Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The direction of the changes of rates of the internal and external training load under the influence of high-altitude hypoxia on mountain bikers

100%

Gabrys T. , Szmatlan-Gabrys U. , Stanula A.

Physical Activity Review

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2019

|

nr 7

40-48

EN

The aim of the research carried out was to establish the direction, and scope of the changes in internal, and external load indicator values in cyclists, men, and women, in high-altitude hypoxia conditions. The participants of the study were mountain bike cyclists, members of Russian and Polish Nationals Teams (women n=11, men n=9). They have done the graded incremental exercise test at the altitude of 170 m (Lonato del Garda, Italy) and 2250 m (Livignio-Trepale Italy). In the course of effort VO2, VE, VCO2 was measured by means of K4b2 analyser (Cosmed Italy). Effort intensity was determined at ventilators thresholds VT1 (AT), and VT2. Internal and external load indicators undergo changes during physical effort in cyclists under the influence of high altitude hypoxia. In groups of men and women, the changes in indicator values reach VE: 9% and 12%, HR: 0,5% and 15, O2HR: 7% and 15%, VO2: 14% and 20% respectively, as well as a decrease in 5 and 4% of the generated power, respectively. A decrease in the generated power by 5%, higher ventilation, amounting to 10%, a higher VO2max, amounting to 17% in hypoxic conditions, in comparison with the conditions similar to those at sea level, show that it is necessary to modify training loads.

2

Rowerowe planowanie w mieście na przykładzie doświadczeń Wrocławia

100%

Kozłowska-Święconek M. , Chojnacki D.

|

tom Nr 12

29-33

PL

Artykuł przybliża zagadnienia ruchu rowerowego i infrastruktury rowerowej w mieście na przykładzie kilkuletnich doświadczeń Wrocławia. Pokazuje istotę tych zagadnień od etapu planowania przestrzennego do realizacji w terenie. Zwraca uwagę na potrzebę współpracy planistów i osób realizujących inwestycje rowerowe. Artykuł przedstawia także przykłady uwzględniania potrzeb infrastruktury rowerowej w planach miejscowych, studium i w realizacjach w terenie. Wskazuje również, na przykładzie Kopenhagi, jak rower jako środek transportu w mieście, może w korzystny sposób wpływać na miejskie przestrzenie publiczne. Prezentuje innowacyjne, w skali kraju, rozwiązania dla tras rowerowych między innymi takie jak: śluzy rowerowe, pasy rowerowe, kontrapasy, sygnalizatory rowerowe.

EN

The article introduces the issue of cycling based on several years of experience in Wroclaw. It shows the essence of these issues from the planning stage to implementation. Indicates the need for cooperation between planners and persons implementing cycle investment. The article presents examples take into account the needs of bicycle infrastructure in local area plans, studies and in implementation on the ground. The example of Copenhagen shows how bicycle, as a means of transport, has positive impact on urban public spaces. It presents innovative on a national scale, solutions for cycle routes include: advanced stop lines, bicycle lanes, contra flows lanes, bicycle lights.

3

The Assessment of the Quality of Life in Visually Impaired People with Different Level of Physical Activity

100%

Kamelska A. M. , Mazurek K.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

|

2015

|

tom 67

|

nr 1

31-41

EN

Quality of life (QOL) is associated with factors such as health, physical functioning, life satisfaction, a sense of happiness, and others. In case of disabled people, much attention is paid to their QOL rather than only the improvement of physiological variables. In a group of blind and visually impaired people, the effect of physical activity (PA) on the socialization process, the ability to explore own personality traits, developing creativity, and more motivation and desire to overcome the difficulties associated with visual impairment were observed. The study involved 53 people: visually impaired (NT) sedentary lifestyle people (n=18; 51±12 years) and visually impaired tandem cycling athletes (N) (n=17; 42±13 years). Properly sighted people (P) (n=18; 38±12 years) were partners in tandem with visually impaired athletes. To determine the level of PA, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. The WHO-Quality of Life (WHO-QOL-BREF), the National Eye Institute 25-item Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25, version 2000), and the Retina AMD Poland Association questionnaire were used to assess QOL. In visually impaired athletes, significantly greater PA with moderate intensity, moving by bike, and energy expenditure for vigorous recreational exercise and sport in leisuretime was found. Sedentary lifestyle people mainly participated in moderate physical activity around the house. Significant greater satisfaction with health was observed in the case of visually impaired athletes in comparison with NT. All disabled groups rarely had negative feelings such as despair, depression, and anxiety. Moderate correlations between variables according to physical activity and quality of life in all participants were observed. The meaningfulness of life and life satisfaction also depended on cycling training and moderate physical activity around the house. The obtained data indicate that all available forms of regular PA in visually impaired people could have a beneficial effect on their quality of life.

