Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Disaster Issues in Non-Utilitarian Consequentialism (Ethics of Social Consequences)

100%

Gluchman V.

Human Affairs

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2015

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tom 26

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nr 1

52-62

EN

The ethics of social consequences is a means of satisficing non-utilitarian consequentialism that can be used to approach disaster issues. The primary values in the ethics of social consequences are humanity, human dignity and moral rights, and these are developed and realized to achieve positive social consequences. The secondary values found in the ethics of social consequences include justice, responsibility, moral duty and tolerance. Their role and purpose is given by their ability to help achieve and realize moral good. Fair treatment within moral issues stems from applying primary as well as secondary values. The nature of these values cannot be determined exclusively in ordinary circumstances. However, in extraordinary circumstances (disasters), not all the requirements relating to the value structure of the ethics of social consequences need be considered in its entirety. In extraordinary circumstances, values are prioritised and realized. Primary values are realized prior to secondary ones. When prioritizing primary values, the realization of positive social consequences, or at least minimizing the negative social consequences, takes priority over other primary values. In disaster bioethics especially, it is often necessary to find a way to minimize the negative social consequences; thus, actions where positive social consequences are prevalent are preferred.

2

Bioetické reflexie pohrôm a katastrof – nové výzvy pre súčasnú etiku

100%

Komenská K.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2016

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tom 64

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nr 5

773-782

EN

In this paper the author tries to introduce a new field of ethical reflections, the field of disaster ethics, while specially concerned with the questions of bioethics. To this end, the author distinguishes two main goals of the paper. Firstly, a definition of disaster is presented to readers, drawing attention to the specific features of such events and their differences from the day-to-day situations. The distinctive characteristic of disaster bioethics is stated, which leads to a formulation of the need to ethically evaluate actions resulting from a disaster (and pre- and post-disaster) from a different perspective. The second goal is to analyse potential problems which arise from applying traditional ethical frameworks to this context. As a solution, the author presents a hybrid ethical theory, the ethics of social consequences, as a form of non-utilitarian consequential theory

3

Współczynniki zagrożenia katastrofą sprężysto-plastycznej struktury przekrycia.Prognoza sukcesu

100%

Krentowski J. , Szeląg R. , Tribiłło R.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Białostockiej. Budownictwo

|

2003

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tom Z. 24

89-102

PL

W publikacji przedstawiono etapy analizy stanu przekrycia pływalni sportowej, kwalifikując obiekt jako znajdujący się w stadium poprzedzającym katastrofę. Koncepcja obliczania wartości współczynnika zagrożenia, sformułowana na podstawie analizy procesu rozproszenia mocy w stadium uplastycznienia, została wykorzystana do prognozy w zakresie bezpieczeństwa przeciążonej konstrukcji stalowej. Uzupełniając analizę stanu uplastycznienia o wyniki badań nad przemieszczeniami struktury kratowej w skali naturalnej, uzasadniono ryzyko realizacji robót naprawczych. W efekcie podjętych działań wyeliminowano stan zagrożenia a bezpieczną eksploatację przekrycia uzasadniono wynikami obliczeń zrealizowanych metodą stanów granicznych i pomiarami przemieszczeń węzłów struktury kratowej.

EN

The paper presents the analysis of cover construction state over swimming pool. The result of classical computation using linear-elastic theory proved that the construction must be reinforced. The analysis regarding yield criterions has lead to another conclusion. The work has been recapitulated by presentation of experimental studies which enable to verify results of the ana-lysis and computations.

4

A system consists of lifted steel tank and four assembly supports with variable assembly conditions

100%

Zamorowski J. , Gremza G.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2018

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tom Vol. 40, nr 4

263--269

EN

In the method of steel tank erection, consisting in assembling the roof and the next courses (segments) of the shell at the ground level, starting from the top one (the so-called hydraulic jacking-up method), the assembled part of the tank is lifted using assembly supports (towers, trestles), hydraulic jacks and ropes. Supports are located inside or outside the tank, and their bases are usually not anchored. During the assembly work, numerous contaminations can appear under the bases of the supports; therefore, boundary conditions of the system consisting of the elevated tank and assembly supports may change, influencing the field of displacements and stresses in the elements of this system. This article presents the results of numerical tests of an exemplary mounted tank – mounting support system – at various possible coefficients of friction between the bases of the supports and the ground. The influence of the support conditions on the effort of the essential elements of the system was assessed. Calculation difficulty was noted to determine the directions of horizontal responses of the supports. It was assumed that these directions did not change after exceeding the values of the friction forces. The analysed tank collapsed during its erection.

5

Flash Flood Disaster Mitigation Through Environmental Education

100%

Prasetyo K.

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

|

2022

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tom Vol. 16, no. 4

119--134

EN

Flash flood disasters often hit many areas in Indonesia and can generate various losses. These conditions are exacerbated by people’s low knowledge and interest in their environment. Therefore, if people’s environmental education increases, especially their flood disaster mitigation knowledge, they can be prepared and better protect themselves from such disasters. People’s environmental education must start from determining the reason of the flood disaster in their environment to discovering how to avoid the disaster. This research design is a one-group post-test design. The collected data in this research is a written test result about knowledge in flash flood disaster mitigation materials as an implementation in environmental education in the community. The research data results were analyzed by means of simple regression, logistics regression, and correlation. Based on this research, environmental education with disaster mitigation materials has a high understanding level. In the disaster step, the highest understanding is before it happens. The correlation between educational strata and gender on environmental education and disaster mitigation materials is low. Finally, the role of women in disaster mitigation needs to improve because they have a higher understanding than males of disaster mitigation materials.

6

Ściany oporowe o przekroju kątowym (numeryczna analiza stateczności)

100%

Surowiecki A. , Kozłowski W. , Kielanowski W.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

|

2009

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tom R. 15, nr 7-8

91-92

PL

IV sytuacjach kryzysowych, dotyczących infrastruktury transportu lądowego, będących następstwem powodzi lub innych klęsk żywiołowych, mają zastosowanie tymczasowe konstrukcje, służące do natychmiastowej odbudowy. Na przykład doraźna odbudowa zniszczonych nasypów drogowych może być realizowana stosunkowo szybko i małym kosztem przy użyciu tzw. lekkich ścian oporowych [1-5]. Obiektem badań są tego typu ściany prefabrykowane, wykonane z elementów żelbetowych o przekroju kątownika. Ukształtowana w ten sposób konstrukcja zawiera kilka lub kilkanaście półek poziomych (w zależ.ności od wysokości ściany i wymiarów kątowników modułowych). Konstrukcje te omówiono w [1].

7

We Just Want to Lead Ordinary Lives – Internal Con icts and Politics of Disintegration in Post-Disaster Indigenous Village in Taiwan

100%

Kot-Gilewicz O.

Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology

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2016

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tom 7

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nr 14

71-85

EN

This paper draws on ethnographic fieldwork to present an account of the current situation of one of the indigenous villages of Taiwan in the face of a natural disaster related interference of the state and non-government organisations, and the struggle of its inhabitants to maintain cultural integrity and socio-political independence. After Morakot typhoon hit the island of Taiwan in August 2009 causing numerous landslides, several indigenous villages including those situated in the mountains' interior, were permanently relocated to the vicinity of the plains and mainstream Han Chinese society. In the process of relocation the government as well as non-government organizations were involved. To the villagers who took an active part in the negotiations process, the new relocation site became an opportunity to unite most of the previously scattered members of the community However the conflicts instigated during the negotiations led several families to refuse relocation. In order to survive in the abandoned village they have returned to traditional mode of subsistence. In their eyes they have become the protectors of their group's traditional territory and sole guardians of the village. Hence by the means of traditional and state provided socio-political structures the villagers have successfully blocked government as well as non-government projects regarding the village, which led to shift of internal authority Through this experience the villagers came to realize increasing sociocultural differences between the mainstream Han Chinese society and their own heritage as well as growing distance between the inhabitants of the original village and the residents of the relocated settlement. Their experience led them to a firm conviction about traditional knowledge to be the guarantor of prosperity and solution to any problems.

8

Ideal and Nonideal Moral Theory for Disaster Bioethics

88%

O’Mathúna D.

Human Affairs

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2015

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tom 26

|

nr 1

8-17

EN

Moral theory has generally focused on resolving ethical dilemmas by identifying ethically sound options. Whether the focus is on consequences, duties, principles or virtues, ethical cases are often approached in ways that assume morally sound solutions can be found and followed. Such ‘ideal morality’ assumes that moral goodness is always possible, leaving people confident they have done the right thing. Such an approach becomes inadequate in disaster settings where any good solution is often difficult to see. This paper examines recent work on nonideal moral theory as a useful model for disaster bioethics. This approach views moral dilemmas as situations where no choice is ideal and every option involves some element of unavoidable wrongdoing. Rather than straining for ideal answers, this approach acknowledges that sometimes the lesser of two evils is the best that can be done. Such situations inevitably lead to feelings of regret or guilt, commonly encountered in discussions of disaster bioethics. This paper explores the practical implications of nonideal approaches for disaster responders working in tragic situations.

9

Ethical Decision Making During Disasters

88%

Kalajtzidis J.

Human Affairs

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2015

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tom 26

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nr 1

18-25

EN

Neither in theory nor in practice does there exist a single model of decision making. It is very difficult to identify a model, or models, which would be most useful during and after a disaster. Within the disaster timeframe (a difficult and complex situation), specific moral dilemmas arise. All the decision making theories tend to be associated with different assumptions about human nature, the quality of the decisions made and the manner in which they are made. Different assumptions may result in different tools being used and subsequently different consequences. The paper will provide a general introduction to the ethical decision making model, and will suggest two ways in which decisions in ethics might be made. The paper will try to deepen the discussion, and suggest answers to questions such as which type of ethical decision making is better in a specific situation such as a disaster? Is there any need to use a different decision making model (from an ethical point of view) in a disaster than in another event? Nonetheless, the article does not provide explicit solutions to these questions, since providing them would require further investigation than is the aim of this paper.

10

Risk Management as a Tool of the Civil Emergency Planning in the United Kingdom — Comparison With the Polish Approach

88%

Zwęgliński T. , Arculeo C.

Internal Security

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2020

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tom 12(2)

55-82

EN

‘Europe which protects’ is a very important postulate which is presented by politicians, however, it is well known that the full responsibility for the safety and security of the citizens is the domain of each sovereign country. Therefore, international organisations, such as NATO and the EU, associating countries in one, more or less integrated structure, have only a supportive and facilitating role to this highly important process. This basically means that close cooperation between individual countries is a highly important matter in ensuring the vital aim of citizen protection, especially against major threats and hazards, triggered or impacting in the border context. Such cooperation is impossible as long as those nations do not know and understand each other’s systems. Furthermore, in gaining this understanding of the respective systems, the opportunity exists to learn from each other by implementing the best practices of each other’s realities. The article is an effort to contribute to this learning process by comparison of the risk management processes being a part of broader crisis and disaster management systems in the United Kingdom and Poland. The study was conducted by reviewing and analysing formal documentation and guidance as well as selected literature in this respect. Furthermore, the findings are based on many years of the authors’ experience working in these two systems, reinforced by hundreds of discussions with national experts in the field. As supportive input, selected results of a survey on civil emergency planning in Poland are also presented. The two surveyed systems revealed many similarities in the processes in place in both countries. In general, the purpose of their existence is the same, however, in some cases, there are different terms used or they vary slightly due to organisational or administrative reasons. Both adaptations and developments based on the experiences of the other system are possible, and sometimes even recommended.

11

Construction disasters caused by punching in the support zone of reinforced concrete slab-and-column ceilings as well as means of their repair and reinforcement

88%

Kobielak S. , Hutnik E. , Zamiar Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2016

|

tom Nr 1

151--167

EN

Slab-and-column ceilings are widely used because of the considerable savings that they allow to obtain in the total construction cost. However, this structural system has a weak feature that consists of vulnerability to punching in a ceiling slab around its connection to a column. This paper describes several examples of disasters caused by slab punching and gives conclusions resulting therefrom. In order to eliminate the problem of punching, in the world there are used various types of shear reinforcement in a slab around a column, which are characterized by malleability and puncture resistance, thereby preventing a disaster. Examples of such reinforcement of ceiling slabs around columns are also shown in the work.

12

Protection of settlements from floods and debris flow on the example of tragedy in Tbilisi on 13-14 June of 2015

88%

Diakonidze R. , Supatashvili T. , Diakonidze B. , Ioseliani L. , Getiashvili A. , Laoshvili Z.

Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications

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2017

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tom Vol. 5, Iss. 2

31--34

EN

This article presents material about the flood on the Vere River on 13-14 June, 2015. It caused significant economic and ecological damage to the country, and there were also human victims. The reasons for the ecological disaster are evaluated and appropriate hydrological calculations have been carried out. It has been particularly established that the predictable (forecasting) maximal discharges of 0,1% value for Vere River is 520 m3/sec and not 410 m3/sec, that was calculated water conduct tunnels in the entrance of city before the Mtkvari River. The flood on the 13-14 June 2015 and the connected tragedy was caused by high intensive precipitation in the catchment basin, the activation of geodynamic processes, and also anthropogenic factors. In our opinion, a reason of disaster also was a design flaw in hydrotechnical buildings (tunnels) – they are not able to manage a water flow rate of 0,1% assurance. The paper presents the recommendations necessary for us to avoid, or at least reduce, the ecological and economic problems caused by floods and debris flow. The presented recommendations against a disaster like that which affected Tbilisi, as well as the expected environmental problems on territory with similar natural conditions, will enable us to avoid or reduce damage caused by flood and debris flow.

13

Social workers in times of the Sars-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic. First Polish experiences

88%

Wilk S. , Szpoczek M.

Praca Socjalna

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2020

|

tom 35(2)

84-105

EN

The spread of the epidemic of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the announcement of the state of epidemic emergency determined the necessity of the changes in the functioning of the social welfare units. This article is an analysis of the literature sources related to the functioning of the social workers during natural disasters, that have served as the basis for conclusions. In addition, twelve pilot interviews with social workers were conducted. Previously the institutions were not prepared for such a threat, did not have procedures nor regulations and means of self-protection. In the times of the epidemic the feminization of the profession of a social worker and the fact of the necessity of taking care of the children of the age of up to 8 years, resulted in the staff shortages. The new reality created the necessity to reorganize the work system of the social assistance units especially in the area of the safety regulations that is to say teleworking, rotational work and shift work, limitations in dealing with the clients and fieldwork, conducting community interviews by phone. Working at residential care facilities, which were closed to protect their residents from infection, has become of particular nature. Due to the epidemic situation, normative acts regarding benefits for persons threatened by the infection of SARS-CoV-2 virus, implementation of assistance for persons experiencing violence or support for people in crisis of homelessness are constantly changing. The text discusses in detail five factors hindering the performance of professional activities for employees of social assistance units: organizational and legal, physical, interpersonal, ethical and psychological. Finally, it is essential to start working by applying the method of organizing local communities (and using social capital), as its absence will be a barrier to the development of Polish municipalities after the epidemic.

14

Katastrofy i awarie zapór wodnych

75%

Rak J. R.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska

|

2007

|

tom z. 46 [246]

125-135

PL

Przedstawiono analizę awarii i katastrof zapór wodnych, które miały miejsce na świecie i w Polsce. Dokonano krótkiego przeglądu historii budowy zapór wodnych na tle rozwoju cywilizacyjnego. Wyróżniono trzy rodzaje katastrof, analizując główne przesłanki, które je spowodowały: naturalne powodzie (środowiskowe), przyczyny techniczne (błędy projektowe i wykonawcze) oraz celowa działalność człowieka (działania wojenne).

EN

The paper presents analysis of disasters and damages of dams, which took place throughout the world and Poland. A short review of dam building history against civilization progress has been done. Three kinds of dam disasters were identified depending on the main theirs causes: natural floods (environmental), technical reasons (designing and realizationing errors), intentional human action (warfare). For each disaster kind a direct causes of events were defined.

15

Challenge of Time as a Moral Imperative

75%

Drozenová W.

Human Affairs

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2015

|

tom 26

|

nr 1

80-89

EN

The aim of this essay is to consider how the dominant moral theories can be applied to the discourse of disaster situations. In specific times, specific values take priority. Therefore, this article will consider how moral theory deals with time. Kant’s moral philosophy has influenced ethics enormously, but rejects the idea of a temporal dimension in ethics; consequently, modern ethics has not devoted sufficient attention to the temporal dimension. Nonetheless, Kantian ethics established the basic principles of respect for human beings as ends in themselves, and for autonomy of rational beings; thus it cannot be ignored. In political decision-making, simply having good intentions does not suffice; they must be accompanied by responsibility. Both the ethics of consequentialism and virtue ethics (the virtue of wisdom) deal with responsibility for the future. Hans Jonas developed a concept of responsibility concerned particularly with the risks associated with new technologies and the ethical requirement to avoid disasters. “Uncertainty may be our permanent fate - which has moral consequences” (Jonas). Public policy should be precautionary. The ethics of disaster preparation planning is distinct from the ethics of disaster response planning.

16

Technologie i infrastruktury informacji przestrzennej w zastosowaniu do zarządzania kryzysowego

75%

Gaździcki J.

Roczniki Geomatyki

|

2006

|

tom T. 4, z. 1

19-27

PL

Problematyka informacji przestrzennej oraz związanych z nią technologii jest szeroka, a jej szczegółowe przedstawienie przekracza ramy objętościowe tego artykułu. Jego treść ogranicza się zatem do syntetycznego i w miarę kompleksowego ujęcia tej problematyki. Wśród możliwych wniosków godne uwagi są zwłaszcza dwa następujące: m technologie geomatyczne osiągnęły poziom rozwoju umożliwiający skuteczne wspomaganie zarządzania kryzysowego, m infrastruktury informacji przestrzennej stanowią wartościowy komponent infrastruktury krytycznej państwa. Autor wyraża nadzieję, że artykuł wzbudzi zainteresowanie środowisk zajmujących się problematyką geoinformacji w zarządzaniu kryzysowym i będzie stanowił przyczynek do prac nad ustawą o bezpieczeństwie obywateli i zarządzaniu kryzysowym. Intencją autora jest, aby artykuł ten stał się również impulsem do udziału polskich specjalistów z tej dziedziny w Siódmym Programie Ramowym Badań i Rozwoju Technicznego UE, który zostanie uruchomiony.

EN

The essence of crisis management constitute activities consisting in preventing crisis situations, influencing their course and in restricting and removing their effects. This paper takes into account crisis situations connected with natural disasters, i.e. natural calamities or technical failures which pose health and life threat for considerable number of people and threaten important property and environment. In crisis management a few stages may be distinguished, in particular: m the prevention stage consisting in reducing probability of crisis situation to occur and in restricting possible losses, m the preparation stage, comprising planning appropriate procedures and creating adequate resources and capabilities necessary for proper reaction to the crisis situation, m the reaction stage aimed at providing emergency assistance and limiting losses, m the reconstruction stage, when damages and losses are registered, assistance programmes are implemented and reconstruction is under way. To be efficient and effective, crisis management has to be supported by proper spatial information systems providing all necessary data, their scope depending on the stage of crisis management, the type of natural disaster and its scale. Under present conditions, spatial information infrastructures and the technologies connected with them, which ensure interoperability, or joint technical, semantic and organisational operation of systems, are particularly useful. This paper presents the actual state and development directions in this respect, making reference to INSPIRE and taking advantage of the experience arising from other projects, particularly European ones. Summing up, it may be stated that: m geomatic technologies reached the level of development allowing them to effectively support crisis management, m spatial information infrastructures constitute a valuable component of critical infrastructure of the state.

17

Psychosociální podpora dobrovolníkům českého červeného kříže při povodních v České republice v roce 2013

75%

Balarinová L. , Zbořilová J.

E-psychologie (E-psychology)

|

2015

|

tom 9

|

nr 1

1-15

EN

Activities of The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement has been since its’ founding based on the help of volunteers. Volunteers of the organization everyday fulfil their mission in more than 180 countries of the world. Everyone who experienced an exceptional incident is to a certain extent influenced by his experiences, not excluding volunteers, who help during floods, earthquakes, wars and other disasters. The aim of this study is devoted to how the volunteers of the Czech Red Cross perceive a psychosocial support in the context of the organization and in relation to their actual work during floods in the year 2013 in the Czech Republic. 40 volunteers were involved in the study. The research tool was a questionnaire which was composed from the recommendation for the National Red Cross and Red Crescent societies to gather information concerning care for their workers.

