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EN
ABSTRACT Introduction. Considering that small number of drugs are completely safe for use during pregnancy, right choice and adequate risk assessment is extremely important. Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze factors associated with estimate of high teratogenic risk (as judged by clinical pharmacologist) in pregnant females who were prescribed anti-infective drugs or mild analgesics. Methods. A cross-sectional study included 284 pregnant women who came for an advice about teratogenic risk to clinical pharmacologist in Clinical Centre Kragujevac, Serbia during the period from 1997 to 2012. All of included pregnant women were prescribed mild analgesics and/or anti-infective drugs during the first 3 months of pregnancy. The data were collected from patient files and by phone interviews. Results. Clinical pharmacologists estimated the risk of teratogenicity as “high” in pregnant females who were using tetracyclines or propionic acid derivatives. Disorders of development reported by mothers during phone interviews were associated with cephalosporin use during first 3 months of pregnancy, while miscarriages or abortions happened more often in women who used a tetracycline. Conclusions. Estimate of risk from congenital anomalies after use of drugs during pregnancy, which make clinical pharmacologists as part of their routine healthcare services, depends on amount of published data about previous experiences with specific drugs during the first 3 months of pregnancy. Key Words: pregnancy; drugs; risk of teratogenicity; risk estimate
EN
The pharmaceutical industry has always been an example of modernity and innovation. Economists point out in their research that patents play a more important role in the pharmaceutical industry than in other technical industries. This is due to the high costs of discovering and developing innovative drugs, though the cost of generic imitation is minimal. The article attempts to define the importance of patent protection and generic regulations for the development of and access to new drugs. Economic aspects of the innovation process and legislative changes concerning generic drugs complement results of the analysis of empirical data. Using this data, the author comes to the conclusion that the implemented changes are negatively correlated with the pharmaceutical companies’ motivation to innovate. Delaying strategies being developed and generic competition have an influence on the strength and extent of their innovation.
EN
Fungi, in comparison with other pathogenic factors, have high pathogenecity. The number of fungal species which are able to infect people is over 500. The upper respiratory tract and ear have permanent contact with external environment which makes their ontocenoses open to continuous exchange of microorganisms of which they consist. In etiology of inflammatory processes 21 species which belonging to 3 genera (Zygomycota, Asomycota, Basidiomycota) of fungi play important role. Administration of antifungal drugs can be: prophylactic, empiric preemptive and therapeutic. Physicians may prescribe antibiotics (mainly poliens: amphotericin B, natamycin and nystatin) and chemiotherapeutics (mainly azoles and fluorpirymidins, pigments, chlorhexidine and chlorquinaldol). In ENT practice topical and systemic drugs can be administrated. Topical lozenges include amphotericin B, clotrimazole, chlorhexidine or chlorquinaldol and oral gels: nystatin and miconazole. Some of drugs are in the form of suspension/solution, which can be used for inhalation, into the sinus, for swabbing or for lavage: amphotericin B, natamycin, nystatin, clotrimazol, flucytosine, miconazole, fluconazole, vorykonazole, caspofungin. It should be underlined that only a few of dugs can be absorbed from the digestive tract: flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, vorykonazole.
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EN
One possibility of reducing drug addiction among young people is development of educational and extracurricular activities of students during their studies in secondary schools. Organization of sporting events and competitions can be included among the effective means of primary prevention in the fight against drugs especially since one of the reasons of drug abuse is curiosity and free time among young people. The article deals with the use of sports activities as one of the means of primary prevention of drug addiction among high school students.
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Content available remote Liposomal drug delivery, a novel approach: PLARosomes.
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EN
Almost from the time of their rediscovery in the 60's and the demonstration of their entrapment potential, liposomal vesicles have drawn attention of researchers as potential carriers of various bioactive molecules that could be used for therapeutic applications in humans and animals. Several commercial liposome-based drugs have already been discovered, registered and introduced with great success on the pharmaceutical market. However, further studies, focusing on the elaboration of more efficient and stable amphiphile-based vesicular (or non-viral) drug carriers are still under investigation. In this review we present the achievements of our group in this field. We have discovered that natural amphiphilic dihydroxyphenols and their semisynthetic derivatives are promising additives to liposomal lipid compositions. The presence of these compounds in lipid composition enhances liposomal drug encapsulation, reduces the amount of the lipid carrier necessary for efficient entrapment of anthracycline drugs by a factor of two, stabilizes liposomal formulation of the drug (both in suspension and in a lyophilized powder), does not influence liposomal fate in the blood circulation system and benefits from other biological activities of their resorcinolic lipid modifiers.