4

Effect of Cadence on Respiratory Response During Unloaded Cycling in Healthy Individuals

100%

Jastrzębska A. D. , Kowalski M.

Human Movement

|

2015

|

tom 16

|

nr 1

36-41

EN

Purpose. The aim of the study was to establish the respiratory response to unloaded cycling at different cadences. Methods. Eleven healthy participants performed a maximal graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to assess aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen consumption: 46.27 ± 5.41 ml · min-1 · kg-1) and eight 10-min unloaded pedaling (0 W) bouts at a constant cadence (from 40 to 110 rpm). Respiratory data were measured continuously during each effort and then averaged over 30 s. Blood samples were collected before and 2 min after each effort to monitor changes in acid-base balance. Results. The efforts were performed at an intensity of 16.5-37.5% VO2peak. Respiratory response was not differentiated in cadences of 40, 50, 60 rpm. From 70 rpm, an increase in cadence was significantly associated with increased minute ventilation (F = 168.11, p < 0.000) and oxygen consumption (F = 214.86 p < 0.000) and, from 80 rpm, respiratory frequency (F = 16.06, p < 0.001) and tidal volume (F = 54.67, p < 0.000). No significant changes in acid-base balance were observed as a result of difference cadences. Conclusions. Unloaded cycling at a cadence of 70 rpm or above has a significant effect on respiratory function and may be associated with the involvement of large muscle ergoreceptors (mechanoreceptors) stimulated by the frequency of muscle contractions.

5

Effects of Varus Orthotics on Lower Extremity Kinematics During the Pedal Cycle

100%

Sinclair J. , Vincent H. , Taylor P. J. , Hebron J. , Hurst H. T. , Atkins S.

Human Movement

|

2014

|

tom 15

|

nr 4

221-226

EN

Purpose. Cycling has been shown to be associated with a high incidence of chronic pathologies. Foot orthoses are frequently used by cyclists in order to reduce the incidence of chronic injuries. The aim of the current investigation was to examine the influence of different varus orthotic inclines on the three-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremities during the pedal cycle. Methods. Kinematic information was obtained from ten male cyclists using an eight-camera optoelectronic 3-D motion capture system operating at 250 Hz. Participants cycled with and without orthotic intervention at three different cadences (70, 90 and 110 RPM). The orthotic device was adjustable and four different wedge conditions (0 mm - no orthotic, 1.5 mm, 3.0 mm and 4.5 mm) were examined. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare the kinematic parameters obtained as a function of orthotic inclination and cadence. Participants were also asked to subjectively rate their comfort in cycling using each of the four orthotic devices on a 10-point Likert scale. Results. The kinematic analysis indicated that the orthotic device had no significant influence at any of the three cadences. Analysis of subjective preferences showed a clear preference for the 0 mm, no orthotic, condition. Conclusions. This study suggests that foot orthoses do not provide any protection from skeletal malalignment issues associated with the aetiology of chronic cycling injuries.

6

Analysing the vibration of bicycles on various road surfaces in the city of Žilina

100%

Gogola M.

Archiwum Motoryzacji

|

2020

|

tom Vol. 88, nr 2

77--97

EN

Over recent years, cycling has emerged as a particularly desirable mode of transport in Europe. Many local authorities, together with cycling lobbyist and advocating groups strive to get cycling to an accepted level of urban mobility. Certain movements have already introduced the citizens’ science approach aimed at improving the local conditions for cyclists with crowd-sourced data collection. With this in mind, this paper presents an entry-level analysis of vibration from various surfaces which might affect the comfort of cyclists in the city of Žilina. The emphasis is placed on the analysis of the road surface with a smartphone application and a so-called instrumental or a probe bicycle. The results of testing are presented in the context of the problematic issues that occur in the infrastructure. The results are aimed at drawing attention to the fact that not all infrastructure is properly built, designed or maintained. There is a relationship between properly planned and built cycling infrastructure and the cycling traffic. An Android smartphone with the Phyphox application was used in the analysis as an example of citizen’s science.

