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Historiografia polska epoki wczesnonowożytnej po 1989 roku. Próba oceny

100%

Wijaczka J.

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tom 47

2

Naczynia późnośredniowieczne i nowożytne z cmentarzysk kultury przeworskiej w Żdżarowie, pow. sochaczewski i w Nadkolu, pow. węgrowski

67%

Perlikowska-Puszkarska U.

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tom LXXI

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nr 71

406-411

EN

Two hundred and eleven cremation graves from the Roman Period and Early Migration Period, as well as nineteen other ancient features have been discovered at a heavily damaged cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture at Żdżarów in western Mazovia1. In the top part of grave 103, dated based on the presence of terra sigillata pottery from the Dicanus workshop in Pfaffenhofen from ca 230–260 AD, a poorly visible re-cut containing one clay vessel covered with a fragment of the bottom part of another was recorded (Fig. 1:a.b, 3); no human bones were found inside2. The vessels can be dated to the 14th–15th century, possibly even to the beginning of the 16th century. A different situation presents itself in the case of a cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture at Nadkole 2, in eastern Mazovia6. In addition to 157 graves from the Early Roman Period, clear traces of various modern cuts have been unearthed. The lower part of a cremation burial pit, probably from phase B2, was found under one of them. In the cut itself, fragments of four broken and incompletely preserved wheel-thrown vessels fired in a reducing atmosphere were discovered7. The pots that have been completely (Fig. 2:a.b) or partially (Fig. 2:d) reconstructed can be dated to the beginning or first half of the 16th century. Nevertheless, the end of the 18th century, or even the middle of the 19th century in rural areas, should be considered as the upper limit of occurrence of such potteryth. The fourth vessel is a very unevenly fired bowl, with a polished pattern on the inside (Fig. 2:c). This ornament indicates that it may have been tableware. This bowl should be dated to the 14th–15th century13 or later, assuming this chronology as its lower limit. An interpretation of both pottery assemblages described is not easy. In the case of Żdżarów, it seems possible to link the finds to child burials in clay vessels, known from the late Middle Ages and Modern period. Such graves, dating from the 14th to the 19th century, are known from several sites in Poland, almost exclusively in northern Mazovia15.16. The undoubtedly intentional burials at much older cemeteries, such as the four foetal burials in three vessels dating to 14th–15th century discovered at a Lusatian cemetery at Ożumiech, Przasnysz County19, are particularly interesting. No traces of bone were found in the Żdżarów vessel; however, as it was not possible to conduct specialist analyses of the fill at the time, it is not known whether it originally covered some form of burial or whether it was related to unspecified cult practices. The precise manner in which the vessel was dug into the top part of a much older grave pit (Fig. 3) shows not only the ritual character of the deposit itself, but also the ability to recognise a burial site abandoned a thousand years earlier. The archaeological context of the vessels from Nadkole suggests that they were a secondary deposit in the cut that destroyed the grave from phase B2 of the Roman Period29. In their case, there are no reasons to associate them with child burials or assign them a cult function; nor can they be considered a remnant of a late medieval or modern settlement, as no features from that period were discovered in the examined part of the site. The pottery published here shows that local populations from the late Middle Ages and Modern period either used (Żdżarów) or at least visited (Nadkole) much older cemeteries. This phenomenon is still very poorly researched, so every similar case requires a particularly thorough interpretation, based not only on a formal analysis of the feature itself and the pottery contained within, but also on the results of indispensable biochemical studies. It is worth noting that biochemical analyses of vessel contents conducted in Germany have recently confirmed the early modern custom of interring placentas (Nachgeburtsbestattung) in clay pots buried in the basements of homes27.

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Organy w kościołach archidiakonatu pomorskiego w XVI-XVIII wieku

67%

Nowicki T.

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nr 2: Historia

59-84

EN

Church music in the Catholic Church has been enriched by organ play for centuries. However, the spread of this instrument has been stretched over time. The first organ in Poland appeared in the 13th century, but in small towns and villages organs started to appear more often from the 16th century. This is confirmed by the example of the Pomeranian Archdeaconry. In the second half of the 16th century 12 temples had organs, but one hundred years later already 54, and in the 1880s all parish churches of most filial churches were equipped with an organ. Organs spread faster in urban churches. At the end of the 16th century, they were recorded in half of the towns of the archdeaconry, and only in about 5% of the village temples. A hundred years later, organs were in over 80% of town churches and already in about 36% of village temples. After another hundred years, over 92% of urban churches and almost 86% of rural churches had this type of instrument. The reception of the organ was to a certain extent dependent on the patronage of the temple. It was growing fastest in temples with church patronage and slower in temples with royal, and gentry patronage. Another aspect of research into organs is to determine their size. Visits usually give only the subjective feelings of the inspector or information about the number of organ voices, which may indirectly indicate the size of the instrument. Most often, the organs belonged to a group of small, several-voiced instruments. This type dominated (80-90%) in the 18th century. There are also large instruments with a larger number of voices (in Świecie – 21, in Byszewo – 17). Regarding the state of preservation of organs, most of them were considered in good condition, alt-hough the percentage fluctuated in various visits from 89% in the years 1686-1687 to approx. 55% in the visits in the 1860s and 1880s.

PL

Muzyka kościelna w Kościele katolickim już od wieków ubogacona jest grą na organach. Jednak rozpowszechnienie się tych instrumentów było rozciągnięte w czasie. Pierwsze organy w Polsce pojawiły się w XIII wieku, lecz w małych miasteczkach i wsiach organy występowały częściej począwszy od XVI wieku. Potwierdza to przykład archidiakonatu pomorskiego. W drugiej połowie XVI wieku organy były w 12 świątyniach, sto lat później już w 54, zaś w latach osiemdziesiątych XVIII wieku we wszystkich kościołach parafialnych większości kościołów filialnych. Instrumenty organowe rozpowszechniały się szybciej w kościołach miejskich. W końcu XVI wieku były odnotowane w połowie miast archidiakonatu, a tylko w ok. 5% świątyń wiejskich. Sto lat później były w ponad 80% kościołach miejskich i już ok. 36% świątyń na wsi. Po kolejnych stu latach ponad 92% kościołów miejskich i niemal 86% wiejskich miało już ten typ instrumentu. Recepcja organów była w pewnym stopniu uzależniona od patronatu świątyni. Najszybciej rosła w świątyniach patronatu kościelnego, wolniej królewskiego, a na końcu szlacheckiego. Innym aspektem badań nad organami jest ustalenie ich wielkości. Wizytacje przekazują zwykle subiektywne odczucia wizytatora lub informację o liczbie głosów organowych, która w pośredni sposób może świadczyć o wielkości instrumentu. Najczęściej organy należały do grupy instrumentów małych, kilkugłosowych. Taki typ dominował (80-90%) w XVIII wieku. Spotyka się też instrumenty duże, o większej liczbie głosów (w Świeciu – 21, w Byszewie – 17). Jeśli chodzi o stan zachowania organów, to większość z nich była uznawana za dobre, choć odsetek ten wahał się w różnych wizytacjach od 89% w latach 1686-1687 do ok. 55% w wizytacjach z lat sześćdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych XVIII wieku.