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Content available remote Research trends on emerging environment pollutants – a review
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EN
Concern for the natural environment increasingly devotes more attention to growing potential hazards resulting from the release of various substances. Currently, one of the main problems associated with environmental pollution is the derivation of organic compounds from wastewater. Substances derived from sewage leaks into the environment in the form of a multicomponent mixtures often enhances the toxic effects caused by these compounds. While analyzing the reports in the literature of the last two decades it can be seen that substantial efforts are devoted to the determination of selected trace contaminants present in wastewater. Among the most marked there are endocrine disrupting compounds, residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, plastics and sunscreens. Recently, a new group of compounds joined the aforementioned contaminants, namely drugs, whose legality and availability is increasing every year. Exposure to these type of compounds, named in the literature as emerging contaminants (ECs), involves, among others, such effects as hormonal imbalance, reduction of the survivability of aquatic organisms and reproductive problems. This paper provides a review of the types of emerging organic groundwater contaminants (EGCs) which are beginning to be found in the natural environment in many countries all around the world.
EN
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics as well as social and economic factors have accelerated the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making drug treatment ineffective. This study aimed at screening some sulphonamide compounds in other to recommend new anti-bacteria drugs with better efficacy and lower toxicity. The ten (10) sulfonamide compounds were screened for their antibacterial activities against medically important gram (-) and gram (+) bacterial strains, namely, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Staphylococcus aureus (Staph aureus). The antibacterial activities have been determined by in silico molecular docking of the ten (10) sulphonamide compounds on the targeted site of the organism`s protein. Among the tested compounds, it was found that ciprofloxacin was the most potent against E. coli with the highest binding affinity (-13.17 kcal/mol), while compounds; 3-(3H-indol-3-yl)-2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino] propanoic acid (1906; -12.93 kcak/mol), {[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-3-methylbutanoic acid (1909; -12.83 kcal/mol) and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]propanoic acid (1902; -12.48 kcal/mol) gave better binding scores than ciprofloxacin (-12.25 kcal/mol) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On the binding with Bacillus aereus protein, 2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid (1904; -15.54 kcal/mol), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino] propanoic acid (1902; -15.46 kcal/mol) and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-{[(4methylphenyl)sulfonyl]anino} propanoic acid (1901; -15.45 kcal/mol), showed better binding affinity than cipro (-15.36 kcal/mol), while ciprofloxacin gave the highest binding affinity (-12.08 kcal/mol) with Staphylococcus aureus protein (3G75) when compared to the analysed sulfonamide compounds. The analysed 10 sulfonamide compounds showed potential drug candidates by obeying all the physicochemical parameters that qualifies a compound to be used as drug and therefore, can be clinically use for the treatment of diseases caused by the named organisms.
EN
Obtaining particle powders used for controlled release of drugs through atomization processes - EHDA and spray drying has been presented in this paper. Polymer and paracetamol solutions in organic solvents have been sprayed and obtained particles have been collected. The size and morphology of collected particles have been analyzed. The influence of the solvent type, polymer additives on particle morphology, as well as drug release rate have been demonstrated.
PL
Przedstawiono metody otrzymywania proszków do kontrolowanego uwalniania leków na drodze atomizacji cieczy oraz suszenia rozpyłowego. Do badań użyto roztworów paracetamolu i polikaprolakto-nu w rozpuszczalnikach organicznych. Badano wpływ metody oraz zastosowanego polimeru na wielkość i morfologię cząstek. Dokonano pomiaru szybkości uwalniania wybranych substancji aktywnych z otrzymanych cząstek.
