Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Discrimination of Symbolic Objects

100%

Dudek A. , University of Economics in Wrocław D. o. E. a. C. S.

|

2007

|

tom 206

EN

Symbolic Data Analysis is an extension of multivariate analysis dealing with data represented in an extended form. Each cell in symbolic data table (symbolic variable) can contain data in form of single quantitative value, categorical value, interval, multivalued variable, multivalued variable with weights. Variable can be taxonomic, hierarchically dependent, logically dependent. Due to extended data representation Symbolic Data Analysis introduces new methods and also implements traditional methods that symbolic data can be treated as an input. Article shows how “classical” Bayesian discrimination rule can be adapted to deal with data of different symbolic types, presents kernel intensity measures for symbolic data and methods of obtaining probabilities of belongings to the classes. The example of using symbolic discriminant analysis for electronic mail filtering is given.

PL

Symboliczna analiza danych jest rozszerzeniem metod wielowymiarowej analizy statystycznej ze względu na sposób reprezentacji danych. Każda komórka w symbolicznej tablicy danych (zmienna symboliczna) może reprezentować dane w postaci liczb, danych jakościowych (tekstowych), przedziałów liczbowych, zbioru wartości, zbioru wartości z wagami. Zmienne mogą ponadto reprezentować strukturę gałęziową oraz być hierarchicznie lub logicznie zależne. Ze względu na sposób reprezentacji symboliczna analiza danych wprowadza nowe metody ich przetwarzania oraz tak implementuje metody tradycyjne, żeby dane symboliczne mogły być ich danymi wejściowymi. W artykule pokazano, jak „klasyczna” analiza Bayesowska może być zaadoptowana dla różnych typów danych symbolicznych za pomocą jądrowego estymatora intensywności dla obiektów symbolicznych. Całość jest zakończona przykładem zastosowania analizy dyskryminacyjnej obiektów symbolicznych do filtrowania przychodzącej poczty elektronicznej.

2

Challenge of Sport Towards Social Inclusion and Awareness-Raising Against Any Discrimination

100%

Marivoet S.

|

nr 1

3-11

EN

Sport presents itself as a social configuration that enhances social inclusion by promoting tolerance, respect for others, cooperation, loyalty and friendship, and values associated with fair play, the most important ethical principles of sport. However, intolerance and exclusion can also be expressed in sport, certainly even more so the bigger the social inequalities and the ethnic, religious, gender, disability, and sexual orientation prejudices are in society. The processes of social exclusion, integration, and inclusion are research areas in the social sciences with consolidated knowledge, namely in the study of the problems of poverty, social inequalities, racial and ethnic discrimination, disability, and education. However, it is necessary to discuss the existing theoretical approaches and conceptions seen as explanatory principles of the reality of these fields of analysis, look at how they can frame the reality on the sports field, and then confirm them through empirical research in order to produce knowledge based on the reality of social facts. Despite the broad consensus on the potential of sport in promoting social inclusion, in this paper I stress that this potential can only become real if the orientation of sport includes strategies aimed at achieving these goals. I intend to show how the –social issue‖ in the field of sports has gained relevance in the institutional context, and thereby a new field of research for the social science of sport has been opened and needs to be deepened.

3

DISCRIMINATION, DEMOCRACY, AND POSTMODERN HUMAN RIGHTS

100%

Wypych B.

|

2013

|

tom 42

163-184

EN

The question of discrimination, as far as it is considered in the field of philosophy, cannot be perceived as a problem which can be effectively combated. Even the most precise diagnosis of human nature will not restrain people from defining others as evil and inferior. The most universal and spacious conventions, declarations, cards or bills will not solve the problem either. They can be regarded as an example of applied philosophy at most. On the other hand, we should pose the question what the world would look like if political pragmatism were the main obligatory rule. Thus, the situation finds us between philosophical wishful thinking about a global order free from discrimination and macro – or micropolitical pragmatism.

