Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Relation of cigarette smoking and mood disorders to cognitive impairment progression

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Grabowski J. , Przybylak M. , Piasecki T. , Bidzan L.

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nr 2

29-36

EN

Background: Both depressive disorders and nicotine use are proven and important risk factors of dementia. The purpose of this study was to verify if cigarette smoking and depression symptoms together are disadvantageous for the prognosis in mild cognitive impairment. Material and methods: A total of 43 patients with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment were included in the study. ADAS-Cog was performed upon inclusion in the study and again at least 2 years later. Additionally, patients with ≥18 points in MADRS were qualified as depressive. The Fagerström scale for nicotine dependence was administered to smokers. Results: Our study shows a relation between severity of depressive symptoms and further deterioration of cognitive functions according to ADAS-cog scale. Regression analysis revealed that smoking associated with severity of depressive disorders is also correlated with the progression of cognitive impairment. Conclusions: The results of our study are based on a small number of subjects and should be regarded as early findings. Moreover, nicotine dependency should not be regarded as an isolated factor affecting mood disorders and cognitive impairment progression. Further studies on larger groups of patients and using more sensitive methods of cognitive function assessment are needed.

2

Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms among Young Adults in Szczecin

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Stępień-Słodkowska M. , Kostkiewicz H. , Kotarska K. , Kawicka B.

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nr 1

15-21

EN

Depressive disorders have become one of the greatest health problems of the modern society, with about 350 million people suffering from depression around the world (WHO). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of symptoms of depressed mood and symptoms indicating the possibility of depression or its progression among young people living in the city of Szczecin, Poland. Data from 150 students (107 women and 43 men) from one of the local universities constituted the material for this anonymous study which was based on the Beck Depression Inventory – 21 questions assessing the severity of depressive symptoms. Our results showed that 78% of women and 89% of men did not show symptoms of depression (Fig. 1). The incidence of mild depressive episodes was revealed in 15% of women and 7% of men, moderate episodes in 3% of women and 2% of men, and severe depression in 4% of women and 2% of men.

3

Assessment of the occurrence of indirect self-destructiveness in people diagnosed with depressive and anxiety disorders

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Sławińska A. , Orzechowska A. , Florkowski A.

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nr 2

146-159

EN

Aim: Self-destructiveness involves behaviours whose likely negative effect is mediated by additional factors, and the relationship between behaviour and damage is perceived as probable. The main objective of the research is to evaluate the behaviour of indirect self-destructiveness in patients with symptoms of anxiety and/or depression (compared to the persons without mental disorders-control group). Material and method: Clinical group included 40 patients of the Department of Adult Psychiatry at the Medical University of Lodz – people reporting symptoms of anxiety and/or depressed mood. The control group consisted of people without mental disorders. Polish version of Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CS-DS) adapted by Suchanska and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Modified (HADS-M) by Snaith and Zigmond were used. The survey aimed at collecting sociodemographic data. Results: Differences were noticed between the clinical and control group in the following indirect autodestructive behaviours: Poor Health Maintenance, Lack of Planfulness, Personal and Social Neglects, Helplessness and Passiveness. Behaviours in all of those areas were more frequent in the clinical group. There were no significant differences noticed between groups in terms of: Transgression and Risk, alcohol use and smoking. Conclusions: Anxiety and depressive disorders promotes occurring of indirect self destructive behaviours.

