The incursion into Africa by Europe in the 19th Century was formally ratified by the 1884–85 Berlin Conference. The reason for Europe to decide in venturing into the South was basically centered on the need for natural resources and to be later realized deep yearnings for trade and cooperation with Africa. But the reverse was the case with the supposedly cooperation with Africa initiative in a conference that was strangely not to have Africa diplomatically represented and with resolutions which instead of enabling this proper partnership with Africa became a master — slave empire-type of relations. This master-slave relation is also seen in many aspects even in trade and is known also to have changed the economic behavior of African countries. An unequal relationship between the north and its colonies is revealed.
This article reflects the role of play elements (and especially competitive, agonal principle) in culture (J. Huizinga, R. Caillois, E. Fink), particularly in the sphere of economy. Basic characteristics of the play element as a culture-building phenomenon are summarized here. The author points at play elements, as they are explicitly reflected by the theory of economics, focusing on the classical theory of Adam Smith, neoclassical concept of Homo Oeconomicus, theory of games and economic behavior, institutional theories, as well as the public-choice theory.
PL
Artykuł wskazuje rolę, jaką odgrywają elementy gry (zwłaszcza konkurencyjności, skrajnej wytrzymałości) w kulturze (J. Huizinga, R. Caillois, E. Fink) a szczególnie w sferze gospodarki. Przedstawiono tu podstawowe cechy elementu gry, takie jak zjawisko culture building (budowanie kultury). Autor wskazuje na rolę, jaką odgrywają te elementy, które są wyraźnie odzwierciedlone w teorii ekonomii, koncentrując się na klasycznej teorii Adama Smitha neoklasycznej koncepcji Homo Oeconomicus, teorii gier i zachowań ekonomicznych, teoriach instytucjonalnych, jak również teorii wyboru publicznego.
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