Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Life cycle of herbaceous plants in disturbed and undisturbed sites of oak-linden-hornbeam forest (Tilio-carpinetum)

100%

Pirożnikow E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1998

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tom Vol. 46, no 2

157-168

EN

In undisturbed sites not all genets of the species investigated completed their life cycles. During five years, only 5-18% of genets attained virginile phase. Disturbances in herb layer structure enhance chances of individuals to complete life cycle - in disturbed sites, from 0.4% to 57% of genets approached generative phase.

2

Patch occupancy by squirrels in fragmented deciduous forest: effects of behavior

86%

Walpole A. A. , Bowman J.

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nr 1

EN

We tested whether species-specific behavioral traits could explain patterns of habitat patch occupancy by five different squirrel species in Ontario, Canada: the northern and southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus and Glaucomys volans), the North American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), and the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Flying squirrel species exhibit group nesting in winter, which may put them at risk of extirpation in small patches with few individuals to contribute to group nests. Flying squirrels are also volant, potentially making non-treed matrix a barrier. Our surveys revealed that G. sabrinus was most likely to occur in large patches that were embedded in landscapes with low connectivity, and least likely to occur in small patches in highly connected landscapes. Conversely, G. volans was most likely to occur in large, well-connected patches and least likely to occur in small, unconnected patches. Patch occupancy by the cursorial squirrels was not strongly influenced by patch area or isolation. These findings reinforce previous studies suggesting that an understanding of species-specific traits such as behavior is an important consideration when interpreting habitat fragmentation effects.

3

Functioning of ectomycorrhizae and soil microfungi in deciduous forests situated along a pollution gradient next to a fertilizer factory

86%

Stankeviciene D. , Peciulyte D.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

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2004

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tom 13

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nr 6

EN

Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) and soil microfungi were studied in soil cores from seven unequally polluted forest plots spaced at different distances from a fertilizer factory in Lithuania. The abundance of ECM roots and soil microfungi was visibly different in separate investigation plots. Average amount of ECM root tips during the investigation period (2000-2002) in different forests was from 134 to 1017 tips /100 cm3 of soil and the length of ECM roots was from 12.2 to 79.8 cm/100 cm3. The concentration of viable soil fungi revealed during the investigation varied from 1.5 to 566.6 thousands CFU/ g d.w. soil. The forest farthest from the factory exhibited the highest abundance of ECM and diversity of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes, while the abundance of soil microfungi was lowest. The lowest diversity of ECM morphotypes was determined in forests characterized by the highest concentration of heavy metals, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and the highest microfungal abundance was in forests with the highest concentration of nutrients.

4

Body size distribution of spider species in various forest habitats

72%

Stanska M. , Stanski T.

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2017

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tom 65

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nr 4

EN

The body size is one of the main attributes of living organisms. The knowledge of body size patterns of co-occurring species and the related factors can contribute to the understanding of many ecological processes. The aim of the study was the analysis of the distribution of the spider species of different size in heterogeneous forest habitats: ground, herbaceous vegetation, tree trunks and leaves. The research was conducted in deciduous stands of the Białowieża Forest (eastern Poland). Spiders were collected by: a) pitfall traps and sieving the litter through an entomological sieve for the ground layer; b) sweep-netting for herbaceous vegetation; c) bark traps for tree trunks and d) shaking the branches of trees and shrubs for leaves. In total, 247 spider species belonging to 22 families were recorded: 195 species in the ground layer, 122 in herbaceous vegetation, 60 on trunks, and 48 on leaves. The analysis revealed that ground layer was inhabited by the small sized species (mean 5.2 ± 0.11 mm) while larger species inhabited herbaceous vegetation (mean 6.6 ± 0.26 mm), trunks (7.2 ± 0.20 mm) and leaves (6.8 ± 0.41 mm). Moreover, the mean species body size decreased with the increasing number of collected species. Several potential mechanisms are discussed as those determining the preference of various sized spider species in particular habitats like different microclimatic conditions, the nutritional quality of prey and predation. Moreover, the very likely reason of differences in the size of spider species between the ground layer and other habitats is the most complex structure of the former habitat.