PL

Cel: Autodestruktywność pośrednia obejmuje zachowania, których prawdopodobny negatywny skutek jest upośredniony przez dodatkowe czynniki. Głównym celem badania była ocena zachowań o charakterze autodestruktywności pośredniej u osób z objawami lęku i/lub depresji (w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną, złożoną z osób bez zaburzeń psychicznych). Materiał i metoda: Grupę kliniczną stanowiło 40 pacjentów Kliniki Psychiatrii Dorosłych Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi. Były to osoby zgłaszające się z objawami lęku i/lub obniżonego nastroju. Równoliczną grupę kontrolną stanowiły osoby bez zaburzeń psychicznych. Zastosowano polską wersję skali chronicznej autodestruktywności (Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale, CS-DS) Kelley w adaptacji Suchańskiej oraz Szpitalną Skalę Lęku i Depresji w wersji zmodyfikowanej (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Modified, HADS-M) autorstwa Snaitha i Zigmonda. Opracowana przez autorów ankieta miała na celu zebranie podstawowych danych socjodemograficznych. Wyniki: Zaobserwowano różnice między grupą kliniczną a kontrolną w przypadku następujących grup zachowań pośrednio autodestruktywnych: zaniedbania zdrowotne, nieuważność, nieostrożność i brak planowania, zaniedbania osobiste i społeczne, pasywność (bierność). Zachowania z wymienionych obszarów okazały się częstsze w grupie klinicznej. Nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic między grupami w zakresie zachowań transgresyjnych, spożywania alkoholu i palenia papierosów. Wnioski: Można przypuszczać, że zaburzenia depresyjne i lękowe sprzyjają występowaniu zachowań pośrednio autodestruktywnych.

4

Cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy and alopecia areata

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Kuty-Pachecka M.

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nr 2

129-136

EN

Alopecia areata (also known as spot baldness) is a disease with multifactorial aetiology, including genetic, hormonal, autoimmune and psychological factors as well as nervous system disorders. This disorder belongs to the group of dermatological conditions modified by psychological factors. Clinical experience indicates that stress and psychological aspects contribute significantly to the onset and/or exacerbation of alopecia areata. Pharmacological treatment of this dermatosis is often ineffective or insufficient. Therefore, a holistic approach to the disease, including both medical and psychological aspects, is crucial. It is emphasised in the subject literature that some forms of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy used in patients with alopecia areata improve their psychophysical condition, and, consequently, stimulate the regrowth of their hair. Research has shown that cognitive-behavioural therapy complements dermatological treatment of alopecia areata, improving the quality of life of patients. The aim of cognitive and behavioural techniques is, on the one hand, to change the maladaptive negative convictions about oneself, the world, and the disease, and, on the other hand, to acquire the ability to cope with negative emotional states and difficult situations, such as a disease. The aim of the paper is to present the results of a literature review on the efficiency of pharmacotherapy and the role of cognitive-behavioural therapy in alopecia areata.

PL

Łysienie plackowate (alopecia areata) jest chorobą o wieloczynnikowej etiologii, w której uwzględnia się czynniki genetyczne, hormonalne, autoimmunologiczne i psychiczne oraz zaburzenia w zakresie układu nerwowego. Schorzenie to zalicza się do grupy chorób dermatologicznych modyfikowanych przez czynniki psychologiczne. Doświadczenie kliniczne wskazuje, że stres i aspekty psychologiczne mają znaczący udział w wystąpieniu i/lub zaostrzeniu łysienia plackowatego. Leczenie farmakologiczne tej dermatozy nierzadko okazuje się nieskuteczne albo niewystarczające. Istotne jest zatem holistyczne podejście do choroby, obejmujące zarówno aspekt medyczny, jak i psychologiczny. W literaturze przedmiotu podaje się, że niektóre formy psychoterapeutyczne i farmakoterapia stosowane u pacjentów z łysieniem plackowatym poprawiają ich stan psychofizyczny, a w konsekwencji wpływają także na odrost włosów. Badania wskazują, że terapia poznawczo- -behawioralna to istotne uzupełnienie dermatologicznego leczenia łysienia plackowatego, przyczyniające się do poprawy jakości życia pacjentów. Celem technik poznawczych i behawioralnych jest z jednej strony zmiana nieadaptacyjnych negatywnych przekonań (zarówno na temat samego siebie czy świata, jak i choroby), a z drugiej nabycie umiejętności radzenia sobie z negatywnymi stanami emocjonalnymi i trudnymi sytuacjami (np. z chorobą). W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki przeglądu literatury dotyczącej efektywności farmakoterapii stosowanej w łysieniu plackowatym oraz techniki terapii poznawczo-behawioralnej, które można wykorzystać w leczeniu tej dermatozy, z uwzględnieniem istotnych problemów charakterystycznych dla pacjentów z chorobami przewlekłymi.

