Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

O naturze przebaczenia i skuteczności przebaczenia wydziedziczonemu

100%

Rafałowicz P.

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nr 5 (55)

41–52

EN

In the civil law doctrine, forgiveness is considered to be an emotional act or an act similar to a legal act (including a conventional act) which consists of forgetting the resentments for the harm suffered and the hurt felt. Meanwhile, forgiveness is a personal process, involving a person’s entire psyche, the purpose of which is to get rid of the forgiver’s desire to retaliate against the perpetrator. It is not a declaration of intent nor any other legal construct. Due to the ambiguity of Art. 1010 of the Civil Code there is a dispute as to whether forgiveness can have legal effects after a will – in which an offender has been disowned – has already been drawn up, and the instruction has not been revoked. In the Supreme Court’s view, forgiveness is effective in such a situation, while according to the vast majority of the doctrine, the opposite view is correct. The informal nature of forgiveness and its purpose – which is the act of “annulment of a civil penalty,” as well as the requirement of protecting family ties by the inheritance law – validate the aptness of the Supreme Court’s position.

2

The Object of Protection and the Subject Matter of Offences Resulting in Unworthiness to Inherit or Disinheritance

75%

Witczak H.

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tom 8

118-128

PL

W przypadkach wskazanych w ustawie sąd może z powołaniem się na przepisy art. 928–930 k.c. wyłączyć spadkobiercę od dziedziczenia albo sam spadkodawca może pozbawić osobę uprawnioną prawa do zachowku (art. 1008 k.c.). Przyczyny pozbawienia korzyści ze spadku dla niegodności dziedziczenia i wydziedziczenia są zróżnicowane poza przypadkiem dopuszczenia się przestępstwa. Ustalenia, czy konkretne przestępstwo uzasadnia wyłączenie od dziedziczenia, dokonuje się na podstawie ustawowych kryteriów, odmiennych dla tych dwóch zdarzeń cywilnoprawnych. W przypadku niegodności dziedziczenia jest to kryterium „ciężkości przestępstwa” oraz wymóg dopuszczenia się przestępstwa „przeciwko spadkodawcy”. Obydwa zwroty rodzą trudności interpretacyjne i nie wypracowano dotychczas ani w literaturze, ani w orzecznictwie jednolitego poglądu odnośnie ich rozumienia. Wątpliwości dotyczą także rozumienia kryteriów pozwalających na ocenę przestępstwa w kontekście przyczyn wydziedziczenia – w szczególności niejednolicie rozumiane jest w doktrynie pojęcie „osoby najbliższej spadkodawcy”. Różnice dotyczą także określenia katalogu przestępstw – przyczyn pozbawienia prawa do zachowku. Zgodnie natomiast przyjmuje się, że wprawdzie kryterium w postaci określenia w art. 1008 pkt 2 k.c. przedmiotu ochrony wywołuje jednoznaczne skojarzenia z typologią przestępstw w kodeksie karnym, nie powinno jednak oznaczać „prostego” odniesienia” do odpowiednich rozdziałów w kodeksie karnym ze względu na charakterystyczny dla wielu przestępstw złożony przedmiot ochrony.

EN

In cases defined by law, a heir may be excluded from inheriting either by the court, on the basis of provisions of Art. 928–930 CC, or by the testator himself who can deprive the statutory heir of the right to legitim (art. 1008 CC). The reasons for depriving of inheritance on the grounds of unworthiness to inherit or disinheritance are different except in the case of committing an offence. Establishing whether a particular offence gives grounds for excluding from inheritance is based on legal criteria, different for these two civil-law actions. In case of unworthiness to inherit, it is the criterion of the „seriousness of offence” and the prerequisite of committing the offence „against the testator”. Both expressions raise difficulties of interpretation and until now there has not been developed, in legal literature and in the case-law, a uniform view as how to interpret them. There are also doubts as to understanding the criteria which let assess an offence in the context of the reasons for disinheritance – in the doctrine there is a particular inconsistency concerning the notion of a „person closest to the testator”. There are also differences concerning the catalogue of offences resulting in depriving of legitim. However, it is broadly accepted that, although the criterion based on the definition of the object of protection defined in Art. 1008 item 2 CC brings to mind associations with the typology of offences in the Penal Code, it should not mean a „simple reference” to relevant chapters of the Penal Code because of the complexity of the objects of protection specific for different types of offences.

3

Protection of Personal Rights in Law of Succession

63%

Kursa S. P.

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nr 1

169-177

EN

This author aims to demonstrate that in addition to the legal measures provided for in Article 24 of the Polish Civil Code, protection of personal rights may also indirectly serve the institutions mentioned in Book IV of the Civil Code, one of which is the law of succession. These institutions are primarily disinheritance (Article 1008 of the Civil Code) and unworthiness of inheritance (Article 928 of the Civil Code), as well as the exclusion of a spouse from inheritance (Article 940 of the Civil Code). They serve to protect, above all, such personal rights as life and health, honour and freedom, in particular the freedom to make a will. Violation of these personal rights will be met with specific pecuniary sanctions, among them, deprivation of the right to inheritance, to the reserved share of the estate, to bequests, or to the statutory superannuation as provided for in Article 939 of the Civil Code.

4

,,Sąd nad św. Franciszkiem z Asyżu” Giotta – próba prawniczej egzegezy

44%

Adamczewski K.

Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

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2017

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tom 26

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nr 4

9-22

EN

The fresco painted by Giotto Bondone showing the Renunciation of Worldly Goods by St. Francis undoubtedly arouses aesthetic and spiritual feelings. Nevertheless, the scene presented by Giotto also bears some legal characteristics. Thus, it may become a subject of some interesting discussions in the legal sense. First of all, its convention resembles to some extent a dispute before court where the parties and a judge take part in the proceedings. The characters presented, particularly father, son and the bishop, indirectly refer to such important legal institutions as patria potestas and audientia episcopalis. The subject of the dispute is also significant. In the analyzed scene, it relates to the inheritance of property rights and a demand to be obedient to the paternal authority. The relationship between the secular and spiritual power also constitutes a certain problem. Moreover, the issue of divine and human justice is raised. Therefore, the fresco of the Italian master bearing an artistic value might become a subject of a legal reflection and in this way fit the suggested approach: art in the law and law in the art .