7

Body balance in a free-standing position in road and off-road cyclists

100%

Hebisz P. , Hebisz R. , Zaton M.

|

tom 6

|

nr 4

245-251

EN

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare body balance in road and off-road cyclists, immediately before and after the racing season. Material/Methods: Twenty individuals participated in the study and they were divided into two groups: specialists in road-cycling (n = 10) and in off-road cycling (n = 10). Immediately before and after the five-month racing season stabilographic trials were carried out (at rest and after progressive exercise). In assessing body balance the distance and velocity of the centre shifts (in the anterior-posterior and left-right direction) were analysed. The tests were performed with the cyclists’ eyes open, eyes closed, and in feedback. Results: After the racing season, in the off-road cyclists’ group, distance and velocity of the centre of pressure shifts increased after a progressive exercise. Conclusions: In the off-road cyclists’ group the balance of the body in the sagittal plane deteriorated after the racing season. Moreover, after the racing season off-road cyclists were characterized by a worse balance of the body, compared to road cyclists

8

The Assessment of the Quality of Life in Visually Impaired People with Different Level of Physical Activity

100%

Kamelska A. M. , Mazurek K.

|

2015

|

tom 67

|

nr 1

31-41

EN

Quality of life (QOL) is associated with factors such as health, physical functioning, life satisfaction, a sense of happiness, and others. In case of disabled people, much attention is paid to their QOL rather than only the improvement of physiological variables. In a group of blind and visually impaired people, the effect of physical activity (PA) on the socialization process, the ability to explore own personality traits, developing creativity, and more motivation and desire to overcome the difficulties associated with visual impairment were observed. The study involved 53 people: visually impaired (NT) sedentary lifestyle people (n=18; 51±12 years) and visually impaired tandem cycling athletes (N) (n=17; 42±13 years). Properly sighted people (P) (n=18; 38±12 years) were partners in tandem with visually impaired athletes. To determine the level of PA, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. The WHO-Quality of Life (WHO-QOL-BREF), the National Eye Institute 25-item Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25, version 2000), and the Retina AMD Poland Association questionnaire were used to assess QOL. In visually impaired athletes, significantly greater PA with moderate intensity, moving by bike, and energy expenditure for vigorous recreational exercise and sport in leisuretime was found. Sedentary lifestyle people mainly participated in moderate physical activity around the house. Significant greater satisfaction with health was observed in the case of visually impaired athletes in comparison with NT. All disabled groups rarely had negative feelings such as despair, depression, and anxiety. Moderate correlations between variables according to physical activity and quality of life in all participants were observed. The meaningfulness of life and life satisfaction also depended on cycling training and moderate physical activity around the house. The obtained data indicate that all available forms of regular PA in visually impaired people could have a beneficial effect on their quality of life.

9

Pro-health Behaviours in Time Budget of Ex-cyclists

100%

Bentkowska M.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

|

2019

|

tom 25

|

nr 1

73-88

EN

The study involved 50 ex-cyclists at age 22-66, there were 17 women and 33 men. This survey-based study was performed using two standardized tools: Health Behaviour Inventory (IZZ) and The questionnaire on daily routines (chronocard).The most of the studied group (58%) undertook pro-health behaviours at the median level, 24% presented the maximum level of health behaviours, and the smallest studied group (18%) presented the minimum level of IZZ. It showed that gender didn’t influence the health behaviour of ex-cyclists (p=0,784). An amount of time for different activities (work/study, activities at home, relax, entertainment, physical activity and others) is different during each weekdays. The dominance in the time budget of ex-cyclists was work (study).The most of the leisure time, the studied group spent for amusements and the less for relax and physical activity.The dominance of the studied group were in median and minimum level of health behaviours with the most escalated behaviours in positive mental attitude and lower in nutritional habits, prophylactic behaviours and healthy habits. The studied group presented very restricted pro-healthy lifestyle.

10

Influence of Hamstring Muscles Extensibility on Spinal Curvatures and Pelvic Tilt in Highly Trained Cyclists

88%

Muyor J. , Alacid F. , López-Miñarro P.

