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EN
The issue of dynamism plays an important role in Karol Wojtyła’s philosophical anthropology. His study takes into account the context of the philosophy of being and the philosophy of consciousness. He emphasizes the importance of experiencing one’s own subjectivity in the course of dynamism. The purpose of the article is to present the structure of human dynamism proposed by Wojtyła. It contains three types of dynamism: dynamism of suppositum, dynamism in a human being (when something happens to him) and dynamism of human action. The first is in the metaphysical field, two more in the phenomenological field. This structure also contains the fieri factor understood as directing the dynamism to the subject.
EN
In my article, I analyze how Kazimierz Dąbrowski's theory of positive disintegration can help with understanding the phenomenon of psychic maturity. From the perspective of this conception, the development of a human being is inherently connecting with going towards your ideal, which can't be achieved without mental disturbance and sometimes even psychic breakdown. The loosening of rigid psychic structures should be linking with self-education. This process leads toward the birth of a new person that internalized her hierarchy of values and goals. This hierarchy can't be changed. The theory inscribes the development of the given individual into five key levels that have different inner properties. I shortly analyzed theory and its main components, and after that, I showed how we should understand mental maturity in the light of Kazimierz Dąbrowski's theory.
EN
This is a review of Lwowska krytyka literacka 1894-1914. Tendencje i problemy by Katarzyna Sadkowska, an attempted monograph of the most outstanding and most representative literary criticism phenomena observed in modernist Lvov at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The book offers a dominant interpretation strategy typical of the cultural history of literature, presenting the analysed texts in the context of diverse relations. The monograph focuses on the achievements of Ostap Ortwin, Karol Irzykowski, Stanisław Womela and Tadeusz Sobolewski. The author has reconstructed many formerly unknown segments of modernist literary criticism in Lvov.
EN
Learners of foreign languages (L2s) apply strategies to support learning processes and L2 development. They select strategies according to their individual needs and preferences and adjust their strategic actions to suit situational circumstances and contextual conditions. A holistic investigation of strategic L2 learning processes requires the integration of numerous interconnected, flexibly-interacting influences, which are at constant interplay with each other and whose development is difficult to predict. Validated as effective in other fields of applied linguistics, complex dynamic systems theory (CDST) can also provide an appropriate frame for researching strategic L2 learning. Based on state-of-the-art methodological guidance for complexity research, this article presents the re-analysis of empirical data from a previous study through a complexity lens. It further examines the suitability of CDST in strategy research, explores its practical value, and demonstrates that a complexity perspective can generate new, profound information about strategic learning.
EN
The issue of dynamism plays an important role in Karol Wojtyła’s philosophical anthropology. His study takes into account the context of the philosophy of being and the philosophy of consciousness. He emphasizes the importance of experiencing one’s own subjectivity in the course of dynamism.The purpose of the article is to present the structure of human dynamism proposed by Wojtyła. It contains three types of dynamism: dynamism of suppositum, dynamism in a human being (when something happens to him) and dynamism of human action. The first is in the metaphysical field, two more in the phenomenological field. This structure also contains the fieri factor understood as directing the dynamism to the subject.
PL
Zagadnienie dynamizmu zajmuje ważne miejsce w antropologii filozoficznej Karola Wojtyły. Jego badania uwzględniają kontekst filozofii bytu oraz filozofii świadomości. Akcentuje znaczenie przeżycia własnej podmiotowości w trakcie dynamizmu.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zaproponowanej przez niego struktury ludzkiego dynamizmu. Zawiera ona trzy rodzaje dynamizmu: dynamizm suppositum, dynamizm uczynnień oraz dynamizm czynu. Pierwszy ujmowany jest w polu metafizycznym, dwa kolejne w polu fenomenologicznym. W ramach tej struktury ukazano także rolę, jaką pełni fieri, oznaczające skierowanie dynamizmu na swój podmiot.
EN
This article offers philosophical reflections on the classical conception of upbringing, considered in the light of the distinction between two forms of human dynamism: the dynamism in man and the dynamism of man. The subjective aspect of education surely furnishes the main reason for needing to improve human conduct, due to the presence of various dynamisms in man that are insufficiently integrated with one another. The formation and integration of these always rests on a certain conception of man, and thus also on some corresponding fundamental principle pertaining to this integration. The classical conception of upbringing implies that man, as the subject of education, is a personal being whose nature, at the same time both spiritual and corporeal, is constituted as an active potentiality. The proper development of this nature takes place through the acquisition of the moral virtues, which are based on the primacy of the dynamism of man (intellect and will) over the dynamism in man (in the sense of the sphere of vital bodily impulses).
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest filozoficzny namysł nad klasyczną koncepcją wychowania w świetle rozróżnienia dynamizmu w człowieku i dynamizmu człowieka. W aspekcie podmiotowym zasadniczą racją wychowania jest konieczność doskonalenia ludzkiego działania z uwagi na obecność w człowieku różnorodnych dynamizmów, które nie są z sobą w dostateczny sposób zintegrowane. Ich kształtowanie i integracja dokonuje się zawsze według określonej koncepcji człowieka oraz odpowiadającej jej naczelnej zasadzie tej integracji. Klasyczna koncepcja wychowania zakłada zaś, że człowiek jako podmiot wychowania jest bytem osobowym, którego duchowo-cielesna natura jest spotencjalizowana. Właściwa aktualizacja tej natury dokonuje się za sprawą nabycia cnót moralnych, którego podstawą jest prymat dynamizmu człowieka (rozumu i woli) względem dynamizmu w człowieku (sfera witalno-cielesno-popędowa).