4

UNEMPLOYMENT AND LABOR MARKET POLICY IN VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES

100%

Zieliński M.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

|

2015

|

tom 10

|

nr 3

185-201

EN

In the recent years, an economic crisis has appeared in most economies. It affected the labor market situation. This article refers to the changes in the labor markets of the Visegrad Group countries. The analysis concerns the relations between the economic crisis, the level and structure of unemployment (taking into account the situation of women and young people as the groups strongly exposed to unemployment), and the level and structure of expenditures within the labor market policy. The article is based on the data published by Eurostat, using the tools of descriptive statistics, and statistical indexes, in particular. The research period covers the years 2007-2012, which is dictated by the availability of comparable statistical data. An analysis of the data indicates that the economic crisis increased the economic activity of the population, which contributed to an increase in unemployment. There is no discrimination against women in the labor market, but there has been a serious increase in unemployment among young people. With the increase in unemployment, the expenditures on the total labor market policy have increased, as have those on passive labor market policies and labor market service. Expenditures on active labor market policies (ALMPs) grow relatively more slowly, which may be especially evident in the case of expenditure on training.

5

Szacunki luki płacowej w Polsce w ujęciu regionalnym

100%

Śliwicki D.

|

tom 4(88)

PL

Celem artykułu jest określenie wpływu metody szacunku średniego wynagrodzenia na wielkość oraz kierunek luki płacowej w Polsce w ujęciu regionalnym. Luka płacowa pomiędzy mężczyznami a kobietami jest negatywnym zjawiskiem badanym i opisywanym w coraz szerszym kontekście. Środowiska naukowe oraz praktycy polityki społecznej wykształcili metody pozwalające na pomiar wielkości luki. Metodologia stosowana przez organy Unii Europejskiej dostarcza tzw. nieskorygowanych szacunków luki płacowej, czyli takich, które nie uwzględniają indywidualnych cech mężczyzn i kobiet. W artykule zaprezentowano szacunki luki płacowej według województw, uzyskane dzięki metodologii europejskiej z wykorzystaniem ośmiu różnych wielkości charakteryzujących przeciętne wynagrodzenia osiągane przez mężczyzn i kobiety.

EN

The aim of the paper is to determine the impact of average pay estimation on the size and direction of the pay gap in Poland in regional terms. The pay gap between men and women is a negative phenomenon that has been analysed and described in an increasingly broader context. Scientific communities and social policy practitioners have developed methods for measuring the size of the gap. The methodology used by the bodies of the European Union allows researchers to obtain the so called unadjusted wage gap estimates, i.e. ones that do not take into account the individual characteristics of men and women. The paper presents the wage gap estimates by province, calculated on the basis of the European methodology, with the use of eight different variables which characterise the average pay earned by men and women.

6

Polityka integracyjna mniejszości romskiej w Szwecji – model i dobre praktyki

100%

Kościółek J.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

|

2014

|

nr 5(31/1)

363-377

EN

Sweden is inhabited by the biggest Roma people population among Nordic countries. The community is however very diverse in reference regarding the language spoken, the belief, and origin. For years this particular minority had been marginalized and even persecuted by the Swedish administration. Only since 1999 it gained the national minority status, which resulted in legal protection from the government and farther integration possibilities for the community that suffered social, political and cultural exclusion in the past. Sweden is perceived presently as country with one of the best Roma integration policy, reaching far beyond the EU minimal standards. Malmö is that Swedish city that may play as a pattern for the effective, successful inclusive approach towards Roma community. The discussed solutions implemented by the city council can play as example of conditions to be followed in order to successfully integrate Roma people.