5

Effects of copper ions on malachite sulfidization flotation

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Yin W. , Sheng Q. , Ma Y. , Sun H. , Yang B. , Tang Y.

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tom Vol. 56, iss. 2

300--312

EN

In this study, the effects of copper ions (Cu2+) on the sulfidization (Na2S) flotation of malachite was investigated using micro-flotation experiments, zeta-potential measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, adsorption experiments, and Materials Studio simulation. The results indicated that the flotation recovery of malachite decreased after the pretreatment of the mineral particles with Cu2+ ions prior to the addition of Na2S. The results for zeta-potential measurements and XPS analysis revealed that less sulfide ion species in the pulp solution transferred onto the mineral surface, the sulfidization of malachite surface weakened. The adsorption amount of collector on the mineral surface decreased, and this finding was confirmed by the results of the zeta-potential and adsorption experiments. Materials Studio simulation revealed that the adsorption energy of HS- ions and C4H9OCSS- ions on malachite surface increased after the adding of Cu2+ ion. The competitive adsorption made Cu2+ ions depress sulfidization flotation of malachite, the dissolution of mineral surface affected the adsorption of reagents on it, and decreased the floatability of malachite.

6

Oświetlenie antydepresyjne w budynku

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Turlej Z.

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tom nr 2-4

34-38

PL

Nowym sposobem wykorzystania oświetlenia wewnątrz budynku jest oświetlenie antydepresyjne. Efekty antydepresyjne przy zastosowaniu oświetlenia uzyskuje się przy wysokich poziomach oświetlenia, od 1000 luksów wzwyż na twarzy człowieka. Dlatego, ze względów ekonomicznych ważne staje się tworzenie "ognisk" oświetlenia antydepresyjnego w budynku. Niżej scharakteryzowano zjawisko depresji sezonowej oraz podano propozycje rozwiązań oświetlenia antydepresyjnego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem warunków w biurze.

7

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EXPERIENCE OF NEGATIVE FEELINGS AND QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICAL FACTORS OF PATIENTS TREATED FOR DISCOPATHY OF THE LUMBAR SPINE

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Girzelska J. , Chomicki L.

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tom 19(1)

93-104

EN

Most of the pathological changes in the spine begin with the physiological loss of intervertebral disc function. Discopathy of the lumbar spine leads to a significant deterioration in the quality of life, which is why the therapeutic team strives is to improve patients quality of life through actions aimed at reducing spinal dysfunction to an extent that allows for human functioning. The research aim was to determine the quality of life of patients who had been treat- ed as a result of discopathy of the lumbar spine and to establish the relationship between the experience of negative feelings and a subjective assessment of the quality of life with factors resulting frompatient socio-demographics. The study included 110 patients treated for lumbar discopathy. A diagnostic survey method was employed as a research technique, with the use of a proprietary survey questionnaire. Statistic analysis of the results was performedusing the statistical package PQStat v1.6.6. Subjective evaluation of patients quality of life in 66 persons (60%) was at an average level, only 6 (5.45%) respondents rated the quality of their lives as being higher. Those living in towns of up to 50,000 residents rated their quality of life higher (6.21), with the lowest level being reported by those living in the countryside (4.95). Age did not influence significantly the quality of life, but older people most often experienced pain (p=0.4). Analysis of variance did not show statistically significant differences between marital status and respondent quality of life (p = 0.53) but did show significant differences between education levels and the incidence of negative feelings such as fear, anxiety or depression. Socio-demographic variables: such as gender, age and marital status do not significantly differentiate the quality of life of the respondents. There is a relationship between experiencing negative feel ings and educational levels. The lower the education level obtained, the more often negative feelings are experienced. The experiencing of negative feelings and disease duration are variables that reduce the quality of life of respondents. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8

Functioning of a child with depression in the school environment

100%

Czerwiec K. , Purchałka M.