Journal of Human Kinetics

|

2011

|

tom 29

15-23

EN

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of hamstring muscles extensibility in standing, maximal trunk flexion with knees extended and on the bicycle in lower handlebar-hands position of highly trained cyclists. Ninety-six cyclists were recruited for the study (mean ± SD, age: 30.36 ± 5.98 years). Sagittal spinal curvatures and pelvic tilt were measured in the standing position, maximal trunk flexion with knees extended (sit-and-reach test) and while sitting on a bicycle in lower handlebar-hand position using a Spinal Mouse system. Hamstring muscles extensibility was determined in both legs by passive straight leg raise test (PSLR). The sample was divided into three groups according to PSLR angle: (1) reduced extensibility (PSLR < 80º; n = 30), (2) moderate hamstring extensibility group (PSLR = 80º; - 90º; n = 35), and (3) high hamstring extensibility (PSLR = > 90º; n = 31). ANOVA analysis showed significant differences among groups for thoracic (p < 0.001) and pelvic tilt (p < 0.001) angles in the sit-andreach test. No differences were found between groups for standing and on the bicycle position. Post hoc analysis showed significant differences in all pairwise comparisons for thoracic angle (p < 0.01) and pelvic angle (p < 0.001) in the sit-and-reach test. No differences were found in lumbar angle in any posture. In conclusion, the hamstring muscles extensibility influence the thoracic and pelvic postures when maximal trunk flexion with knees extended is performed, but not when cyclists are seated on their bicycles

11

Stanislaw Szozda (1950–2013) - forgotten legend of Polish cycling

88%

Bakota D. , Plominski A. , Piksa B.

|

tom 15

|

nr 3

EN

Stanisław Szozda was born on September 25, 1950 in Dobromierz. During his career he represented the following clubs: LZS [RST – Rural Sports Team] Prudnik, “Legia” Warsaw, LZS “Zieloni” Opole and LKS [RSC – Rural Sports Club] “Ziemia Opolska”. His greatest successes include, among others: twice 2nd place at the Olympic Games in Munich (1972) and Montreal (1976) in the 100-km team race; twice 1st place in the 100-km team race during the World Championships in Barcelona (1973) and Yvoir (1975); 1st place in individual classification of the Peace Race in 1974 and twice 1st place in team classification in Peace Race (1973 and 1974) and 1st place in Tour de Pologne (1971). He died on September 23, 2013. He was buried in the Osobowicki Cemetery in Wrocław in the Alley of the Meritorious.

PL

Stanisław Szozda urodził się 25 września 1950 r. w Dobromierzu. W trakcie swej kariery sportowej reprezentował barwy następujących klubów: LZS Prudnik, „Legia” Warszawa, LZS „Zieloni” Opole i LKS „Ziemia Opolska”. Największe jego sukcesy to m.in.: dwukrotnie 2. miejsce na Igrzyskach Olimpijskich w Monachium (1972 r.) i Montrealu (1976 r.) w wyścigu drużynowym na 100 km; dwukrotnie 1. miejsce w wyścigu drużynowym na 100 km podczas Mistrzostw Świata w Barcelonie (1973 r.) i Yvoir (1975 r.); 1. miejsce w klasyfikacji indywidualnej w Wyścigu Pokoju w 1974 r. i dwukrotnie 1. miejsce w klasyfikacji drużynowej w Wyścigu Pokoju (1973 i 1974 r.) oraz 1. miejsce w Tour de Pologne (1971 r.). Zmarł 23 września 2013 r. Pochowany został na Cmentarzu Osobowickim we Wrocławiu, w Alei Zasłużonych.

12

Comparison of Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Continuous and Intermittent Cycling

88%

Brasil R. , Barreto A. , Nogueira L. , Santos E. , Novaes J. , Reis V.

|

nr Special Issue

59-68

EN

The present study tested the hypothesis that the exercise protocol (continuous vs. intermittent) would affect the physiological response and the perception of effort during aquatic cycling. Each protocol was divided on four stages. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, blood lactate concentration, central and peripheral rate of perceived exertion were collected in both protocols in aquatic cycling in 10 women (values are mean ± SD): age=32.8 ± 4.8 years; height=1.62 ± 0.05 cm; body mass=61.60 ± 5.19 kg; estimated body fat=27.13 ± 4.92%. Protocols were compared through two way ANOVA with Scheffé's post-hoc test and the test of Mann- Whitney for rate of perceived exertion with α=0.05. No systematic and consistent differences in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, double product and blood lactate concentration were found between protocols. On the other hand, central rate of perceived exertion was significantly higher at stage four during continuous protocol compared with intermittent protocol (p=0.01), while the peripheral rate of perceived exertion presented higher values at stages three (p=0.02) and four (p=0.00) in the continuous protocol when compared to the results found in intermittent protocol. These findings suggest that although the aquatic cycling induces similar physiologic demands in both protocols, the rate of perceived exertion may vary according to the continuous vs. intermittent nature of the exercise.