7

The influence of irrelevant variables on classification error in rules induction

100%

Kubus M. , Politechnika Opolska; Wydział Inżynierii Produkcji i Logistyki; Instytut Matematyki i Fizyki

|

2011

|

tom 255

PL

Typowym zadaniem data mining jest wykrycie niespodziewanych i systematycznych relacji w danych, gdy nie ma wcześniejszych oczekiwań co do natury tych relacji. W dużych zbiorach, które nie były zgromadzone w celu prowadzonej przez badacza analizy, zwykle występuje wiele zmiennych nieistotnych, co może obniżyć jakość modelu dyskryminacyjnego. W takich sytuacjach stosowane są metody selekcji zmiennych. W nieparametrycznych i adaptacyjnych metodach dyskryminacji (drzewa klasyfikacyjne, indukcja reguł) selekcja zmiennych jest częścią algorytmu uczącego. Za pomocą symulacji badany jest wpływ zmiennych nieistotnych na błąd klasyfikacji w tych metodach.

8

Fruit of the poisonous tree? Situation testing as a proof in discrimination cases

100%

Wencel K.

Studia Prawnicze

|

2010

|

nr 3-4(185-186)

273-299

EN

The article presents an issue of using the results of situation testing in discrimination cases. It consists of two main parts: the first one describes experience of other EU countries in conducting situation testings and using their results in lawsuits. The second one is an analysis of Polish legal regulations in this respect. Situation testing is an experimental technique aiming at proving discriminatory behaviours. It has been developed and conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom from the 1960s, initially in housing and employment sector. Later on it has been adopted in certain European Union states, such as: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Sweden, Hungary and Latvia. France, Hungary and Belgium are examples of the countries where using their results as evidences is regulated directly by the law. But even over there it has been problematic and posed a lot of questions as for the legality, methodology and “moral” aspects of the technique. In Poland the method is not known, nor is it applied in practice. Although the Polish legal system does not provide for the possibility to use in the court the results of the experimental tests, it would not be completely unlikely to do so. Bearing in mind experience of other EU countries where acceptance of situation testing and using its results in the judicial proceedings has not come easily but finally became reality, conducting tests in Poland does not seem impossible. However certain obstacles may appear. Undoubtedly not only judges would play the important role but also lawyers-activists who are invited to conduct such a test, present in the court its results and popularize the idea of situation testing in Poland.

9

Challenge of Sport Towards Social Inclusion and Awareness-Raising Against Any Discrimination

100%

Marivoet S.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

|

2014

|

tom 63

|

nr 1

3-11

EN

Sport presents itself as a social configuration that enhances social inclusion by promoting tolerance, respect for others, cooperation, loyalty and friendship, and values associated with fair play, the most important ethical principles of sport. However, intolerance and exclusion can also be expressed in sport, certainly even more so the bigger the social inequalities and the ethnic, religious, gender, disability, and sexual orientation prejudices are in society. The processes of social exclusion, integration, and inclusion are research areas in the social sciences with consolidated knowledge, namely in the study of the problems of poverty, social inequalities, racial and ethnic discrimination, disability, and education. However, it is necessary to discuss the existing theoretical approaches and conceptions seen as explanatory principles of the reality of these fields of analysis, look at how they can frame the reality on the sports field, and then confirm them through empirical research in order to produce knowledge based on the reality of social facts. Despite the broad consensus on the potential of sport in promoting social inclusion, in this paper I stress that this potential can only become real if the orientation of sport includes strategies aimed at achieving these goals. I intend to show how the –social issue‖ in the field of sports has gained relevance in the institutional context, and thereby a new field of research for the social science of sport has been opened and needs to be deepened.

10

Effectiveness of Symbolic Classification Trees Vs. Noisy Variables

100%

Dudek A. , Pełka M. , Chair of Econometrics and Informatics U. o. E.

|

2009

|

tom 228

PL

W rzeczywistych problemach badawczych często oprócz zmiennych istotnych mamy do czynienia ze zmiennymi zakłócającymi (nieistotnymi). Nie zawsze można dokonać wyboru zmiennych istotnych, np. za pomocą metody HINoV, lub zmodyfikowanej metody HINoV. W artykule porównano efektywność wykrywania znanej struktury klas za pomocą drzew klasyfikacyjnych dla obiektów symbolicznych oraz jądrowej analizy dyskryminacyjnej obiektów symbolicznych w sytuacji, gdy mamy do czynienia ze zmiennymi zakłócającymi. Badanie efektywności przeprowadzono na symulowanych danych symbolicznych w różnych modelach. Każdy z modeli zawierał znaną liczbę klas. Dodatkowo do każdego modelu dodano różną liczbę zmiennych zakłócających.