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Content available Sex, drugs & gender w „Heroinie” Tomasza Piątka
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EN
Tomasz Piątek is a journalist and writer who debuted with an award-winning novel Heroine partly based on his own experiences. The article focuses on the language used in this novel to describe the effects of the titular addictive drug. Metaphors used in the novel present heroine as an androgynous, perfect lover. Linguistic methods used for the analysis of The Great Empress help to understand the ways drugs “seduce” addicts and the specifics of the relation between both drug, addict and others. In this article, I investigate whether the drug was gendered and sexualized, and thus I interpret the sexual context of the relation between the heroine and addicts.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad zawartością kofeiny, ibuprofenu, karbamazepiny, diclofenaku i naproksenu w wodach powierzchniowych zlewni Czarnej Przemszy. Badania wykazały, że zawartość badanych leków zależy zarówno od umiejscowienia punktu poboru wody powierzchniowej, a także od sezonu poboru. Wskazano, że duże aglomeracje miejskie, mogą być ważnym źródłem wzrostu zawartości leków w wodach powierzchniowych rzek.
EN
In the paper the results of concentration caffeine, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, diclofenac and naproxen in surface water of Czarna Przemsza River were presented. The investigations presented that the concentration of some drugs changes with situation and receive time. The study indicated that great city agglomeration may be the major sources concentrations medicines in surface water.
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Content available remote Kontrolované užívání nelegálních drog
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EN
A consumption of illegal drug is traditionally considered to be a pathological phenomenon that inevitably leads to a drug addiction and to health, social or economic damage to both users and their kith and kin. However, research studies that have been carried out during last decades show that long term use of illicit substances in a controlled way is possible and when following of appropriate control mechanisms it effectively prevents the aforementioned problems that are usually linked to the drug use. This article summarizes current knowledge about controlled use of illicit drugs (heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, marijuana, MDMA/ecstasy and hallucinogens): Individual theoretical models of control achievement are described, which differs in number of influencing variables and in their impact on gaining and maintaining control. Control mechanisms related to all aspects of drug use are considered to be key elements of control, irrespective of particular substance. Self-controlling users demonstrate multifarious patterns of use. Less risky and less intensive methods of use without injection application are prevailing. A typical self-controlling user is an unmarried and childless young man who lives in a relationship. Possible areas that could benefit from the concept of controlled drug use include addiction treatment and prevention.
CS
Užívání nelegálních drog je tradičně považováno za patologický jev, který nevyhnutelně vede k závislosti a k dalšímu zdravotnímu, sociálnímu či ekonomickému poškození uživatele i jeho okolí. Výzkumy provedené v posledních desetiletích ovšem dokládají, že je možné i tyto látky užívat dlouhodobě kontrolovaným způsobem a pomocí uplatňování vhodných regulačních mechanismů účinně předcházet problémům, které jsou s užíváním drog běžně spojovány. Článek shrnuje dosavadní poznatky z výzkumu kontrolovaného užívání nelegálních drog (heroin, kokain, amfetaminy, metamfetaminy, marihuana, MDMA/extáze a halucinogeny): popsány jsou jednotlivé teoretické modely dosahování kontroly, které se liší v počtu ovlivňujících proměnných a v jejich významu pro získání a udržení kontroly, za klíčový prvek kontroly jsou bez ohledu na zkoumanou látku považovány regulační mechanismy, které se týkají všech aspektů užívání. Kontrolující se uživatelé vykazují pestrý rejstřík vzorců užívání, převažují méně rizikové a méně intenzivní vzorce užívání s vyloučením injekční aplikace, typický kontrolující se uživatel je mladý muž, který žije v partnerském vztahu, je svobodný a bezdětný. Mezi možné aplikační oblasti konceptu kontrolovaného užívání drog patří léčba závislosti a prevence.
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Content available remote Prevalence návykového chování u dětí v 11 a 15 letech v rámci studie ELSPAC
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EN
Addictive behavior in children and adolescents represents a risk factor, which has in most cases a significant negative impact on the development of individual in adolescence, as well as the negative consequences in adulthood. The paper describes the prevalence of addictive behavior in a group of more than 1,600 children and adolescents at the ELSPAC study. The results are consistent with other studies and showed relatively high prevalence of addictive behavior, especially in the smoking and alcohol consumption (over 70% of respondents). Another finding is that girls are significantly more vulnerable group than boys.