5

Correlations between leafing phenology and traits: woody species of evergreen broad-leaved forests in subtropical China

72%

Liu Z.-G. , Li K. , Cai Y.-L. , Fang Y.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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tom 59

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nr 3

EN

Leaf phenology has been considered to evolve to maximize plant carbon gains, and it reflects plant life history strategies. To determine the effect of leaf traits on leaf phenology, leaf emergence (such as timing of leaf emergence, leaf expansion rate, durations of leaf expansion), leaf traits (leaf mass per area – LMA and leaf size), and their relationships were investigated for 40 woody species from 13 families in an evergreen broad-leaved forest, southeast China. Compared with understorey shrubs (23 species), trees species (17 species) were significantly later in timing of leaf emergence, greater in leaf area and leaf expansion rate. This is assumed to be a strategy for large-leaved tree species to decrease damage during leaf expansion. In terms of leaf size, the small-leaved species leafed out earlier than the species with large leaves, but the largeleaved species were greater in leaf expansion rate than their counterparts. Leaf expansion rate was positively correlated with leaf area and timing of leaf emergence. Leaf herbivore rate was positively correlated with leaf area and leaf expansion period, but negatively with LMA. These results suggest that large- and small-leaved species possibly employed different strategies to minimize herbivore damage. Small-leaved species avoid defoliator damage by early leafing, while largeleaved species have shorter expansion times and thereby shorten vulnerable time to herbivores. In general, dynamics of emergence and expansion of the woody species in the study forest indicate that the leaf phenology is of significance for species’ carbon gain and survival.

6

Ancient forest species and the diversity of vegetation and seed bank indicate the aptitude of transformed thermophilous oak wood patches for restoration

72%

Kwiatkowska-Falinska A. J. , Panufnik-Medrzycka D. , Wodkiewicz M. , Sondej I. , Jaroszewicz B.

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nr 1

EN

Thermophilous oak wood is the most species-rich forest habitat in the zone of mixed deciduous forests. A very limited amount of it has been saved in good condition. We investigated the principal hypothesis that the vegetation and seed banks, especially of the ancient forest species, are good indicators of habitat naturalness and its aptitude for restoration. Vegetation and seed bank sampling were carried out in fragments of forest with a known management and disturbance history over the past 80 years. We predicted that natural and anthropogenic transformations of tree stands would be significant factors shaping species composition and similarity of vegetation and seed banks. The closest similarity was observed between the seed banks of plots which were never logged. The least related to others was the seed bank of the logged site, whose soil was ploughed prior to tree replantation. The highest number of ancient forest species was recorded in the vegetation (33 species) and in the soil seed bank (21 species) of the least transformed patch of thermophilous oak forest. It was decreasing gradually with increase of the tree canopy cover on the research plots. Our results indicate also that the higher the coefficient of similarity between seed bank and vegetation, especially of the ancient forest species, the higher the forest’s naturalness. We conclude that restoration of thermophilous oak wood has the highest chances for success in patches with well preserved seed banks and vegetation.

7

Body Size Distribution of Spider Species in Various Forest Habitats

72%

Stańska M. , Stański T.

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tom Vol. 65, nr 4

359--370

EN

The body size is one of the main attributes of living organisms. The knowledge of body size patterns of co-occurring species and the related factors can contribute to the understanding of many ecological processes. The aim of the study was the analysis of the distribution of the spider species of different size in heterogeneous forest habitats: ground, herbaceous vegetation, tree trunks and leaves. The research was conducted in deciduous stands of the Białowieża Forest (eastern Poland). Spiders were collected by: a) pitfall traps and sieving the litter through an entomological sieve for the ground layer; b) sweep-netting for herbaceous vegetation; c) bark traps for tree trunks and d) shaking the branches of trees and shrubs for leaves. In total, 247 spider species belonging to 22 families were recorded: 195 species in the ground layer, 122 in herbaceous vegetation, 60 on trunks, and 48 on leaves. The analysis revealed that ground layer was inhabited by the small sized species (mean 5.2 ± 0.11 mm) while larger species inhabited herbaceous vegetation (mean 6.6 ± 0.26 mm), trunks (7.2 ± 0.20 mm) and leaves (6.8 ± 0.41 mm). Moreover, the mean species body size decreased with the increasing number of collected species. Several potential mechanisms are discussed as those determining the preference of various sized spider species in particular habitats like different microclimatic conditions, the nutritional quality of prey and predation. Moreover, the very likely reason of differences in the size of spider species between the ground layer and other habitats is the most complex structure of the former habitat.