EN

In real research problems we usually deal with relevant variables and irrelevant (noisy) variables. Relevant variables sometimes can not be identified, by for example HINoV method or modified HINoV method. This paper compares effectiveness detection o f known class structure with application o f symbolic decision trees and symbolic kernel discriminant analysis in situation where we deal with noisy variables. This research was conducted on artificial symbolic data from a variety o f models. The models contained known structure o f clusters. In addition, the models contained different number o f noisy variables added to obscure the underlying structure.

11

EMPLOYER’S LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES IN DISCRIMINATION CASES

88%

Jasion M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

|

2017

|

nr 3

EN

The paper describes practical problems relating to normalization of discrimination in labour law. It is about the role of compensation for discrimination, regardless of whether one takes into account either a compensatory or repressive role. The legal procedures with respect to employer's liability for discrimination are unclear, that is why there is a number of practical problems. The author has attempted to answer the question why, depending on the amount of compensation required, a damage have to or does not have to occur. The paper also refers to the issue of sharing the burden of proof in case of discrimination.

12

Rozważania wokół nierówności

88%

Filek J.

Prakseologia

|

2014

|

nr 156

283-295

EN

The objective of considerations is both to reach the understanding of inequality according to A.K. Sen and to pose a new query analogous to a heuristic question asked by this Indian author in his Inequality Reexamined: “quality of what?” By posing the question inequality of what?”, the author of this article attempts to demonstrate the importance of such a query for social policy, as well as its complementarity with Sen’s question “equality of what?”, pointing at the same time to specific examples of practical complexity of a process expected to eliminate social inequalities.

13

The Scope of Obligations of the State Parties under the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence

88%

Sękowska-Kozłowska K.

Studia Prawnicze

|

2012

|

nr 1 (190)

33-55

EN

Violence against women, in particular domestic violence, is a form of discrimination against women and a human rights violation, which has been voiced in recent years by international human rights bodies, including the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the European Court of Human Rights. The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, which was adopted on 7th April 2011, derives from this output. The Convention, being a milestone in combating violence against women, creates a comprehensive legal framework to prevent violence, to protect victims and to end with the impunity of perpetrators. The paper aims to examine and clarify the main obligations of the State Parties to this treaty. The core part of the study analyzes the obligation to define and criminalise various forms of violence against women (such as physical, psychological and sexual violence, stalking, forced marriage, female genital mutilation, forced abortion and forced sterilisation, sexual harassment). It also focuses on obligations linked to investigation and prosecution of these crimes. Special attention is paid to protective measures such as restraining or protection orders. Another major objective of the paper is to indicate the most significant consequences to the Polish legal order in case of Poland’s accession to the treaty. Despite taking part in the drafting process, Poland did not finally sign up the Convention. However, the Polish government takes into account a possibility of its ratification. In Author’s opinion, Poland’s accession to this treaty is highly advisable. What is more, only few provisions of the present Polish law would demand to be conformed to the Convention.

14

Pohľad do zrkadla alebo o schizofrénii paragrafu 241 zákona č. 140/1961 Sb.

88%

Čechmánek K.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

|

2016

|

tom 155

|

nr 7

604-618

EN

This article focuses on Slovak and Czech legal protection of human dignity in sexual matters through legal instruments of criminal law. The author examines the evolution of joint socialist rape crime legislation and its outcomes in two separate legal orders. The primary goal of the paper is to prove that the Slovak legal system does not provide sufficient protection for males against woman-on-man rape. Since the Slovak state fails in the terms of protection of men significantly, therefore it does not fulfil its obligation to protect human dignity with criminal law measures in accordance with the principle of equality. In comparison with the Czech legal order, we see considerably different approach despite of the same initial conditions. Differences were brought in by enacting Act no. 144/2001 Sb. which represented a step forward in terms of comprehensive legal protection from potential sexually oriented crimes. A Slovak legislator, therefore, gained a comparative advantage and a detailed guide for overcoming insufficient and rigid socialist – based legislation. In the end of the article, after exhaustive legal analysis, the author suggests a simple change of current Slovak criminal act which is already well known from Czech legal order