15
Content available Scoring ligand efficiency
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EN
Ligand efficiency (LE) is a molecular descriptor that probes the ratio of potency vs. heavy atom count (HAC). As an estimator of drug candidates, LE emphasizes a low heavy atom count more than potency. The objective was to design a novel transform where potency and the HAC would be balanced more evenly. A series of novel descriptors SCORE was defined to evaluate the co-influence of potency and the HAC. In particular, the product ligand efficiency (PLE) was designed and tested using the data of the ChEMBL, PubChem as well as the selected series of drugs and drug-fragments.
EN
Introduction. Adolescents’ self-esteem is an issue that deserves our attention. Puberty is a stage of many changes. It is a time of constant development, searching for one's place among peers. Adolescents feel a constant need to experiment, therefore they are exposed to addiction to psychotropic substances. Educational and preventive activities carried out by guardians and nurses play a significant role in preventing addiction and life-threatening situations. Aim. The goal of the study was to investigate the need of belonging to a peer group and its impact on the initiation of the use of legal highs and smoking marijuana. Material and methods. The research method used was the diagnostic survey method, the research technique was to conduct a survey, and the research tools were the KIDSCREEN questionnaires, PUN Test, PUM and the questionnaires of own authorship. The survey was carried out among 104 people aged from 16 to 19 years old. Results. According to the analysis of research results, legal highs are becoming less and less popular, but marijuana’s number of recipients is increasing, which is influenced by the need of belonging to a peer group. As many as 23% of teenagers believe that smoking marijuana has improved their relationship with friends, most of whose also smokes. Conclusions. Relationship with peers influences the decision to smoke marijuana, nonetheless it does not affect people taking legal highs. People who decide to initiate drugs intake are also not influenced by self-confidence, nor relationships with peers and parents.
PL
Wstęp. Poczucie własnej wartości u nastolatka jest zagadnieniem zasługującym na naszą uwagę. Dojrzewanie jest etapem pełnym zmian. Jest to czas ciągłego rozwoju, poszukiwania swojego miejsca w grupie rówieśniczej. Młodzież czuje ciągłą potrzebę eksperymentowania, dlatego jest narażona na uzależnienia od środków psychotropowych. Działania edukacyjne i profilaktyczne prowadzone przez opiekunów i pielęgniarki odgrywają znaczącą rolę w zapobieganiu powstawania uzależnień i stanów zagrożenia życia. Cel. Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu potrzeby przynależności do grupy rówieśniczej na rozpoczęcie zażywania dopalaczy i palenia marihuany. Materiał i metody. Użytą metodą badawczą była metoda sondażu diagnostycznego, techniką badawczą było przeprowadzenie ankiety, a narzędziami badawczymi był Kwestionariusz KIDSCREEN, Test PUN, PUM oraz kwestionariusz ankiety własnego autorstwa.  Badanie przeprowadzono wśród 104 osób od 16 do 19 roku życia. Wyniki. Według analizy wyników badań dopalacze stają się mniej popularne, a marihuana trafia do coraz liczniejszej grupy odbiorców na co wpływ ma potrzeba przynależności do grupy rówieśniczej. Aż 23% nastolatków uważa, że zapalenie marihuany poprawiło ich kontakt z koleżankami i kolegami, a większość z nich również pali. Wnioski. Relacja z rówieśnikami wpływa na decyzję o zapaleniu marihuany, nie ma wpływu na osoby zażywające dopalacze. Na osoby decydujące się na inicjację narkotykową nie wpływa również pewność siebie, relacja z rówieśnikami oraz rodzicami.