13

The Bank vole population in Crabapple Island

88%

Bujalska G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2000

|

tom Vol. 48, Suppl.

97-106

EN

The results of studies on demography of an island population of Clethrionomys glareolus are presented. Population numbers and structure were estimated 5 times a year in 1966-1999. Two patterns of seasonal changes in population size were found: either continuous, slow increase from April (beginning of the breding season) to October, with maximum density below 50 individuals per hectare, or rapid increase resulting in a July/September peak with maximum density up to 153 individuals per ha. The highest variations in number occurred in April (Whittaker's CF=2.05) and decreased with advancement of the breeding season: in September CF=1.49. The mechanism accounting for the decrease was territoriality of mature females. Fluctuating July population numbers revealed cyclic changes, namely a 3,8-year as well as a 9,4-year cycle. It is postulated that social relations between neighboring individuals rather than mean population density affect changes in population numbers.

14

Viscoelastic properties of lower extremity muscles after elite track cycling sprint events: a case report

88%

Klich S. , Krymski I. , Kawczynski A.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

|

2020

|

tom 29

|

nr 1

15

Porównanie funkcjonowania rowerowych planerów podróży w aglomeracji poznańskiej

75%

Ratajczak A. , Zmuda-Trzebiatowski P. , Walerjańczyk W.

|

tom nr 3

27--32

PL

Transport rowerowy jest coraz częściej postrzegany jako alternatywa dla cechującego się wysokimi kosztami transportu samochodowego. Dotyczy to szczególnie obszarów miejskich, gdzie mniejszą wagę mają słabości transportu rowerowego, takie jak niska prędkość podróży. Jednak efektywne wykorzystanie tej gałęzi transportu może wymagać prawidłowego planowania podróży. Planowanie to powinno uwzględniać zróżnicowane preferencje użytkowników tej gałęzi transportu, a także wykorzystywać dane przestrzenne, które są możliwie wolne od błędów. W artykule przedstawiona została analiza porównawcza dwóch wybranych planerów podróży ruchu rowerowego – Naviki oraz Google Maps. Oceniano jakość generowanych przez nie tras na obszarze aglomeracji poznańskiej. Wykorzystano do tego zestaw czterdziestu losowych tras, z czego trzydzieści miało swoje punkty początkowe i końcowe na obszarze Poznania, a dziesięć na terenie gminy Puszczykowo. Przeprowadzona analiza wskazała, że planery te różnią się między sobą już na wstępnym etapie odwrotnego geokodowania. Dodatkowo planery różnią się częściowo poczynionymi założeniami w algorytmach planowania tras. Pomimo to analiza wykazała, że większość z zaplanowanych tras miała zbliżony przebieg w obydwu planerach. Zaobserwowane rozbieżności wynikały w pewnym stopniu z błędów map cyfrowych, które występowały w obydwu planerach. Analiza porównawcza pozwala na przynajmniej częściowe wykrycie takich rozbieżności, pomimo różnic w funkcjonowaniu samych planerów.

EN

Cycling is increasingly perceived as an alternative to car transport due to lower costs of operation as well as external costs. This is particularly true for urban areas, where the weaknesses of bicycle transport, such as low travel speed, are less important. However, the effective use of this mode of transport may require accurate trip planning. This planning should take into account the diverse preferences of users of this mode of transport. Spatial information used for planning should be also as free from errors as possible. The article presents a comparative analysis of two selected cycling trip planners - Naviki and Google Maps. The quality of routes generated by them in the Poznań agglomeration was assessed. A set of forty random routes was tested, of which thirty had their starting and ending points in the area of Poznań, and ten in the Puszczykowo commune. The analysis resulted with a conclusion that these planners differ from each other at the initial stage of reverse geocoding. In addition, the planners differ in some of the assumptions made in route planning algorithms. Nevertheless, the analysis showed that most of the planned routes were similar in both planners. Observed discrepancies resulted to a certain extent from map errors that occurred in both planners. The comparative analysis allows at least partial detection of such discrepancies despite the differences in the functioning of the planners themselves.