SK

Táto práca predstavuje náhľad do českej a slovenskej trestnoprávnej ochrany ľudskej dôstojnosti v sexuálnych veciach. Autor skúma vývoj spoločnej, socialistickej právnej úpravy trestného činu znásilnenia a jej vyústenie do dvoch samostatných právnych poriadkov. Primárnym zámerom je preukázať, že osoby mužského pohlavia nepožívajú v slovenskom právnom prostredí náležitú ochranu pred obráteným znásilnením, teda protiprávnym konaním ženy – páchateľky, ktorá násilím, hrozbou bezprostredného násilia alebo využitím bezbrannosti, donúti muža k súloži. Štát tak opomína svoj pozitívny záväzok zabezpečiť rovnakú trestnoprávnu ochranu ľudskej dôstojnosti pre všetkých, bez ohľadu na pohlavie. V porovnaní s českou právnou úpravou možno hovoriť o zásadne odlišnom prístupe k problému, a to napriek totožným východiskovým podmienkam.Rozdiely sú badateľné predovšetkým po prijatí zákona č. 144/2001 Sb., ktorý predstavoval významný krok smerom ku komplexnej ochrane potenciálnych obetí sexuálnej trestnej činnosti. Slovenský zákonodarca dostal ukážkový návod, ako sa vyrovnať s nepostačujúcou a rigidnou socialistickou právnou úpravou. Autor v závere článku, po dôkladnej analýze právneho stavu, navrhuje jednoduchú legislatívnu zmenu, ktoré je už dobre známa z českého právneho prostredia.

15

The Specifics of Post-War Canadian Immigration Policy (1945–1957)

75%

Burtseva M.

Historia i Polityka

|

2017

|

nr 22(29)

69-86

EN

Immigration plays a significant role in various areas of the society’s life and the international policy. Investigating the Canadian experience of immigration is one of the major elements for understanding different aspects of actual mass relocation. The principal objective of this study is to investigate the specifics of Canadian immigration policy following the Second World War. The research is based on analyzing legislation regulations that established Canadian immigration policy from 1945 to 1957. The findings indicated that there were multilateral causes for the after-war immigration changes. And that in reality, Canadian immigration policy in the post-war decade was quite ambiguous because of enacting liberal and discriminatory legislation at the same time.

16

Gender Wage Gap in Poland – Can It Be Explained by Differences in Observable Characteristics?

75%

Goraus K. , Tyrowicz J.

Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo

|

2014

|

nr 36

125-148

EN

The raw gender wage gap over the period 1995-2012 amounts to app. 9% of hourly wage and is fairly stable. However, the raw gap does not account for differences in endowments between genders. In fact, the adjusted wage gap amounts to as much as 20% on average over the analysed period and shows some cyclical properties. The estimates of adjusted gender wage gap do not seem to exhibit any long-term trends, which suggest that in general neither demographic changes nor the progressing transition underlie the phenomenon of unequal pay for the same work among men and women.

17

Społeczny odbiór osób homoseksualnych a edukacyjny potencjał filmu

75%

Działa B.

Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk

|

2012

|

nr 2

EN

The paper deals with homosexuality and the ways it is viewed in society. It focuses on some aspects that accompany homosexual people’s social functioning, such as stereotypes, discrimination, and homophobia. In Poland, as well as in other countries, there exists the problem of discrimination against homosexuals, which results in serious difficulties gay people have to overcome in their everyday life. Since it is mainly from the lack of knowledge that discrimination or homophobia often stem, education might be the key solution. The educational idea this paper puts forward is based on anti-discrimination efforts that promote education through films. The cinematic works chosen for this purpose, Milk, Brokeback Mountain and A Single Man, can help to understand the social aspects of discrimination and homophobia, as well as the psychological consequences suffered by those discriminated against. Still, a screening of films is not sufficient for the accomplishment of this goal; it should be complemented with an after-film discussion that would increase a person’s awareness of differences and various points of view, encouraging them to refresh their own beliefs. Such actions may create an opportunity for the participants and thus result in the change of their attitude.

18

Diskriminace na základě secuální orientace

75%

Pechová O.

E-psychologie (E-psychology)

|

2009

|

tom 3

|

nr 3

1-16

EN

The aim of this research was to explore the contemporary situation of discrimination based on sexual orientation in the Czech Republic. I used modified version of the questionnaire first used in the Czech Republic by Procházka, Janík, and Hromada (2003). The questionnaire has 64 items including 19 open questions. I detected that there have been no important changes in discrimination based on sexual orientation in the Czech Republic. 56 % of respondents (n=279) have experience with discrimination. In the quantitative part of the research, I analysed information given by 496 respondents, of whom 150 were lesbians, 289 gay men, 33 bisexual women and 24 bisexual men. In some areas, significantly higher rates of discrimination were reported by males, but there was no significant difference between homosexual and bisexual respondents. This study for the first time surveyed the bullying based on sexual orientation in Czech schools. I found that one third of respondents who attend secondary schools have been victims of discrimination or bullying.

CS

Cílem výzkumu bylo zjistit současný stav diskriminace na základě sexuální orientace v České republice. K výzkumu byla použitá modifikovaná verze dotazníku, který již u nás použili Procházka, Janík a Hromada (2003). Dotazník má celkem 64 položek, z nichž jedna třetina je tvořena otevřenými otázkami. V kvantitativní části výzkumu jsem analyzovala data od 496 respondentů, z toho 150 lesbických žen, 289 gay mužů, 33 bisexuálních žen a 24 bisexuálních mužů. Bylo zjištěno, že rozsah diskriminace na základě sexuální orientace se v posledních letech příliš nezměnil, přičemž zkušenost s diskriminací či obtěžováním uvedlo 56 % respondentů (n=279). V několika zkoumaných oblastech se ukázalo, že s diskriminací se signifikantně více setkávají respondenti mužského pohlaví, zatímco mezi homosexuálními a bisexuálními respondenty nebyl v oblasti diskriminace shledán žádný statisticky významný rozdíl. V rámci studie byla v České republice poprvé zkoumána prevalence obtěžování na základě sexuální orientace v českých školách. Ukázalo se, že více než třetina respondentů, kteří v posledních letech navštěvovali střední školu, se stalo obětí obtěžování či diskriminace z důvodu své sexuální orientace.

19

Use of Stereotype Content Model in Describing Work Groups in Poland

75%

Jarosz P. B. , Biela A.

Roczniki Psychologiczne

|

2009

|

tom 12

|

nr 1

81-96

EN

In this study, the Stereotype Content Model was used to determine if work related out-group traits represented on Competence and Warmth dimensions would be helpful in describing Polish work groups and potential interactions that may occur between them. The study was performed on a group of 98 participants. Taken that the Stereotype Content Model is based on stereotypes within intergroup function and analyzing this study results in the conclusion that by using the The SCM, it is possible to effectively describe and observe out-group interactions in the Polish work environment.

20

Puch marny na rynku pracy

75%

Borowska B.

|

2008

|

tom R. 3, nr 1-2

9-11

PL

Zatrudnianie kobiet jest trendy. Ba, postrzegane jest nawet jako poprawne politycznie. Specjaliści przekonują, że podnosi to prestiż przedsiębiorstwa i wpływa korzystnie na jego wizerunek. W opinii 83% badanych przez Komisję Europejską firm, stosowanie strategii równych szans dla obu płci, skutkuje zwiększeniem efektywności i konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstwa.