Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Trajectories of change in paradigmatic cells in Czech

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Bermel N. , Knittl L.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2023

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tom 106

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nr 5

247-274

EN

We examine a well-known phenomenon in the development of the Czech nominal declension system: the gradual supplanting of the original o-stem ending in the locative singular with the u-stem ending. We observe that, contrary to expectations from the literature based primarily on studies of English, this shift has been in progress for a millennium and, in the high-frequency nouns for which we have enough data to observe, the opposing trend is also frequently in evidence: the o-stem ending is introduced to lexemes where it was not found earlier. In the absence of a single, overriding motivation that could have derailed this shift from following the classic ‘S-curve’ pattern, we propose re-examining the retextualization model as a more fitting one for the complex interaction of factors and forms found in languages with complex inflectional morphology.

2

Typologie vs linguistique générale : un essai

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Fagard B.

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tom Special Issue: Le monde de la litérrature

225-235

EN

In this paper, I take up the case of quotative evidentials and their (non-?)existence in Romance languages, in an attempt to illustrate the fact that the dialogue between typological linguistics and general linguistics is essential. I review briefly the case of grammaticalization from a typological point of view, and the category of evidentiality, before discussing the case of discourse markers specialized in the introduction of reported speech, in Romance languages.

3

K otázce tzv. akuzativního se v češtině: pohled (nejen) diachronní

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Pergler J.

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nr 2

102-122

EN

This article deals with the Czech reflexive form se and its categorization from both diachronic and synchronic perspectives. It is argued that in Old Czech, the reflexive was clearly a pronoun because it could be used in a number of contexts that are indicative of its having a syntactic function, e.g. in the context of coordination. Since then, however, the reflexive se has been gradually losing its pronominal nature, being replaced in pronominal contexts by the (originally genitive) form sebe. This process has not been completed yet, hence in contemporary Czech, the reflexive has both pronominal features and features of a morpheme/particle. It thus cannot be discretely categorized; such a categorization would be an inadequate oversimplification because it would necessarily ignore some of the features of the reflexive. Therefore, instead of asking whether the form se is a pronoun or a morpheme/particle in contemporary Czech, I try to answer the question of what pronominal and what non-pronominal features it has.

4

K užívání reflexivní deagentní konstrukce v češtině 15.–17. století

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Pergler J.

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tom 9

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nr Special Issue 2018

85-105

EN

This paper deals with the Czech reflexive agent-demoting construction (i.e. the construction in which the verb form contains the reflexive marker se and the agent is demoted from the subject position), more specifically, with the usage of this construction in 15th–17th century, a period when a notable increase of its frequency is documented in the literature. The aim is to identify the typical contexts (situation types) in which the construction was used and to describe their prototypical formal, semantic and pragmatic features with regard to the verb, its participants and the pattern as a whole. The situation types are divided into two groups: (1) the types typically expressing generalizations over eventualities with universal/generic agents, and (2) the types tending to express non-generalized eventualities with individual agents. The types in the first group include habituality, general truths, general (im)possibility, instructions, general modality of necessity and hypothetical circumstances; the second group contains metatexts, pragmatic indirectness, performatives, prominence of the patient and simple defocusing of the agent. The presented description can be used for comparing the functions of this construction with the situation in other diachronic periods, as well as with the distribution of other agent-demoting constructions which either coexisted or still coexist with the reflexive construction in Czech.

5

Život věčný, oheň skrytý, zahrada rubínová… Slovotvorba ve starších německých slovnících

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Šemelík M.

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nr 1

63-80

EN

Given the role that word-formation plays in vocabulary organization, there seems to be a consensus that word-formation needs to be taken into account in some way within the lexicographic process. Thus, the present study is devoted to central issues of dealing with word-formation in the dictionary, which include its consideration in the so-called outer texts, the type of macrostructure, entries of word-forming elements, special word-formation sections of the entries, word-formation in the definitions, and the use of typography to highlight word-formation phenomena. The subject of the analysis is selected dictionaries of the German language primarily published before the year 1854, which represents an important caesura in German lexicography constituted by the publication of the first volume of the Deutsches Wörterbuch (German Dictionary) by the Brothers Grimm. Much more often than in the case of today’s lexicographical works, the view of word-formation is linked to a more general conception of language and reflections on it, or even to a broader cultural context, including religion, or life in a pre-secular society, respectively.

