energy consumption during transport of goods using road transport, rail transport and inland waterway transport. In addition to the hybrid electric and diesel propulsion systems, the alternative is to use the electric rail mules for moving the barges.
The article presents a project of an autonomous transport system that can be deployed in coastal waters, bays or between islands. Presented solutions and development trends in the transport of autonomous and unmanned units (ghost ships) are presented. The structure of the control system of autonomous units is discussed together with the presentation of applied solutions in the field of artificial intelligence. The paper presents the concept of a transport system consisting of autonomous electric powered vessels designed to carry passengers, bikes, mopeds, motorcycles or passenger cars. The transport task is to be implemented in an optimal way, that is, most economically and at the same time as safe as possible. For this reason, the structure of the electric propulsion system that can be found on such units is shown. The results of simulation studies of autonomous system operation using simulator of marine navigational environment are presented.
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The work presents the issues concerning hazards to which users of electric road vehicles, rescue teams and roadside assistance as well as diagnostic and repair services may be exposed and the ways to minimize them. The introductory part presents the effects of dangerously high voltage on the human body. Then the dangers to which the users of EV vehicles and other road users are exposed were briefly pointed out. Also indicated are the risks associated with charging EV batteries. An extensive prevention system is created, including measures to prevent the occurrence of undesirable situations and, in particular, contact with dangerously high voltage of users of these vehicles, rescue teams and road assistance as well as technical service.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono problematykę dotyczącą zagrożeń na które mogą być narażeni użytkownicy pojazdów drogowych z napędem elektrycznym, ekipy ratownicze i pomoc drogowa a także serwis diagnostyczno – naprawczy i sposoby ich minimalizacji. W części wstępnej przedstawiono skutki oddziaływania niebezpiecznie wysokiego napięcia na organizm ludzki. Następnie w dużym skrócie wskazano obszary zagrożeń użytkowników pojazdów EV i innych uczestników ruchu drogowego. Wskazano również zagrożenia związane z ładowaniem akumulatorów. Tworzony jest rozbudowany system prewencji obejmujący środki uniemożliwiające zaistnienie niepożądanych sytuacji a w szczególności zetknięcie się z niebezpiecznie wysokim napięciem użytkownikom tych pojazdów, ekipom ratowniczym i pomocy drogowej a także serwisowi technicznemu.
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