CS

Činnost Mezinárodního hnutí Červeného kříže a Červeného půlměsíce je od počátku založena na pomoci ze strany dobrovolníků. Denně dobrovolníci organizace naplňují poslání ve více než 180 zemích světa. Každý účastník mimořádné události je do jisté míry zasažen či alespoň ovlivněn svými prožitky, a to nevyjímaje dobrovolníky, kteří pomáhají při povodních, zemětřeseních, válkách a jiných událostech. Cíl studie je věnován tomu, jak dobrovolníci Českého červeného kříže vnímají psychosociální podporu v souvislosti s organizací a ve vztahu k vlastnímu působení v čase povodní v roce 2013 v České republice. Do výzkumu se zapojilo 40 dobrovolníků Českého červeného kříže. Výzkumným nástrojem byl dotazník, který byl sestaven na základě doporučení pro národní společnosti Červeného kříže a Červeného půlměsíce k získávání informací ohledně péče o své dobrovolníky.

18

Elektrownie jądrowe w warunkach awarii katastrofalnej

75%

Grządzielski I. , Sroka K.

Acta Energetica

|

2011

|

tom nr 1

5-10

PL

W artykule podjęto próbę wstępnej oceny pracy elektrowni jądrowych w warunkach awarii katastrofalnej. Analizę tę przeprowadzono, wykorzystując doświadczenia z przebytych awarii katastrofalnych w krajach ze znaczącą generacją z elektrowni jądrowych. Na bazie tych doświadczeń podjęto próbę zdefiniowania charakterystycznych cech elektrowni jądrowych i sformułowania wymagań, jakie muszą spełniać te elektrownie w systemie elektroenergetycznym w kontekście możliwości wystąpienia blackoutu.

19

The market orientation among South African smallholder farmers in a disaster context

75%

Nwafor C. U.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

|

2020

|

tom 4[58]

20

Badania mobilności bezzałogowej platformy przegubowej z gąsienicowym układem bieżnym

75%

Konopka S. , Krogul P. , Łopatka M. J. , Muszyński T.

Logistyka

|

2014

|

tom nr 4

PL

Dotarcie służb ratowniczych do miejsc dotkniętych katastrofami często jest niebezpieczne w realizacji. Problem ten stał się podstawą do stworzenia bezzałogowej platformy lądowej pozwalającej na przeprowadzenie takich działań. Biorąc to pod uwagę wykonano badania symulacyjne określające możliwości pokonywania wybranych przeszkód terenowych oraz sił napędowych niezbędnych w ich realizacji. W tym celu stworzono model numeryczny platformy o gąsienicowym układzie bieżnym i przegubowym układzie skrętu. Stworzony model jest układem złożonym o 163 stopniach swobody, co wynika głównie z wieloelementowego systemu gąsienicowego. Badania polegały na pokonywaniu trzech przeszkód ze stałą prędkością jazdy. Do symulacji przyjęto przeszkody typu próg, rów oraz schody. Przejazd przez rów zrealizowano prostopadle do jego krawędzi oraz pod kątem 60 stopni, przeszkodę typu próg pokonywano tylko jedną burtą, natomiast wjazd na schody przeprowadzono przez platformę ustawioną prostopadle do ich krawędzi.

EN

It’s dangerous to reach places affected by the disaster by emergency services. This issue has become the basis for build a unmanned ground vehicle allowed to perform such activities. Taking this into account the simulation research was conducted. They set possibilities to overcome obstacles and drive force necessary for their implementation. For this purpose the numerical model of unmanned track vehicle with articulated turning system was created. This model is a complex system with 163 degrees of freedom, which is due mostly from multielement track system. The research consists on overcoming three obstacles with constant drive velocity. For the simulations were taken into account obstacles type of threshold, ditch and stairs. Drive through the ditch was carried out perpendicular to their edges and at an angle of 60 degrees, the threshold was overcame by only one side, while driveway on stairs was performed by unmanned vehicle set to theirs edges perpendicular.