6

Za vědu o vývoji: Jan Mukařovský a Antoine Meillet

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Krásová E.

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nr 3

285-311

EN

This article examines the possible influence of Antoine Meillet’s thinking on the Prague Linguistic Circle, especially on Jan Mukařovský. Based on a comparison of Jan Mukařovský’s studies from the 1930s and selected works by Antoine Meillet, we find three intersecting topics: the rhetoric of the new science, the sociological conception of linguistics and in particular the concept of general linguistics as a science of the laws of development. We show that Meillet’s and Mukařovský’s sociological conception of language and artwork leads in the final instance to a reference to a certain material basis for the norms under examination.

7

Structurele toekomst, predicties, natijdigheid en emergente grammatica: Een bijdrage tot de discussie over panchronie

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Konvička M.

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2016

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tom 64

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nr 5: Neofilologia. Numer specjalny

63-82

NL

In dit artikel onderzoek ik twee theoretische concepten met betrekking tot de aard van grammaticale structuren. Ten eerste bespreek ik het begrip panchronie als een niet-reductief alternatief voor de structurele dichotomie van diachronie versus synchronie. Ten tweede introduceer ik een emergentistische benadering van taal die de idee van taal als een statisch, stabiel systeem verwerpt. Daarna laat ik zien hoe een panchronische taalvisie de emergentistische benadering ten goede komt. Hierbij zal ik het belang van structurele posterioriteit benadrukken die in traditionele grammaticamodellen vaak wordt verwaarloosd en in emergentistische alleen geïmpliceerd. De opkomende aard van de taal, zoals ik ga aanvoeren, kan alleen worden beschreven als ook rekening wordt gehouden met structurele voorspellingen van de sprekers. Afgezien van het combineren van de structurele anterioriteit, d.w.z. diachronie, en structurele contemporaneïteit, d.w.z. synchronie, moet ook rekening worden gehouden met de structurele posterioriteit. In dat geval bouwt elke spreker in elke uitspraak voort op vroegere taalkundige ervaring en vormt daardoor, in zekere mate, toekomstige uitspraken.

PL

W artykule badam dwie teoretyczne koncepcje odnoszące się do rodzajów struktur gramatycznych. Na początku omawiam pojęcie panchrony (panchronii) jako nieredukcjonistycznej alternatywy dla strukturalnej dychotomii diachronii vs. synchronii. Kolejno krótko wprowadzam podejście emergentystyczne do języka, które odrzuca pomysł języka statycznego, inaczej mówiąc — ideę języka jako systemu stabilnego. Następnie pokazuję, jak panachroniczny obraz języka wpływa na podejście emergentystyczne. Mianowicie odkreślam wagę strukturalnej posteriority (późniejszości), która jest często pomijana w tradycyjnych modelach gramatycznych, a rozumiana tylko w tych emergentystycznych. Emergentną naturę języka można określić tylko wtedy, gdy strukturalne przewidywania osoby mówiącej też są brane pod uwagę, co zresztą podważam. Oprócz łączenia strukturalnego anteriority (pierwszeństwa), tj. diachronii, strukturalnej contemporaneity (teraźniejszość), tj. synchronii, musi też zostać wzięta pod uwagę strukturalna późniejszość. W tym przypadku przecież każdy mówca w każdej wypowiedzi opiera się na swoich wcześniejszych doświadczeniach językowych, a tym samym — do pewnego stopnia — tworzy swoje przyszłe wypowiedzi.

EN

In this article, I investigate two theoretical concepts pertaining to the nature of grammatical structures. Firstly, I discuss the notion of panchrony as a non-reductionist alternative to the structuralist dichotomy of diachrony versus synchrony. Secondly, I shortly introduce the emergentist approach to language that rejects the idea of language as a static, stable system. Afterwards, I am going to show how a panchronic view of language benefits the emergentist approach. Namely, I am going to stress the importance of the structural posteriority which is often neglected in traditional grammar models and only implied in emergentist ones. The emergent nature of language, as I am going to argue, can only be described if the speakers’ structural predictions are taken into account as well. Apart from combining the structural anteriority, i.e. diachrony, and structural contemporaneity, i.e. synchrony, structural posteriority has to be taken into account as well. In that case, every speaker in every utterance builds upon their earlier linguistic experience and thereby—to some degree—forms their future utterances.