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nr Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia ad Didacticam Biologiae Pertinentia VI (2016)

62-70

9

AN EVALUATION OF TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION (TDCS) IN THE REDUCTION OF OCCUPATIONAL BURNOUT SYNDROME IN NURSES

100%

Wilczek-Rużyczka E. , Gawrońska A. , Góral-Półrola J.

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tom 19(2)

169-185

EN

The aim of the study was to answer the question as to whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is more effective in reducing burnout syndrome in nurses than the commonly used individual psychotherapy. The study included 40 nurses from various health care facilities located in the Lesser Poland and Podkarpackie Voivodeship suffering from burnout syndrome. They were assigned to the experimental group while 20 to the control group. Two different therapy models were used: the experimental group (A) included 20 of the nurses treated with the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), four times a week for 8 weeks, in sessions that lasted initially 10, then 15, 20, 25 and finally 30 minutes and the control group (B) included 20 of the nurses treated with individual psychotherapy employed for 8 weeks, once a week for 30 minutes. To evaluate the results we used: screening with a clinical interview, the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Beck Depression Inventory and a Polish adaptation of the Italian questionnaire created by Massimo Sentinello (LBQ). Treatment was provided. The transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) used in Group A is more effective in reducing many symptoms than is the case with individual psychotherapy. Comparing the intragroup effects, it was found that the tDCS employed in Group A significantly reduced the intensity of depressive symptoms among the surveyed nurses [F (1.38) = 57.62; p <0.001; η2 = 0.603] while the individual psychotherapy used in Group B failed to produce a statistically significant effect [F (1.38) = 1.794; p = 0.188; η2 = 0.045]. These include a reduction of depression, a reduction in chronic psychophysical exhaustion, vegetative problem reduction, and the improvement of nurse-patient relations. Neurotherapy with the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is more effective in reducing burnout syndrome than the commonly used individual psychotherapy. It also helps to return these nurses to full professional activity. The studies presented above recommend the use of new neurotechnologies in therapy as a result of their usefulness and non-invasive character.

10

Early maladaptive schemas and level of depression in alcohol addicts

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Jabłoński M. , Chodkiewicz J.

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nr 3

165-171

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine whether a link exists between early maladaptive schemas identified by Young et al. and depression in alcoholics. The relationships of schemas with selected alcohol dependence variables and suicidal thoughts in alcoholics were also checked. Material and methods: Seventy-seven alcohol addicts participated in the study – 19 women and 58 men. Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) were used. Results: Based on the results obtained, 16 out of 18 schemas are positively and statistically correlated with depression among alcoholics. The strongest relationships were noted for emotional deprivation, social isolation/alienation and subjugation. Correlations between the schemas and the severity of addiction and the age of drinking initiation were also found. Differences in the intensity of some schemas occurred between people experiencing suicidal thoughts and people without these thoughts. Conclusions: There is a need to consider inclusion therapy focused on changing maladaptive schemas in alcoholics. This is especially true of the schemas of social isolation, emotional deprivation and subjugation. There is also a need for further research in this area.