8

Long-term variation in laying date and clutch size of Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca in Central Poland

72%

Skwarska J. , Kalinski A. , Wawrzyniak J. , Markowski M. , Mikus W. , Banbura M. , Gladalski M. , Zielinski P. , Banbura J.

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tom 60

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nr 1

EN

Long-term annual variation in the timing of egg laying, clutch size and relationship between clutch size and the progress of the season was analysed for the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca nesting in a mature deciduous woodland in central Poland in 2002–2010. The earliest mean egg laying date was 8 May (2005) and the latest 18 May (2008), resulting in the maximum difference of 10 days between averages for years. No long- term trend was found. The total average of annual mean laying dates was 12 May. For all nine years the average of annual mean clutch sizes was 6.54 ± 0.28 (SE) eggs; for individual seasons mean clutch size ranged from 6.0 to 7.1 eggs but differences among years were not significant. Clutch size clearly tended to decline with the progress of the breeding season within years, with some variation between years; correlation for pooled standardized data was –0.49. This supports the idea that in long-distance single-brooded passerine birds clutch size should decrease with the course of the breeding season due to progressively deteriorating food conditions.

9

Biomass of underbrush and conditions for its occurrence in stands of the Niepolomice Forest

72%

Orzel S. , Socha J. , Forgiel M. , Ochal W.

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series: Forestry

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2005

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tom 08

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nr 1

10

Testate amoebae communities in the rhizosphere of Rhododendron ponticum (Ericaceae) in an evergreen broadleaf forest in Southern Spain

72%

Vohnik M. , Burdikova Z. , Wilkinson D. M.

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nr 3

11

Importance of different types of beech dead wood for soil microarthropod fauna

72%

Skubala P. , Marzec A.

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tom 61

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nr 3

EN

Dead wood is an integral part of a forest ecosystem, numerously settled by soil microarthropods (Acari and Collembola), but these animals are rarely studied and often absent from publications dealing with this habitat. Five microarthropod groups in four different types of dead wood (log, stump, snag and tree hollow) and a forest floor were analysed. A core question was to determine the differences in the microarthropod communities, especially oribatid mites, between different types of beech dead wood. The study was carried out in the lowland acidophilus beech forest Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum association. Different types of beech dead wood prove to be a more favourable microhabitat for mites and collembolans than forest soil and litter. Oribatid mites of different dead wood microhabitats represent diverse and partly distinct sub-communities of mites in a forest ecosystem. Oribatid communities of beech dead wood were over 50% distinct. Most oribatid species appeared to be largely restricted to a certain type of beech dead wood.

12

Fat dormouse (Glis glis L.) distribution modeling in the Hyrcanian relict forests of Northern Iran

72%

Naderi M. , Kaboli M. , Ahmadi M. , Krystufek B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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tom 64

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nr 1

EN

The fat dormouse (Glis glis L.) is a small arboreal and extreme habitat specialist mammal that is tightly linked to the deciduous mixed forests dominated by Beech (Fagus orientalis) and oaks (Quercus sp.). Despite its status in Iran as a least concern species, dormice face high risk of extinction in some parts of Europe. The unique life history and large scale distribution of the species in the Palearctic region made it as an ideal model species. This habitat specialist rodent is particularly sensitive to size and connectivity of the forest patches. The fat dormouse shows very deep molecular and morphological divergence in its eastern most parts of its global distribution, in the Hyrcanian refugium of the Northern Iran. Therefore modeling its distributional range can leads to identify biodiversity hotspots and planning conservation activities. The meteorological data, land cover types, topographical variables and geo-referenced points representing geographical locations of the fat dormouse populations (latitude/longitude) in the study area were used as the primary MaxEnt model input data. The predictive accuracy of the Fat Dormouse ecological niche model was significant (training accuracy of 93.3%). This approach successfully identified the areas of the fat dormouse presence across the study area. The result suggests that the maximum entropy modeling approach can be implemented in the next step towards the development of new tools for monitoring the habitat fragmentation and identifying biodiversity hotspots.