16

Exploring bike-sharing systems in Poland co-financed from the European Union funds

75%

Dzięcielski M. , Woźniak M. , Radzimski A.

Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG

|

2020

|

tom nr 23(4)

7--18

EN

In recent years, numerous Polish cities and municipalities have become involved in the creation of bike-sharing systems. Although the contribution of bike-sharing to creating sustainable transport caused some controversy in the literature, the positive role of cycling in promoting low-emission mobility and a healthy lifestyle is widely acknowledged. As part of the European Union’s sustainable transport agenda, some Polish local governments have obtained funding from structural funds for the implementation of bicycle-sharing schemes. This article presents an overview of selected systems, as well as a preliminary analysis of their users’ activity based on data obtained through a Web API. Although the scope of the data was limited in time due to the shutdown of the systems caused by the COVID-19 pandemic shortly after their spring reactivation, some patterns could be observed. In particular, users activity was more evenly distributed over time in larger cities (over 300 thousand of residents), whereas in smaller cities alternating periods of high and low activity was observed.

17

Social and political aspects of the development of cycling in Pomorze Zachodnie (West Pomerania) in the years 1945-1950

75%

Stefanik R. , Zawadzki M.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

|

2020

|

tom 30

|

nr 2

18

Ocena ruchu rowerowego w Szczecinie

75%

Abramek K. F.

|

2010

|

tom Nr 10

9--18

PL

[...]Rower staje się coraz bardziej powszechnym środkiem transportu, szczególnie w dużych, zatłoczonych miastach. Wzorem wielu krajów Unii Europejskiej także i w Polsce przybywa tras rowerowych, nie tylko wykorzystywanych do rekreacji, ale także jako drogi dojazdu do pracy. Niestety, w Polsce dochodzi do bardzo dużej liczby wypadków drogowych z udziałem rowerzystów. W krajach UE średnio ginie rocznie czterech rowerzystów na milion mieszkańców, a w Polsce osiemnastu (i jest to wartość maksymalna dla UE). Co więcej, wypadki następują z winy kierujących pojazdami samochodowymi. Według statystyk policji, 86% wypadków z udziałem cyklistów ma miejsce w czasie dnia, przy dobrych warunkach atmosferycznych (77%) i suchej nawierzchni (82%). Dlatego uzasadnione wydaje się budowanie wydzielonych tras rowerowych, koniecznych do zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa rowerzystów.[...]

EN

This article shows the main requirements concerning the bicycle traffic. The main technical parameters have been indicated for each bicycle route category (main, collective, local – access roads, recreational). The tram track way’s road bicycle traffi c has also been brought to the attention. The results of the road’s condition observation within the city of Szczecin make the major part of this publication. There was a survey introduced with the results of the answers of many different bicycle route users with the indication of the fl aws and threats. Many people say of bad and improper markings, the quality of the road surface and bicycle route maintenance as well as the pedestrians’ improper behavior (they tend to use bicycle routes for walking) and car vehicle drivers (they do not accept the biker’s priority). The bicycle road maintenance in Szczecin is also disturbing, where glass, dirt, dense vegetation can be found. Not to mention the bad quality of the surface. The necessity of temporary solutions has been described, which should be taken under consideration during the road works to provide the alternative bicycle stream that would secure safety, comfort and the traffic flow.

19

Virtual Reality Could Improve Exercise Performance on a Stationary Bike

75%

Kowal M. , Piskorz J. , Czub M.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

|

2021

|

tom 52

|

nr 4

20

Rower w mieście - polskie doświadczenia

75%

Golędzinowska A.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

|

2010

|

tom R. 107, z. 6-A/2

87-93

PL

W Polsce rower jest coraz powszechniej promowany jako alternatywa dla komunikacji samochodowej. Argumenty początkowo przytaczane przez wiele organizacji pozarządowych powoli znajdują odzwierciedlenie w planach rozwoju określanych przez władze miast. Rozwój ruchu rowerowego ma wpływać na jakość życia w mieście na kilka sposobów: zmniejszając zainteresowanie korzystania z indywidualnej komunikacji samochodowej oraz przyczyniając się do spadku emisji spalin.

EN

Bike is being increasingly promoted in Poland as an alternative to cars. Arguments raised by NGOs are gradually being reflected in development plans determined by the municipalities. The development of cycling is expected to influence the quality of life in several ways: by reducing the use of private cars as well as affecting the reduction of emissions.