Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Quelques réflexions sur l’amitié sur l’exemple de „Becket ou l’honneur de Dieu” de Jean Anouilh

100%

Kucharuk S.

Romanica Wratislaviensia

|

2017

|

tom 64

97-106

EN

The above work is a conjecture on a new interpretation of the complicated friendship between Henry II, King of England, and Thomas Becket, saint martyr, as characters in Jean Anouilh’s play Becket or The Honour of God. They have little in common, and it seems that everything divides them. An analysis of this opus is used as a starting point to a general reflection on the influence of external factors such as social status and political framework, as well as internal factors such as personality traits, value system, and propriety on particular stages of friendship. The analysis is also an attempt at defining the concept of friendship presented in the play.

2

Effect of Mowing Height on Dominance of Annual Poaceae Plants

88%

Inagaki H. , Saiki C. , Ichihara M. , Matsuno K. , Tanno Y. , Yamashita M. , Sawada H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2020

|

tom Vol. 21, nr 1

8--13

EN

Mowing weeds in rice paddy field ridges is essential for weed management. However, excessive mowing causes the dominance of the Poaceae weeds, which are host plants for rice stink bugs. In this study, the authors hypothesized that high mowing is more effective than low mowing in decreasing the dominance of Poaceae weeds. The dominance of the Poaceae weeds between high mowing (cut at a height of 5–10 cm) and low mowing (cut at ground level) was compared across 5 sites. As a result, the cover-abundance ratings of the Poaceae weeds were lower in the high mowing plots than that in the low mowing plots in all sites. In addition, the biodiversity index was higher in the high mowing plots than in the low mowing plots in each site. It was concluded that the increased mowing height effectively decreased the dominance of Poaceae weeds and this can be used as a strategy for controlling rice stink bugs.

3

Multi-Domain Concept of Using A2/AD Capabilities in the Military Strategy of the Russian Federation

88%

Banasik M.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

|

2023

|

nr 3(53)

119-131

EN

This article presents the results of research, which set out to clarify the importance and role played by the concept of using A2/AD capabilities in the military strategy of the Russian Federation. Analysis and criticism of the literature were used to solve the research problems. In order to guide the research process, a hypothesis was formulated, assuming that the Russian concept of using A2/AD capabilities is an operationalisation of a broader military strategy for defeating the adversary, as well as an effective deterrence mechanism. The research process established that the Russian concept of using A2/AD capabilities is a theory and operational practice, a broader military strategy of achieving multi-domain superiority over the adversary by conducting strategic offensive operations. Integrating offensive and defensive operational capabilities plays a key role in this concept, which guarantees possession of the strategic initiative and maintenance of dominance in the international security environment and supports the idea of creating Russian spheres of influence. It also prompts NATO states to counter the supremacy of the Russian Federation.

4

Community Structure of Lumbricidae in Permanent Grassland and Arable Land

75%

Mazur-Pączka A. , Pączka G. , Kostecka J. , Garczyńska M. , Podolak A. , Szura R.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2019

|

tom Vol. 20, nr 5

1--6

EN

Lumbricidae play a key role in the soil environment as “the ecosystem engineers”. They participate in all the categories of services provided by ecosystems. In agricultural areas, the conventional intensive farming practices have led to a significant decline in the biological diversity of soils including earthworms. In this study, we attempted to characterize the community structure of earthworms in permanent grassland and arable land of the Didactic & Experimental Station of Rzeszów University in Krasne near Rzeszów. Similar densities of earthworms were observed in the grassland and in the arable land (101.01 ± 18.03 ind. ∙ m-2 and 82.12 ± 18.26 ind. ∙ m-2, respectively) (p > 0.05) as well as a similar biomass of Lumbricidae (77.72 ± 15.30 g ∙ m-2 and 54.34 ± 11.72 g ∙ m-2) (p > 0.05). In the research, 7 species of earthworms were found in the permanent grassland and 6 representatives of Lumbricidae were identified in the arable land. The identified earthworms represented all three main morpho-ecological groups. The density and biomass of epi-endogeic earthworm L. rubellus and the anecic species of L. terrestris were shown to be higher (p < 0.05) in the grassland as compared to the arable land. In order to protect Lumbricidae and to sustain the beneficial role of earthworms in an ecosystem, it is necessary to monitor the negative changes in populations of earthworm species attributed to various farming practices.