PL

Cel: Celem przeprowadzonego badania było sprawdzenie, czy istnieje związek między wczesnymi nieadaptacyjnymi schematami wyróżnionymi przez Younga i współpracowników a depresją u osób uzależnionych od alkoholu. Podjęto też próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o związki schematów z wybranymi zmiennymi dotyczącymi uzależnienia od alkoholu, a także występowaniem tendencji suicydalnych u alkoholików. Materiał i metody: W badaniu wzięło udział 77 osób uzależnionych od alkoholu – 19 kobiet oraz 58 mężczyzn. Zastosowano Kwestionariusz Schematów Younga (Young Schema Questionnaire, YSQ-S3), Skalę Depresji Becka (Beck’s Depression Inventory, BDI), Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). Wyniki: Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników można stwierdzić, iż 16 z 18 schematów jest powiązanych dodatnio i istotnie statystycznie z poziomem depresji u osób uzależnionych od alkoholu. Najsilniejsze związki odnotowano w przypadku schematu deprywacji emocjonalnej, izolacji/wyobcowania i podporządkowania. Stwierdzono także związki schematów z głębokością uzależnienia oraz wiekiem rozpoczęcia picia. Różnice w natężeniu niektórych schematów występowały również między osobami doświadczającymi myśli samobójczych i osobami bez tych myśli. Wnioski: Należy rozważyć włączenie do terapii odwykowej pracy ukierunkowanej na zmiany destrukcyjnych schematów poznawczych występujących u osób uzależnionych. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza schematu izolacji społecznej, deprywacji emocjonalnej i podporządkowania. Istnieje również potrzeba prowadzenia dalszych badań tego obszaru problemowego.

11

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS EXPERIENCED BY ELDERLY PEOPLE AND THEIR SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC DATA, FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY, SELF-REPORTED HEALTH STATUS, PHYSICAL FITNESS AND HISTORY OF FALLS

100%

Kamińska M. S. , Szylińska A. , Brodowski J. , Karakiewicz B.

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nr 3

16-24

EN

Backgorund Decreased affective efficiency, preceded by emotional problems, is a common advanced-age disorder which can lead to depression. Aim The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between depressive symptoms experienced by elderly people and their sociodemographic data, self-reported health status, physical fitness, functional capacity, and history of falls. Material and methods The study involved 304 individuals aged 65-100 years. The research instruments were the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, the Barthel Scale, and the Background Survey Geriatric Questionnaire. Results Depression was more common among the elders who had a lower education level, lived alone, were in a worse financial position, and among those whose families were unprepared to provide them with informal care (p < 0.05). Conclusions Depressive symptoms observed in the respondents were significantly related to their sociodemographic data, reduced ability to perform daily activities, low self-reported health status and physical fitness, and recurrent falls.

12

Vnímanie depresie v kontexte tradičných škôl a evolučnej psychológie

100%

Durkáč D.

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nr 2

29-39

EN

This theoretical article first highlights the need for the study of depression, due its increasing occurrence and impact on life. Then it describes its causes through traditional paradigms and also shows the possibility to enrich the traditional perceptions of the causes of major depressive disorder with the insight applying ideas of evolutionary psychology into the area of self-regulation. Thus it is possible to perceive depression as evolutionary advantage that extends the capabilities of adaptation and therefore improves the quality of life. From a scientific perspective, this view can lead to a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of depression as a disorder. Based on these findings practical and theoretical implementation is discussed.

SK

Tento teoretický príspevok v úvode poukazuje na potrebu štúdia depresie kvôli nárastu jej výskytu a vplyvu na život. Následne popisuje príčiny jej vzniku prostredníctvom tradičných škôl a tiež poukazuje, ako by bolo možné obohatiť bežné a tradičné vnímanie príčin depresívnej poruchy o pohľad, ktorý aplikuje myšlienky evolučnej psychológie do oblasti sebaregulácie. Takto je možné vnímať depresiu ako evolučnú výhodu, ktorá rozširuje možnosti adaptácie, a tak zvyšuje kvalitu života. Z vedeckého pohľadu tento pohľad môže viesť k hlbšiemu a komplexnejšiemu pochopeniu depresie ako poruchy. Na základe týchto poznatkov diskutujeme, ako by bolo možné použiť tieto poznatky na teoretickej a praktickej úrovni.

13

Personality variables and depression as determinants of problematic use of mobile phones in Poland.

100%

Izdebski P. , Kotyśko M.

