The aim of this article is to present a historical perspective on intercultural education, contemporary methods of supporting foreign students as well as the role of the teacher and the specific competence required to teach effectively in an intercultural environment. Contemporary methods of support are presented based on the example of good educational practice taking place at “Mieszko” Private Elementary School in Poznań. Actions that can be initiated by a teacher in early education have been divided into four areas: physical, didactic, social and in the classroom. The physical area addresses the issue of school space and activities that help to identify and address students’ difficulties in areas related to senses and coordination. The didactic area represents cultural events designed to entertain and educate; there are also examples of how to equalize educational opportunities among students. The subsequent area, encompassing activities carried out within a class group, show intercultural activities included in the curriculum and indicate which activities may help to control difficult behaviours of children. The social area activities are designed to support students in maintaining meaningful relationships with their peers and collaborating with other organizations that can complement and enrich intercultural formal education.
Objectives Reliable and valid instruments are essential for understanding fatigue in occupational settings. This study analyzed the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI). Material and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 218 workers from an automotive industry involved in assembly tasks for fabrication of mechanical cables. Convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency reliability and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. Results Results showed adequate fit to data, yielding a 20-item, 5-factor structure (all intercorrelated): Chi²/df (ratio Chi² and degrees of freedom) = 2.530, confirmatory fit index (CFI) = 0.919, goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.845, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.084. The SOFI presented an adequate internal consistency, with the sub-scales and total scale presenting good reliability values (Cronbach’s α values from 0.742 to 0.903 and 0.943 respectively). Conclusions Findings suggest that the Portuguese version of the SOFI may be a useful tool to assess fatigue and prevent work-related injuries. In future research, other instruments should be used as an external criterion to correlate with the SOFI dimensions. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(3):407–417
The title of literary work fulfills many functions and plays an important role — serves as a showcase of the work and appears as its most frequently quoted and repeated passage. In this paper, in selected examples of titles’ translations of literary works from Chinese into Polish, four methods have been distinguished: literal translations, semantic translations, cultural adaptations and copying of titles from indirect translations, or from film adaptations. The quoted titles clearly show that the linguistic approach is superseded by the analysis of the socio-cultural context of the country of the target culture. Therefore, although the translator sometimes makes surprising decisions, he goes away drastically from the title of the original work, emphasizes elements that the author left behind in the shadow, or omits those that the author tried to display, he does it consciously, because his goal is to obtain the highest degree of equivalence.
PL
Tytuł dzieła literackiego spełnia wiele funkcji i odgrywa ważną rolę — służy jako wizytówka dzieła i pojawia się jako najczęściej cytowany i powtarzany fragment. W tym artykule, w wybranych przykładach tłumaczeń utworów literackich z języka chińskiego na język polski, zostały wyodrębnione cztery metody przekładu tytułów: tłumaczenia dosłowne, tłumaczenia semantyczne, adaptacje kulturowe i kopiowanie tytułów z tłumaczeń pośrednich bądź z ekranizacji filmowych. Przytoczone tytuły wyraźnie pokazują, że podejście językoznawcze zostało zastąpione przez analizę kontekstu społeczno-kulturowego kraju kultury docelowej. Dlatego tłumacz, choć czasem podejmuje zaskakujące decyzje, odchodzi drastycznie od tytułu dzieła oryginalnego, uwypukla elementy, które autor pozostawił w cieniu bądź pomija te, które twórca starał się wyeksponować, robi to świadomie, ponieważ jego celem jest uzyskanie najwyższego stopnia ekwiwalencji.
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