13

Long-term variation in laying date and clutch size of Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca in Central Poland

72%

Skwarska J. , Kaliński A. , Wawrzyniak J. , Markowski M. , Mikus W. , Bańbura M. , Bańbura J. , Glądalski M. , Zieliński P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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tom Vol. 60, nr 1

187-192

EN

Long-term annual variation in the timing of egg laying, clutch size and relationship between clutch size and the progress of the season was analysed for the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca nesting in a mature deciduous woodland in central Poland in 2002-2010. The earliest mean egg laying date was 8 May (2005) and the latest 18 May (2008), resulting in the maximum difference of 10 days between averages for years. No long- term trend was found. The total average of annual mean laying dates was 12 May. For all nine years the average of annual mean clutch sizes was 6.54 [plus or minus] 0.28 (SE) eggs; for individual seasons mean clutch size ranged from 6.0 to 7.1 eggs but differences among years were not significant. Clutch size clearly tended to decline with the progress of the breeding season within years, with some variation between years; correlation for pooled standardized data was -0.49. This supports the idea that in long-distance single-brooded passerine birds clutch size should decrease with the course of the breeding season due to progressively deteriorating food conditions.

14

Vitality of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) at the limit of its natural range in Poland

72%

Dobrowolska D.

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2015

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tom 63

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nr 2

EN

The European beech is a major component of central European forests, and the eastern limit of its range lies in Poland. However, the Holocene migration of the beech is not yet finished, especially in NE Poland, so the northern distribution of the beech continues to change. The main goal of this study was to determine if the beech will reach its northern limit in the future. The investigation was carried out in 18 beech stands in Poland. To study the status of the health of the trees, circular plots were established in grids of different sizes. The basal beech stand area ranged from 3.7 m² ha⁻¹ to 31.2 m² ha⁻¹. The density of trees exceeded a hundred trees per hectare in most of the plots (61%), and the average degree of defoliation was not greater than 60% in all of the investigated stands. Environmental conditions influenced defoliation of beech trees (Fisher's test, F = 4.0204; P <0.0001). The vitality of the beech trees varied between stands (Kruskal-Walis test, H = 139.7433, P <0.0001) and was rather good in 56% of the study plots. Seedlings and saplings were observed in all of the investigated stands, and they covered from 5 to 39% and 21 to 80% of the study plots, respectively. Spontaneous beech regeneration was widespread and differed from stand to stand as well as within stands in all of the study plots. The number of tall seedlings in most of the study plots (56%) was greater than 10,000 individuals per hectare. The factors limiting beech regeneration were stand density and herb cover, and the number of beech seed trees influenced the quantity of small seedlings. Beech tree density positively influenced the number of small seedlings, and the strength of the correlation was moderate and statistically significant (Pearson correlation, r = 0.349). Beech tree density influenced the vitality of tall and small saplings (Pearson's correlations, r = 0.673 and r = 0.361, respectively). The spontaneous regeneration and strong vitality of seedlings and saplings suggests that beech can create stable stands in the future and that it is an expansive tree species both within its continuous range and at the limit of its distribution. It is quite possible that beech will reach its north-eastern limit in Poland in the future.

15

Accuracy of the mapping technique for a dense breeding population of the Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes in a deciduous forest

72%

Tomialojc L.

Acta Ornithologica

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2004

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tom 39

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nr 1

EN

The accuracy of the territory-mapping technique for estimating the abundance of densely breeding Hawfinches was tested in an old and unfragmented lime-oak-hombeam forest in the Białowieża National Park, E Poland. Hawfinch numbers estimated from counts of the whole bird community carried out with the application of the standards of the improved mapping technique were compared with seven-year data on the bird's true numbers, which are known from parallel intensive nest searches and persistent tracking of the movements of pairs. In a forest with a dense population of Hawfinches the mapping technique underestimated their numbers by 20% in years of moderate density and by 35% during high-density years. Even though the underestimation was negatively correlated with the true density of Hawfinches, the figures obtained by both methods reflected year-to-year changes in a similar way. An improvement in mapping data is achievable either by closer attention being paid to the species during standard visits (the best ones for surveying it), or post factum by the introduction of a correction factor into the mapping-technique figures.