EN
In ancient times, people pondered “cosmic love” (eros, philotes, thymos), i.e., the universal power that underlies the phenomena of the universe. The force of love extends to all things, including man and his action. Philosophers remarked rather early that love is, as it were, the foundation for the phenomena and actions that are experienced. As love is both of the character of a source and is strongly present in its manifestations, it turns out to be something that, on the one hand, is best known, but on the other hand, not easy to understand. In parallel, people also considered the strictly personal form of love—philia, whereby people are joined with each other in a special relation, which is friendship (Aristotle started this conception). The analogical scholastic conception of love was an interesting combination of those two tendencies; love is the foundation of action and in the metaphysical order it becomes the principle that explains the domain of being that we call dynamism. This article discusses Thomas Aquinas’ doctrine of love; first, it analyzes love’s relationship with action, end, and knowledge, then, secondly, investigates the place of love in the order of the causes of action.
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PL
Recenzja książki: Piotr LENARTOWICZ i Jolanta KOSZTEYN, Wprowadzenie do filozofii, wyd. 4., Petrus, Kraków 2012, s. 184.
EN
Review of: Piotr LENARTOWICZ i Jolanta KOSZTEYN, Wprowadzenie do filozofii, wyd. 4., Petrus, Kraków 2012, s. 184.
EN
There is no set of constructs or measurement tools in the subject literature that would be widely accepted. In this paper three dimensions of the organisation’s environment namely dynamism, hostility, and complexity, were reviewed. These dimensions are common to most environment research but, especially on the native background, only a few researchers have attempted to synthesize these dimensions in the one research approach. The aim of the paper is synthesis of three dimensions of the organisation’s environment and an empirical verification of whether the existing business practice dimensions of the organisation’s environment correspond to the dimensions laid down and proposed on the theoretical level. In the paper, three dimensions of the organisation’s environment - dynamism, hostility, and complexity were characterised, a research tool developed for measuring them was presented. The approach uses data from a sample of fifty-three new technology-based firms in Poland. Factor analysis was used to explore the viability of these environmental dimensions. The results of the conducted research indicate that the organisation’s environment is a multidimensional construct and could be described by dynamism, hostility and complexity.
PL
Autor omawia rolę pedagogiki społecznej we współczesnym społeczeństwie. Społeczeństwo owe charakteryzuje się dwoma głównymi cechami: indywidalizmem i dynamiką. Autor opisuje wpływ zmian społecznych na jednostki. Poszukuje On możliwości dla pedagogiki społecznej w minimalizowaniu negatywnego, dla części populacji, wpływu, zapobieganiu jego skutkom oraz możliwości kompensacji.
EN
The author deals with the role of social pedagogy in contemporary society. Society is characterized by two main features: individualism and dynamism. The author describes the impact of social changes on humans. He seeks opportunities for social pedagogy to minimize, prevent and compensate this impact on the affected part of the population.
PL
Prowadzone rozważania osadzone są w pedagogice młodzieży, teorii adaptacji społecznej Roberta Mertona oraz koncepcji pedagogiki międzykulturowej i koncepcji „międzykulturowej tożsamości” Jerzego Nikitorowicza. Artykuł przedstawia strategie przystosowania się młodych mieszkańców pogranicza polsko-czeskiego do warunków szkolnych i wymagań życia społecznego. Wyniki przeprowadzonych, w odstępie 13 lat, badań ukośnych młodzieży szkół średnich wskazały na dwie dominujące strategie: konformizm i innowacyjność, ujawniły niewielki spadek średniej wartości konformizmu (3%) oraz znaczny wzrost średniej wartości innowacyjności (zmiana 22%). W ich kontekście wskazano na cechy socjalizacji do permanentnej zmiany przebiegającej w warunkach pogranicza polsko-czeskiego: dynamiczność, dwukierunkowość, funkcjonowanie/bycie „pomiędzy”, wzorzec kulturowy. Na tle uzyskanych wyników można stwierdzić, że socjalizacja i wychowanie młodzieży z pogranicza przebiega wedle zasady kontinuum, tj. rozwoju zgodnego z naturalnym procesem ewolucji, ciągle zachodzącym i nieustającym procesem stopniowych zmian, wskutek czego kolejne pokolenia przetrwały w tym środowisku. Empirycznie wyznaczone strategie adaptacyjne młodzieży pokazują, jak młodzi ludzie radzą sobie w złożonej rzeczywistości i jak mogą włączyć się w nurt życia społecznego.