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tom 11

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nr 3

111-126

EN

Our research concerns the problematic use of a mobile phone, which was carried out on a Polish sample. We adapted an instrument to measure that construct, created by Bianchi and Phillips – Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS). The Polish equivalent of this scale, developed by Izdebski and Kotyśko, is called the Problematic Cell Phone Use Questionnaire (PCPUQ). Our main goal was to determine if personality variables and depression are related to using a mobile phone. The study included 315 mobile phone users between the ages 18 to 62. Results showed that problematic mobile phone use was related to a young age, extraversion, low agreeableness and a high level of depression.

14

Mistyka czy depresja? Noc ciemna św. Jana od Krzyża a noc psyche

89%

Hornik P.

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nr 29

265-282

EN

The dark night of the soul described by St. John of the Cross and depression are two different realities, but they can penetrate each other and occur at the same time. These two phenomena, although different, share many similarities. One and the other involves some suffering, some kind of disintegration. A breakdown of internal balance which the person may experience can be the basis for unity on a new level and the whole process can be crowned with reaching a new identity. The night of St. John of the Cross, although not identical with a disease state, can sometimes be a state of disorder that can be described as depression.

15

Quinic acid as a novel depressant for efficient flotation separation of scheelite from calcite

88%

Huang Z. , Kuang J. , Yu M. , Ding D.

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tom Vol. 59, iss. 2

art. no. 166008

EN

There are difficulties to the conventional depressant for achieving separation of scheelite from calcite for the sake of their similar surface properties. The paper reported that a new depressant quinic acid (QA) was used for separating scheelite from calcite. The adsorption experiments, zeta potential experiment, contact angle, FTIR, XPS analysis and crystal chemistry analysis were utilized to known the depression mechanism of selectivity. The results showed that the recovery of calcite decreased drastically after QA added, whereas hardly influenced on scheelite. The tungsten concentrate could reach 66.24% WO3 grade and 89.46% recovery with 1.5×10-4 mol•L-1 QA at pH=9. The surface adsorption quantity of the QA on calcite was much greater than scheelite, which enhanced significantly the hydrophilicity of calcite surface. Due to its negative charge, QA could be adsorbed on the surface of calcite which had positive charge instead of that of scheelite with negative charge. Subsequently, free carboxyl groups of QA could chelated with Ca2+ species on the calcite surface to form stable chemical adsorption in order to prevent the Pb-BHA to form further adsorption on that, so there was no increase significantly on hydrophobicity. However, QA was obviously weak for adsorbing while Pb-BHA which could still be chemically adsorbed on scheelite surface of pre-treated with QA.

16

Anthropological Foundations of Aggression and Personal Safety on the Example of Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan

88%

Grabińska T.

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tom 31(31)

118-138

EN

The phenomenon of aggression is the subject of neurophysiology, psychology, sociology and political science. The influence of cultural factors on the occurrence and the level of aggression between groups is raised especially in sociology. In the article – on the example of the analysis of Thomas Hobbes’s philosophical anthropology and his theory of the state (commonwealth) – the deeper level of cultural sources of aggression is considered, namely the impact of ontological assumptions on the model of human functioning and their translation into social and political practice. The original analysis of the influence of Hobbes’s antropology shows that man-mechanism is especially exposed to aggression and depression. Such a diagnosis has consequences in low level of personal safety and in high demand for external security structure. Personal safety is here analysed in three layers: ontic-cultural, psychological-social, and instrumental-defensive.

17

The relationship between psychological well-being with levels of anxiety, COVID-19 fear and depression in individuals hospitalized with COVID-19

88%

Düzgün N. , Çoban S. A. , Kaya Ö. B.