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Content available Termoterapia z użyciem magnetycznych nanocząstek
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EN
Nanoscale magnetic materials may have several potential applications in the biomedical area. An example thereof are superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which, due to large own surface and ability to interact with various tissues, are used to detect and analyze biological molecules, in targeted drug delivery, for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging studies and, last but not least, in therapeutic hyperthermia. When used for medical purposes, magnetic nanoparticles often require coating with a biocompatible polymer, preventing its detection by the immune system, encapsulation by plasma proteins and excretion, while at the same time facilitating binding with organic complexes, which subsequently may accumulate in definite pathological foci. Widespread use of magnetic nanoparticles is associated with heat generation. When placed within neoplastic tissue and exposed to alternating external magnetic field, magnetic nanoparticles generate a local heating effect. Local elevation of tissue temperature has a potent cytostatic effect mediated by denaturation of proteins and destruction of intracellular structures, leading to reduction of tumor mass. Temperature obtained within the tumor depends on properties of magnetic nanoparticles used and parameters of external magnetic field applied, i.e. amplitude and frequency of field oscillations. This physical phenomenon results in direct destruction of tumor cells. Furthermore, local elevation of body temperature contributes to enhanced effectiveness of chemo- and radiotherapy. The paper is a review of current applications of superparamagnetic metal nanoparticles in oncology.
PL
Nanomateriały magnetyczne mogą znaleźć szerokie zastosowanie zarówno w naukach biologicznych, jak i medycznych. Przykładem takich materiałów są superparamagnetyczne nanocząstki żelaza, które z uwagi na dużą powierzchnię właściwą i możliwość oddziaływania z różnymi tkankami są stosowane między innymi w detekcji i analizie biocząsteczek, docelowym transporcie leków, poprawie kontrastu przy badaniach metodą rezonansu magnetycznego i hipertermii. Do zastosowań medycznych nanocząstki magnetyczne wymagają często pokrycia biokompatybilnym polimerem, który z jednej strony ekranuje cząstkę przed układem immunologicznym, uniemożliwiając otoczenie jej białkami plazmy i usunięcie z organizmu, z drugiej zaś ułatwia wiązanie innych kompleksów organicznych, które mogą być transportowane do określonych obszarów patologicznych. Szerokie zastosowanie medyczne magnetycznych nanocząstek jest związane z efektem generowania ciepła. Jeżeli nanocząstki magnetyczne zostaną umiejscowione w zmienionym nowotworowo obszarze ciała, to w obecności zmiennego zewnętrznego pola magnetycznego można uzyskać efekt cieplny. Uśmiercając komórki nowotworowe i niszcząc białka oraz struktury wewnątrzkomórkowe wygenerowaną w tych miejscach wysoką temperaturą, możemy powodować zmniejszenie się guza. Wysokość uzyskanego przez nas poziomu temperatury w guzie nowotworowym zależy od właściwości użytych magnetycznych nanocząstek oraz od parametrów przyłożonego zmiennego pola magnetycznego (amplituda, częstotliwość). To zjawisko fizyczne wykorzystuje się do bezpośredniego niszczenia komórek nowotworowych. Dodatkowo wzrost temperatury obszaru ciała chorego zwiększa efektywność zastosowanej chemio- lub radioterapii. W pracy zaprezentowano przegląd zastosowania superparamagnetycznych cząsteczek metali w terapii nowotworowej.
PL
Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi próbę oceny, jak w praktyce funkcjonują instytucje wprowadzone nowelizacją ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii z 1 kwietnia 2011 r. Najważniejszą zmianą nowelizacji było dodanie do ustawy art. 62a, dającego prokuratorowi oraz sądowi możliwość umorzenia postępowania karnego wobec sprawcy posiadającego nieznaczne ilości środków odurzających lub substancji psychotropowych, przeznaczonych na jego własny użytek. Ponadto, nowelizacja rozszerzyła katalog alternatywnych środków o charakterze leczniczym, realizując zasadę „leczyć zamiast karać”. Raport sporządzony został na podstawie wszelkich dostępnych danych statystycznych, przekazanych przez: sądy, Prokuraturę Generalną i – przede wszystkim – Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwości. W ramach prac nad raportem przeprowadzone zostały także wywiady z praktykami stosującymi przepisy nowelizacji (policjantem, prokuratorem i adwokatem) oraz przedstawicielką Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości. Przedstawione dane statystyczne wskazują, że liczba umorzeń spraw o posiadanie narkotyków, w tym umorzeń na podstawie art. 62a u.p.n., jest wciąż stosunkowo mała. Głównym postulatem płynącym z niniejszego raportu jest zatem konieczność opracowania przez Prokuratora Generalnego stosownych wartości granicznych dla poszczególnych substancji psychoaktywnych, definiujących pojęcie ich „nieznacznej ilości”.
