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100%

Pyra M. , Zawada W.

tom nr 1 (22)

11--21

The article provides an opportunity to recollect and indicate the rules of international law, which regulates conducting armed conflicts and protection of war victims. The article is enquiry to systematise aforementioned regulations of international law in terms of conducting military conflicts. Apart from legal acts presented, the article encapsulates the rules ubiquited in doctrine of international law, evidenced in numerous multinational tractates as well as in decisions of national and cosmopolitan courts. On these rules, in principle, armed conflicts should be based.

Immunitet jurysdykcyjny organizacji międzynarodowej – immunitet jurysdykcyjny państwa: zwrot wektorów

75%

Menkes J.

Przegląd Prawa Publicznego

2013

nr 4

39-66

The aim of the study was to answer the question of whether there are universal norms of customary international law governing the immunity of international organizations and their property; what are the obstacles to the development of the UN Convention governing the immunity of international organizations. In the comparative legal analysis, Jerzy Menkes proves that states immunities stem from international and national laws. In the case of immunities derived from international law, there are no universal standards defining the scope of jurisdiction immunity of the state and its properties. Jurisdictional immunity of international organizations has its only source in international law (many states also regulate the issue in their domestic law). The study showed that international regulations move in contradictory directions, as regards the states there is a move away from absolute immunity, in respect of international organizations expansion of both the catalog of entitled entities and the scope of immunity is observed.

Evolution of the Customary International law on the Cultural Property Plundered in War

63%

Yadong Z.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

2020

tom 18

nr 4

123-135

Artykuł niniejszy prezentuje w sposób chronologiczny ewolucję międzynarodowego prawa zwyczajowego w odniesieniu do zaboru dóbr kulturalnych. Autor opierając się na przedstawionych wybranych wydarzeniach historycznych mających wpływ na tę sferę prawa wojennego, wskazuje na wzajemne zależności i przeobrażenia w prawniczej filozofii, praktyce i kodyfikacji. Obecnie obowiązujące prawne regulacje i obyczaje zabraniające zaboru dóbr kulturalnych jako łupów wojennych zrodziły się w wieku osiemnastym i były konsekwentnie rozwijane w wieku dziewiętnastym i dwudziestym. Zwrot zagrabionych dóbr państwu, które jest ich właścicielem, wydaje się najlepszym wyjściem, szczególnie w sytuacji, gdy zrabowane przedmioty pozostają w stanie nienaruszonym i są identyfikowalne. Osiągnięcie tego celu jest uzależnione od współpracy i koordynacji działań na całym świecie, realizowanych w szerszej przestrzeni prawa międzynarodowego.

This article presents an unambiguous evolutionary sequence of historical events leading to the development of customary international law, seen with reference to the mutual influence and transformation of legal philosophy, practice and codification on plundering cultural property during wars. The contemporary legal rules and customs working against taking cultural property as spoils of war are rooted in the eighteenth century, and were consistently developed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Restitution appears the best remedy for the country of origin, especially in the condition where the plundered cultural property is existent and identifiable. Achieving this goal depends on the cooperation and coordination throughout the world, based on a wider customary international law space.

The Nicaragua Judgement and the Use of Force – 30 Years Later

63%

Kwiecień R.

Polish Yearbook of International Law

2016

tom 36

21-36

In light of contemporary circumstances, on the 30th anniversary of the Nicaragua judgement it is worth revisiting and considering again certain legal problems decided by – and raised by – the ICJ judgement. This article addresses the importance of the judgement in terms of international legal regulations on the use of force. First and foremost, the article examines the concept of armed attack based on the “gravity” criterion elaborated by the Court and the exercise of the right of self-defence. Moreover, the relationship between customary international law and treaty law, as well as forcible counter-measures and military actions against non-State actors are also discussed in the article. It is argued that the “gravity” criterion used by the ICJ seems controversial and, consequently, may limit the right of self-defence. On the other hand, however, the judgement established a strong barrier to the realization of individual political interests by militarily powerful States. This is the Nicaragua judgement’s long-lasting legacy. In this sense the judgement has stood the test of time.