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nr 2

362-369

EN

Introduction and aim. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected both the physical and mental health of societies. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between psychological well-being with levels of anxiety, COVID-19 fear, and depression in individuals hospitalized with COVID-19. Material and methods. This descriptive correlative study was conducted with 685 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 treated in the clinics of a pandemic hospital. The data of the study were collected with the information form, psychological well-being scale (PWBS), COVID-19 fear scale (FCV-19S), and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Results. The mean PWBS score of the participants was 37.21±14.3, the FCV-19S score was 20.10±10.41, the HADS-anxiety score was 9.07±7.29, and the depression score was 10.74±7.35. The PWBS scores with FCV-19S scores of the participants, HADS-anxiety, and HADS-depression scores were found to be negatively correlated (p<0.001). Conclusion. In conclusion, as the anxiety, fear, and depression levels experienced by individuals receiving inpatient treatment in a pandemic hospital due to COVID-19 increase, their psychological well-being levels decrease at a statistically significant level. It may be recommended to intervene in the anxiety, fear, and depressive symptoms of individuals receiving inpatient treatment due to a diagnosis of COVID-19 to increase their psychological well-being.

18

Psychiatrists’ accounts of clinical significance in depression

88%

Galasiński D.

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nr 2

101-111

EN

Clinical significance is a crucial element in the diagnosis of mental illness, yet, it is practically untheorised and significantly under-researched. This article takes up the question of how the criterion of clinical significance is translated into psychiatric practice. More particularly, it examines how psychiatrists account for the threshold between health and depression. The paper is anchored in the constructionist view of discourse underpinned by the assumptions of critically oriented discourse analysis. It is based upon a convenience sample of 39 semi-structured interviews with specialistpsychiatrists in south-western Poland. There is no discursive space for clinical significance in psychiatrists’ accounts. There is no boundary, no decision to be taken as to whether the symptoms are clinically significant. Depression, invariably constructed in terms of diagnostic criteria, is always represented as fully developed, appearing out of thin air, with no period of falling ill. The article raises the issue of the validity and usefulness of psychiatric diagnosis.

19

Unmasking a potential crisis: An exploration of gaming addiction and depression in adolescents and young adults through a cross-sectional survey

88%

Samaranada V. A. , Perera S. A. , Kanchana K. T. G. , Griffiths M. D.

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nr 4

34-47

EN

INTRODUCTION: Gaming disorder is defined as a pattern of gaming behaviour characterised by impaired control over gaming, prioritisation of gaming over other activities to the point where gaming takes precedence over other interests and daily activities, and persistence or escalation of gaming despite negative consequences. Given the increasing global interest in videogames, particularly among adolescents and young adults, this study investigated the prevalence of gaming disorder and its associated factors among Sri Lankan adolescents and young adults, with a focus on factors associated with gaming addiction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 401 Sri Lankan adolescents and young adults who played video games, through an anonymous online survey using snowball sampling. The survey comprised four sections: demographic data, influencing factors for game playing, the seven-item Game Addiction Scale and a validated depression scale (nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire). SPSS IBM (version 27) was used for data analysis, which includes means, standard deviations, frequencies, percentages, Pearson’s correlation and chi-square tests. RESULTS: A total of 401 gamers participated, comprising adolescents (10-18 years; 9.5%) and young adults (19-35 years; 90.5%). The majority were non-gaming addicts (71.57%), and among the gaming addicts, 8.48% were classified as monothetic gaming addicts, while 19.5% were classified polythetic gaming addicts. Slightly more males were game addicts (52.63%) than females. There was a low positive correlation between videogame addiction and depression (r=0.321). More than half of the sample believed that visual triggers (58.6%) and frequent reward systems (56.1%) influenced their gameplay. There was a significant association (p <0.05) between gaming addiction and the three observed characteristics: visual triggers, audio triggers, and frequent rewards. CONCLUSIONS: Just under one-tenth of the study population sampled was classified as having a gaming addiction, with males having a slightly higher prevalence than females. The positive correlation between gaming disorder and depression suggests a consequential and potentially life-threatening outcome, wherein depression emerges as a serious consequence of addiction to gaming. When the structural characteristics of videogames, such as auditory, visual and frequent reward systems were considered, game addicts were more influenced by them.