EN
The conducted discussion is embedded in pedagogy of youth, Robert Merton’s theory of social adaptation, the concept of intercultural education and the concept of “intercultural identity” by Jerzy Nikitorowicz. In the article, the strategies are presented of the adaptation of young inhabitants of the Polish-Czech borderland to school conditions and the requirements of social life. The results of some diagonal studies among secondary school learners, conducted 13 years apart, indicated two dominant strategies of conformism and innovation, revealed a slight decrease in the average value of conformism (3%) and a significant increase in the average value of innovation (22% change). In that context, the features of permanent socialization taking place in the conditions of the Polish-Czech borderland were indicated: dynamism, bidirectionality, functioning/being “in-between”, cultural pattern, the principle of continuum. Empirically determined adaptation strategies of youth show how young people handle a complex reality and how they can join the mainstream of social life.
PL
In traditional anthropology, the problem of the dynamism of the human being was explained by means of human faculties that were seen as distinct from one another on the basis of the activities of man. Having accepted that the traditional approach is well-known and thoroughly elaborated, Karol Wojtyła proposed a complementary approach,  enhancing the classical explanation of human dynamism by following the basic intuition of the person who reveals himself in action. In this article, through several steps, the author presents the framework of the basic thesis of Karol Wojtyła's anthropology, which claims that the action performed by man includes the truth about not only his personal dynamism, but also the very subject of that dynamism itself, that is, the human person. The author shows Wojtyła's stance beginning with the distinction of personal action made against the background of other forms of human dynamism. Then, he describes Wojtyła’s methods of explanation in reference to the Aristotelian theory of act and potency. Continuing, he analyzes the problem of causativeness of action, which will turn out to be crucial for understanding man as a person. Finally, he sketches Wojtyla's conception of the fulfillment of man through his action.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano konsekwencje różnorodności stanowisk określanych mianem panteizmu oraz różnych momentów tego złożonego pojęcia. Wskazuje się, że z jednej strony mogą one wprawiać w zakłopotanie i dezorientację, z drugiej zaś zaświadczają one o ogromnym bogactwie problemowym, intelektualnym, duchowym (religijnym) związanym z tym pojęciem. Panteizm ukazano tu jako pogląd pełen wewnętrznych treści i inspirujących napięć, przeciwstawiany uboższym i jednostronnym raczej: ateizmowi i teizmowi (a w każdym razie mającym tendencję do zubażania i ujednostronniania się, tendencję silniejszą niż panteizm). Wśród konkluzji zaproponowano tezę, według której panteizm działby się między ateizmem a teizmem, niejako przekraczałby ich – z jego punktu widzenia – dogmatyczną „sztywność” oraz upraszczającą jednoznaczność i jednostronność. Prezentuje się też panteizm jako wyraz przekonania, że świat (w swej doczesności, naturalności) nie wystarcza sobie, ale że i Bóg nie wystarcza sobie (w swej „wyjściowości”, istotowości, statyczności, w swej naturze) dla pełni swej boskości. W tym kontekście za rozczarowujące uznaje się stwierdzenie w sprawie panteizmu wyrażone przez autorów słynnego Małego słownika teologicznego.
EN
This article presents the consequences of the diversity of positions called pantheism and the different moments of this complex concept. It is pointed out that on the one hand they can confuse, on the other hand they testify to the huge problematic, intellectual, spiritual (religious) wealth associated with this concept. Pantheism is shown here as a view full of internal content and inspirational tensions, contrasted with the poorer and one-sided rather: atheism and theism (or at least tend to impoverish and unify, stronger than pantheism). Among the conclusions, a thesis was proposed, according to which pantheism would operate between atheism and theism, somehow exceeding them – from his point of view – dogmatic „rigidity” and simplifying uniqueness and one-sidedness. Pantheism is also presented as an expression of the belief that the world (in its temporality, naturalness) is not enough for itself, but that also God is not enough (in its „exit”, essence, static, in its nature) for the fullness of its divinity.
EN
In St. Maximus the Confessor’s teaching human nature consists of the soul and the body, in which logos of power that unifies them together is inscribed. Human nature manifests itself in the individual human being. The human being as the body and the soul naturally longs for God. This longing is fulfilled by the movement, which is connected to dynamism of the entire human structure. The dynamism is inscribed in the mind, reason, spirit, will, sense, passionate powers and body. The dynamic aspiration for God does not imply getting rid of any of the human elements, even passionate and bodily, but on the contrary, it demands ap­preciation and proper use of all the natural powers of the human being. Maximus the Confessor treats the human being as a whole. The human is not only mind, reason and spirit, but also will, sense, passionate powers and body. The dynamism of mental and spiritual sphere should be extended in the senses, passionate pow­ers and body, so that the body also becomes the source of virtues, and is deified together with the soul through unity with the Absolute. This unity as the goal of human longing will never be static, but dynamic, because the fulfillment of this longing is the state with eternal movement. So human being will constantly strive for even more perfect unity with God. Through this unity the human being becomes more human. The originality of the Author consists in the fact that using the anthropological views of the earlier tradition and interpreting them mystically and symbolically, he intertwined the entire dynamism of human being with the structure of the Platonic world. The human being through the longing for God and through the proper use of natural powers mystically unites with God not only himself/herself, but also the entire universe, because the structure of the human being is analogous to the structure of the universe.
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