5

Environmental influence on maturation and dominance relationships in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) : temperature competes with photoperiod for primacy

75%

Sokołowska E. , Kulczykowska E.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2009

|

tom Vol. 38, No.4

31-48

EN

In this study, the influence of a combination of different photoperiods and temperatures on the final maturation and social interactions in three-spined sticklebacks was investigated. Water temperature appears to be the principal signal affecting gonadal development and breeding activity of sticklebacks in pre-spawning and spawning periods. Males can mature independently of photoperiod and a stimulatory effect of high temperature is not diminished by light deprivation. On the other hand, low temperature can inhibit the development of secondary sexual characters in males exposed to long day or constant light. In females, lighting seems to be more decisive for complete maturation and the lack of light delays the maturation rate, even in high temperature. While kept under the same conditions, males mature quicker than females. The presence of light and visual information are crucial to establish the social position of individuals in the group. In light, a rigid social hierarchy with one dominant, sexually active male is observed. In constant darkness, however, several males in the group demonstrate every sign of sexual activity.

6

The Development of Regional Communist Elites in the Czech Lands 1945–1956

75%

Bily M. , Lozi M. , Slouf J.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

|

2018

|

nr 32

186-210

EN

The focus of the study is the analysis of the elite at the regional and departmental levels of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC) in the period 1945–1956. Specifically, it deals with the holders of the administratively, most important function, that of political or later head secretary. However, it also respects an actual state of affairs within studied regions and departments and designates elite accordingly. Through methods of prosopography it examines social background of the selected elite and how these performed dominance in their respective domains. It comes to the conclusion that within the concerned period the social origins and power practices of the elite shifted dramatically in accordance with the transformations of the Czechoslovak state-socialist dictatorship itself. These changes did not happen continuously, but in conditions of strained hardships and major turnarounds. In the process, new or semi-new elite was created and revolutionary ethos gave way to stabilization and smooth performance of power.

7

Biochemical impact of dominant extracts of Scots pine cuttings on germination

75%

Balezentiene L. , Seziene V.

|

tom 19

|

nr 1

35-42

EN

The main objective of this study was to determine the allelopathic impact of dominant species (Calamagrostis epigeios, Rubus idaeus and Chamaenerion angustifolium) of clear-cuttings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests (Vaccinio-myrtillo Pinetum) on test species germination emphasizing the forest ecosystem establishment. Aqueous extracts of roots and shoots were produced at different growth stages and assayed on germination. Additionally, total concentration of phenols was evaluated photo spectrometrically. Extracts of shoots more strongly inhibited germination than those of roots of all investigated species. The strongest inhibitory effect on germination and the highest phenol contents were documented during the flowering stage rather than in spring and autumn. Accordingly, to mean germination data the declining phytotoxicity sequence of the species was determined: R. idaeus > C. epigeios > Ch. angustifolium. Hence this study implied in allelopathic activity of species a potential suppressive factor that could influence germination and forest regeneration, but field condition studies are necessary.

8

Fostering in the African striped mouse: implications for kin recognition and dominance

75%

Pillay N.

Acta Theriologica

|

2000

|

tom 45

|

nr 2

EN

Fostering was studied in the African striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio (Sparrman, 1784) in captivity to establish if females can distinguish their own from strange pups, and if fostering affected the hiology of fostered pups. In experiment 1, I exchanged 3-4 same-age pups between two litters; their acceptance by the foster mother and their growth rate were studied from 0 to 16 days of age. In experiment 2, the acceptance of pups fostered at 2 days of age and returned to their natural mothers between 4 and 16 days of age was ascertained. All pups younger than 10 and 12 days of age were accepted in experiment 1 and 2, respectively. Slow growth rates were recorded only for pups fostered at 10 days old. Females appeared not to distinguish their own pups from strange pups, until the pups started eating solid food. In experiment 3, the dominance-subordinate relationship between sexually mature fostered and normally-reared individuals was established in dyadic encounters. Pups fostered at 4-6 days were equally likely to win or lose an encounter, whereas pups fostered at 8-10 days were significantly more likely to win an encounter. It appears that fostering affects the later dominant behaviour of some fostered young.

9

Social relationship in a bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) population : video monitoring under field conditions