20

Reprezentácia vzťahovej väzby ako prediktor internalizujúcich problémov u detí v strednom detstve

88%

Halamová M. , Popelková M.

|

nr 2

49-63

EN

Problem: The current study examines the relationship between the representation of attachment relationship with mother and internalizing problems in the developmental period of middle childhood. The purpose of the study was to analyze whether the quality of attachment predicts the intensity and seriousness of internalizing problems in middle childhood; and to examine whether the models are gender-specific. Methods: Participants in this study were 151 children aged 9-12 (M = 11.21), 77 boys and 74 girls, recruited from elementary schools in Nitra region. Children completed measures assessing the quality of attachment representation of the relationship with mother (selfreport questionnaire Security Scale), the tendency to react anxiously (self-report questionnaire Childen´s Manifest Anxiety Scale – CMAS), social anxiety (self-report questionnaire Scale of Classical Social Situational Anxiety – KSAT) and depression (self-report questionnaire Children´s Depression Inventory – CDI). Results: Regression analysis indicated that secure attachment representation is a significant negative predictor of children's internalizing problems – manifest anxiety (ß = -.324, p < .001), the total of depression symptoms (ß = -.377, p < .001) and all of the subcategories of depressive symptomathology (ß = -.230, p < .01 for Negative Mood; ß = -.253, p < .01 for Interpersonal Problems; ß = -.316, p < .001 for Inefectiveness; ß = .215, p < .01 for Anhedonia; and ß = -.461, p < .001 for Negative Self Esteem), except for social anxiety (ß = -.035, p = .717). The overall variance explained by attachment security ranged 4.6 to 21.3%. Results suggest that children, who perceive their mother as available and responsive in the situation of distress, are less prone to develop anxiety and depression. Small to middle effect size of the quality of attachment relationship indicates that attachment to mother is only one of the risk factors of internalizing behavior in middle chidlhood. Regression analysis revealed some gender-specific models according to the associations between attachment to mother and internalizing problems in boys and girls. In the sample of boys, negative mood and anhedony was not predicted by attachment to mother (ß = -.176, p > 0.05 and ß = -.194, p > 0.05, respectively), but in the sample of girls, secure attachment representation was a significant negative predictor of both depressive symptoms (ß = -.296, p < .05 for Negative Mood; and ß = -.285, p < .05 for Anhedony). Other models, except for social anxiety, were statistically significant for both samples. In the sample of girls, the predictor accounted for 26.3% of variance in Negative Self Esteem (ß = -.512; p < .001), 18.9% of variance of the total of depression symptoms (ß = -.435; p < .001), 10.9% of variance in Ineffectiveness (ß = -.331; p < .05) and 10.5% of variance in manifest anxiety (ß = -.324; p < .05). The results were similar for the sample of boys. Attachment security accounted for 17.4% of variance in Negative Self Esteem (ß = -.435; p < .001), 11.3% of variance of the total of depression symptoms (ß = -.377; p < .05) and 10.5% of variance in manifest anxiety (ß = -.332; p < .05). Representation of attachment relationship with mother accounted for less then 10% of variance when predicitng Negative Mood, Anhedony and Interpersonal Problems in both samples, and in addition Inefectiveness only in boys. Additional statistical analyses revealed that regression coefficients across models did not differ. Results suggest that mother is still a primary attachment figure in middle childhood for both, boys and girls, but the quality of attachment to father can also be an important factor of particular adaptive behavior, especially in boys. Because of lack of knowledge and empirical evidence, the future research in the field of gender-specific models of adjustment in middle childhood is needed. Discussion: When interpreting the results of this investigation, it is important to be aware of several limitations. The methodics used in the study are all based on the subjective self-report. The character of the assessment can lead to the tendency to react according to the social expectations. In future studies, it would be beneficial to gather reports about the internalizing problems from children as well as from significant others, and to use multiple attachment assessment (e.g. the combination of questionnaires and projective techniques. Conclusion: We can conclude that attachment representation to mother is an important factor of adaptive development in middle childhood. Our results are in concordance with attachment theory and empirical evidence of associations between violated confidence of availability of attachment figure resulting in insecure attachment representation and maladjustment.