The paper presents experimental results concerning microstructural changes caused by PIII. Thus, the main aim of these experiments was to make preliminary investigations of structural damage introduced by N+ PIII into gold in such circumstances where precipitation processes are not available and structural damage only exists. After e1ectropo1ishing Au foi1s with a [100] preferred orientation were PIII imp1anted to a total dose of 2×1017 N+ ions/cm2. Gold was used in the present study for three reasons: first, the noble character of gold will minimize contamination prob1ems, second, thus far there are no definite evidence about gold nitride formation even when the dose was as high as 2×1018 N+/cm2, and third, theoretica1 ca1cu1ations give for this metal the highest interstitial and substitutional solubility. It has been observed that pure gold after nitrogen PIII contains a great deal of small gas bubbles. These bubbles can grow as a result of their migration, consequent collision and coalescence. It may be assumed that bubble creation, migration, coalescence and growth can best be reduced by the introduction of stable precipitates into the metal.
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W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań awaryjności sieci wodociągowych 376 małych wodociągów grupowych w Polsce. Dokonano szczegółowej analizy uszkadzalności sieci, z podziałem na przewody tranzytowe i magistralne, przewody rozdzielcze, przyłącza wodociągowe oraz armaturę. Dodatkowo, określono strukturę uszkodzeń przewodów wodociągowych.
EN
The article describes the results of failure rate research of water systems belonging to 376 small group water supply networks in Poland. A detailed analysis of network failures was conducted, including the division into transit and main pipelines, distribution pipes, water supply connections and fittings. Additionally, the structure of damages to water pipes was identified.
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