EN
This study is an attempt to evaluate how the institutions, established by the amendment to the Act on prevention of drug abuse of 1 April 2011, perform in practice. The most important change to the act amended was the addition of Article 62a to the Act. This Article gives a prosecutor and court an option to discontinue criminal proceedings against individuals in possession of small amounts of intoxicants and psychotropic substances intended for private use. Furthermore, the amendment extended a scope of alternative medicinal substances implementing the principle of “treat rather than punish”. The report was compiled basing on any available statistical data provided by: courts, the Prosecution General and most of all by the Ministry of Justice. During the work on the report, a few interviews were done with the people who apply the provisions of the amended act (a policeman, a prosecutor and an advocate) and with a representative of the Ministry of Justice. The presented statistical data show that the number of discontinued proceedings connected with drug possession including those ones discontinued under Article 62a, is still relatively small. The main requirement arising from this report is the necessity for the Prosecutor General’s Office to develop proper limit values for individual psychoactive substances defining the notion of “small amounts”.
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Content available Czy chcemy legalnych narkotyków?
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PL
Poszukując odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy chcemy legalnych narkotyków, należy najpierw zgłębić wiedzę dotyczącą tego, co to jest narkotyk, jakie jest jego działanie i jaki wywiera wpływ na człowieka. Autor chcąc udzielić odpowiedzi na tytułowe pytanie, podzielił artykuł na cztery rozdziały. W pierwszym rozdziale dokonał próby zdefiniowania narkotyku i wskazał jego pochodzenie. W drugim omówił uwarunkowania narkomanii, przedstawił podstawowe definicje i rodzaje uzależnienia. Rozdział trzeci to obowiązujący stan prawny i próby legalizacji „miękkich” narkotyków, poruszony został także problem bagatelizowania szkodliwości marihuany. Ostatni, czwarty rozdział to zagadnienia dotyczące profilaktyki i modeli właściwych zachowań pozwalających odrzucić pokusę, jaką są narkotyki. Każdy narkotyk, bez względu na jego umowny podział: miękki czy twardy, pozostawia ślad w naszym organizmie, powodując zmiany w psychice i zachowaniu człowieka.
EN
Looking for an answer to the question whether we want legal drugs, first we should deepen understanding what a drug is, how it acts what kind of influence on a human being it has? To answer the title question the author has divided the article into four chapters. In the first chapter he defines a drug and points to its origin. In the second chapter the author discusses conditions of drug abuse, presents main definitions and types of addiction. The third chapter describes the current legal status and some attempts to legalize soft drugs. He also describes a problem of marijuana harmfulness. The last chapter presents ways of prevention and models of behaviour to reject temptation of drug use. No matter what kind of drugs: ’soft’ or ‘hard’ we use , each of them leaves a trace and changes to our organism, psychology and human behavior.
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Content available remote Karborany jako lipofilowe farmakofory
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EN
Carboranes are boron cage systems in which one or more carbon atoms belong as an integral part to an elektron-delocalized borane framework. They are characterized by high boron content, remarkable thermal and chemical stability, spherical geometry and high hydrophobicity. Electropositivity of boron enables BH groups in carboranes to form unconventional hydrogen bonds defined also as proton - hydride bond. Another type of interaction was found for CH group of carborane - participating in hydrogen-bonded complexes, although these complexes are approximately 21 kJ/mol less stable than complexes formed by BH groups [2-8]. Proton - hydride bonds are formed mainly due to electrostatic interactions between boron--bound hydrogen atom bearing partial negative charge and hydrogen atom of a biomolecule bearing partial positive charge. It was found that carboranes forms proton - hydride bonds with biomolecules preferably with BH groups of the cage opposite to the carbon atom. Carboranes have been used as hydrophobic pharmacophores in design of analogues of biologically active compounds such as estradiol, retinoic acids, protein kinase C modulators and TNF-a activity modulators. Some of these carbo-rane containing biomolecules interact effectively with the corresponding receptor enzymes exhibiting equal or even higher biological activity than their endogenous counterparts and are characterized by remarkable resistance to catabolism.
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