63%

Łopucki R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2007

|

tom Vol. 55, nr 3

543-558

EN

Social behaviour of the bank vole was video recorded during direct encounters between individuals under natural conditions. The apparatus consisted of miniature video cameras, a system of image processing and recording, and infrared emitters. This device enabled continuous 24-h observations at several sites simultaneously. The study was conducted in an alder swamp Ribonigri-Alnetum located in the Kampinos National Park, central Poland (52 [degrees] 20'N, 20 [degrees] 25'E). Observations were made in the late summers of 2002 and 2003 at six independent baited sites for 10 days and nights per each site. Rodents visiting the sites were individually marked by fur clipping. In sum, 13 053 visits to the sites and 1868 encounters between two marked individuals of C. glareolus were video recorded during 1440 hours of observation. It has been found that under natural conditions, bank voles most often avoided each other (55% of the encounters). In the case of close contacts they were aggressive (30%), rarely tolerant (7%), and during the remaining encounters they showed a mixed behaviour. The voles met mainly in the night (94% of the encounters) despite of 25% of their daily activity ran during the day. The frequency and character of encounters depended on the sex, age, and the origin of individuals. Encounters between males were more aggressive than between females (P <0.01). In encounters between opposite sexes, males were dominants (P <0.001). Individuals with a larger body mass were dominant in access to food (P <0.000). Cases of the dominance of juveniles over adults were interpreted as a result of the site of their origin. Social relations between individuals were characterised by persistence and repeatability in time. The results are compared with the literature describing experiments with animals kept in the laboratory or in enclosures, and field observations based on trapping techniques and telemetry.

10

Guess the Larger Number

63%

Gnedin A.

Mathematica Applicanda

|

2016

|

tom Vol. 44, No. 1

183–-207

EN

We discuss variations of the zero-sum game where Bob selects two distinct numbers, and Alice learns one of them to make a guess which of the numbers is the larger.

PL

Przedmiotem rozważań są odmiany gry o sumie zerowej, gdy Bob wybiera dwa różne numery, a Alice dowiaduje się jedną z nich, by zgadnąć, która z liczb jest większa.

11

Dynamics of male dominance of southern elephant seals [Mirounga leonina] during the breeding season at King George Island

63%

Carlini A. R. , Poljak S. , Daneri G. A. , Marquez M. E. I. , Plotz J.

Polish Polar Research

|

2002

|

tom 23

|

nr 2

153-159

12

Determinants of dominance, resting place and neighbour preferences in Wrzosowka Polska ewes kept indoors

63%

Gorecki M. T. , Dziwinska N.

Annals of Animal Science

|

2014

|

tom 14

|

nr 2

13

Podnákladové ceny jako nekalá soutěž?

63%

Ondrejová D.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

|

2022

|

tom 161

|

nr 1

14-39

EN

The paper deals with the issue of underpricing from the perspective of the law against unfair competition. It points out the intertwining of the private and public branches of competition law and the confusion of the purpose of both branches in the decision-making practice of Czech courts when assessing the illegality of underpricing used by a non-dominant competitor. The Czech courts incorrectly adopt the conclusions of the case law of the CJEU on the assessment of the unlawful use of below-cost prices by a dominant competitor to cases where such prices are used by a competitor not in that position. This paper seeks to stimulate the debate on the issue at hand and outline appropriate approaches. The possible sanction of below-cost pricing should first be examined according to whether it is offered by the dominant competitor – if so, the application of antitrust law rules (as a sub-fact of abuse of dominance) is appropriate, while cumulative sanction by the law against unfair competition is not excluded. If the use of underpricing is committed by a competitor without a dominant market position, then only the unfair competition law sanction is applicable – in the context of the cumulative fulfilment of the conditions of the general unfair competition clause, it is necessary to take into account the extent and duration of the impact on the relevant market, other competitors or customers, whether the application of below-cost prices is accompanied by an intention on the part of the competitor to eliminate competition on the market (or a particular competitor), the nature of the market, the behaviour of the average consumer on that market (what is the general price level of the goods or services offered at below-cost prices, what is the consumer’s reaction to the price change, what is the substitutability of the goods or services, etc.).

CS

Příspěvek se zabývá problematikou podnákladových cen z pohledu práva proti nekalé soutěži. Poukazuje na vzájemné prolínání soukromoprávní a veřejnoprávní větve soutěžního práva a zaměňování účelu obou větví v rozhodovací praxi českých soudů při posuzování protiprávnosti podnákladových cen užívaných nedominantním soutěžitelem. České soudy nesprávně přejímají závěry judikatury Soudního dvora EU ve věci posuzování protiprávního užití podnákladových cen dominantního soutěžitele i na případy, kdy tyto ceny užívá soutěžitel nezaujímající toto postavení. Tento příspěvek se snaží vyvolat diskusi nad posuzovanou problematikou a nastolit vhodné přístupy. Případný postih podnákladových cen je nutno nejprve zkoumat podle toho, zda tyto nabízí dominantní soutěžitel – pokud ano, je namístě aplikace pravidel antitrustového práva (jako dílčí skutková podstata zneužití dominantního postavení), přičemž kumulativní postih právem proti nekalé soutěži není vyloučen. Pokud se užití podnákladových cen dopouští soutěžitel bez dominantního postavení na trhu, poté přichází v úvahu postih toliko podle práva proti nekalé soutěži – v rámci kumulativního naplnění podmínek generální klauzule nekalé soutěže je nutné zohledňovat, v jaké míře a délce trvání ovlivňují relevantní trh, ostatní soutěžitele nebo zákazníky, zda uplatnění podnákladových cen doprovází záměr soutěžitele eliminovat konkurenci na trhu (či konkrétního soutěžitele), charakter trhu, chování průměrného spotřebitele na tomto trhu (jaká je obecná hladina ceny u zboží či služby nabízené za podnákladové ceny, jak na změnu ceny reaguje spotřebitel, jaká je zastupitelnost zboží či služeb apod.).