PL

Przez siedem sezonów lęgowych (1991-1994, 1996-1998) w wysokopiennym grądzie sprawdzano dokładność wyników uzyskiwanych dla grubodzioba w trakcie standardowych liczeń wszystkich ptaków lęgowych, wykonywanych zgodnie z zasadami kombinowanej metody kartograficznej. Średnią liczbę "papierowych terytoriów" na kopiach mapki gatunkowej, każdorazowo ocenianych niezależnie przez dwie osoby nie znające rzeczywistego stanu populacji (W. Walankiewicz i T. Wesołowski), traktowano tu jako poddawane testowaniu oceny z metody kartograficznej (ME). Wartości te skonfrontowano z liczbą rewirów lęgowych grubodzioba uzyskaną w wyniku równolegle prowadzonych przez autora wielokrotnie bardziej intensywnych obserwacji, uznaną tu za rzeczywistą liczebność (T). Obserwacje te były oparte na długotrwałym śledzeniu przemieszczeń poszczególnych par lęgowych i wyszukaniu większości gniazd (80-94%, zależnie od sezonu). Bliską kompletności dokładność tej drugiej oceny potwierdzało wykrywanie bardzo niewielkiej części przeoczonych gniazd w kwietniu roku następnego (na bezlistnych drzewach) i to niemal zawsze w obrębie wyznaczonych w poprzednim roku rewirów. W sezonach o średnim (rzeczywistym) zagęszczeniu populacji metoda kartograficzna powoduje przeoczenie 20% rewirów lęgowych gatunku, ale w latach jego wysokiej liczebności niedoszacowanie sięga 35% (Tab. 1). Dokładność wyniku jest odwrotnie zależna od zagęszczenia populacji gatunku (r = -0.81, n = 7, p < 0.05, Fig. 2). Pomimo znacznego zaniżenia, wyniki metody kartograficznej jednak w prawidłowej proporcji odzwierciedlają fluktuacje rzeczywistej liczebności gatunku. Praca instruuje ponadto jak zwiększyć dokładność wyniku uzyskiwanego w terenie i jak poprawnie zarysowywać "papierowe terytoria"na mapce gatunkowej. W przypadkach, gdy konieczna jest znajomość rzeczywistej liczebności tego gatunku (np. dla obliczania biomasy lub dla porównywania do liczebności łatwo wykrywalnych gatunków) proponuje się albo zwiększenie nakładu pracy terenowej (zwłaszcza uwagi poświęcanej grubodziobom w najlepszym dla ich liczenia okresie: koniec kwietnia do ok. 10 maja), albo korygowanie wyniku z metody kartograficznej post factum poprzez przemnażanie go przez wskaźnik korekcyjny 1.2 dla lat niskiej liczebności lub przez 1.35 dla wyraźnie wysokiej liczebności grubodziobów wywnioskowywanej z jakichś danych porównawczych (z innych lat lub z innych powierzchni).

16

The study of the logging methods prevailed in Lithuania and other countries of Central Europe

72%

Steponavicius D. , Zinkevicius R.

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series: Forestry

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2010

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tom 13

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nr 1

17

Dispersion of the bank vole in fine- and coarse-grained mosaics of deciduous and mixed coniferous forests

72%

Chetnicki W. , Mazurkiewicz M.

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tom 39

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nr 2

EN

Density and distribution of the bank vole Clethrionomys gtareolus (Schreber, 1780) was studied in 1986-1989 on two forest plots (one of 5.4 and one of 5.8 ha) that differed with respect to their mosaic character. On both plots densities of bank voles were similar in different habitats. The same trap sites were used by voles in a similar way in successive study years. Spatial variations in habitat use were primarily related to the density of plant cover and its spatial distribution providing shelter from predators. Frequency and intensity of use of trap sites by voles was positively correlated with the percent cover of shrubs and tall herbaceous plants. It was negatively correlated with the percent area without herb cover and with the percent cover of photophilous herbs. Using the correlation method, it was possible to estimate the effect of a given environmental factor on the distribution of bank voles only when the range of spatial variation of this factor was large.

18

Composition, structure and ecological aspects of Mesic Old Growth Carpathian Deciduous Forests of Slovakia, Southern Poland and the Western Ukraine

72%

Maycock P. F. , Guzik J. , Jankovic J. , Shevera M. , Carleton T. J.

Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica

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2000

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tom 45

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nr 1-2

19

Life cycle of herbaceous plants in disturbed and undisturbed sites of oak-linden-hornbeam forest [Tilio-Carpinetum]

72%

Piroznikow E.

|

tom 46

|

nr 2

20

The influence of forest density index and altitude on selected features of the bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) base in mountain stands

58%

Barszcz A. , Karpierz M.

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nr 2