14

Preliminary investigations of the chironomid larvae fauna (Chironomidae, Diptera) from the Mavrovo Reservoir – Republic of Macedonia

63%

Ilieska R. , Smiljkov S.

Acta Biologica

|

2020

|

tom 27

15

Fishes of three oxbow lakes and their parent Pilica River: 25 years later

63%

Penczak T. , Kruk A. , Koszalinski H. , Kostrzewa J. , Marszal L. , Galicka W. , Glowacki L.

Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii

|

2000

|

tom 47

|

nr 1

16

Social relationships in a bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus [Schreber, 1780] population: video monitoring under field conditions

63%

Lopucki R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2007

|

tom 55

|

nr 3

EN

Social behaviour of the bank vole was video recorded during direct encounters between individuals under natural conditions. The apparatus consisted of miniature video cameras, a system of image processing and recording, and infrared emitters. This device enabled continuous 24-h observations at several sites simultaneously. The study was conducted in an alder swamp Ribo nigri-Alnetum located in the Kampinos National Park, central Poland (52°20’N, 20°25’E). Observations were made in the late summers of 2002 and 2003 at six independent baited sites for 10 days and nights per each site. Rodents visiting the sites were individually marked by fur clipping. In sum, 13 053 visits to the sites and 1868 encounters between two marked individuals of C. glareolus were video recorded during 1440 hours of observation. It has been found that under natural conditions, bank voles most often avoided each other (55% of the encounters). In the case of close contacts they were aggressive (30%), rarely tolerant (7%), and during the remaining encounters they showed a mixed behaviour. The voles met mainly in the night (94% of the encounters) despite of 25% of their daily activity ran during the day. The frequency and character of encounters depended on the sex, age, and the origin of individuals. Encounters between males were more aggressive than between females (P <0.01). In encounters between opposite sexes, males were dominants (P <0.001). Individuals with a larger body mass were dominant in access to food (P <0.000). Cases of the dominance of juveniles over adults were interpreted as a result of the site of their origin. Social relations between individuals were characterised by persistence and repeatability in time. The results are compared with the literature describing experiments with animals kept in the laboratory or in enclosures, and field observations based on trapping techniques and telemetry

17

Testing cereals for acid soil tolerance

63%

Bona L. , Baligar V. C. , Carver B. F.

Genetica Polonica

|

1994

|

tom 35B

18

Epiphytic Gastrotricha - species composition and dominance

63%

Nesteruk T.

Acta Hydrobiologica

|

2000

|

tom 42

|

nr 1-2

19

Ethological structure in the population cycle of the water vole, Arvicola terrestris L.

63%

Potapov M. , Muzyka V.

Polish Ecological Studies

|

1994

|

tom 20

|

nr 3-4

20

Relationship between dominance and antler cycle in white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus

63%

Bartos L. , Miller K. V. , Osborn D.

Acta Theriologica

|

2004

|

tom 49

|

nr 4

EN

We tested the hypothesis that there is a negative correlation between rank and order of casting antlers in white-tailed deerOdocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) and that dominant individuals will start antler regrowth and velvet shedding earlier than subordinates. We assessed dominance relationship among 14 bucks (1.5 to 7.5 years-of-age) confined in a 0.6 ha enclosure and related hierarchal position to timing of antler casting, initiation of antler regrowth, and initiation of velvet shedding. During 66 observation sessions we recorded 2833 agonistic interactions. Bucks developed an unstable hierarchy with relatively frequent changes in rank, particularly in the upper half of the hierarchy. Antler casting dates were positively correlated with age and wins and losses of agonistic encounters; correlations with body mass approached significance. When age was eliminated as a confounding factor by partial correlation, no significant relationship between antler casting date and other characteristics occurred, except losses. When body mass was eliminated by partial correlation, the relationship between casting date and losses was more pronounced. Timing of antler regrowth was negatively correlated with age, body mass, rank and wins, while positively correlated with losses. The start of velvet shedding was negatively correlated with rank position. Our results are in apparent contrast with previous studies. However, our experimental group contained more individuals in a confined area than is typical for the species. Whitetails may be more susceptible to social stress in captivity than more gregarious species such as red deer, resulting in variable responses to rank position.