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EN
Cross-talk between two signal transduction pathways leads to a negative regulation of androgen-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression in the mouse kidney. One pathway is triggered by testosterone via the intracellular androgen receptor, AR, and the other is induced by antifolate CB 3717 or folate via hepatocyte growth factor and its cell membrane receptor c-Met. Here we report the studies of the expression of AR and c-Myc transcription factors involved in ODC transactivation. Administration of CB 3717 or folate decreased the expression of AR. In contrast, testosterone did not modify AR mRNA content but augmented the AR protein. Furthermore, we demonstrate that administration of folate, but not testosterone, increases c-Myc transcript and protein level. We also document that activation of both examined pathways does not decrease the testosterone-induced AR protein level, but markedly increases c-Myc protein which is nearly 2-fold up-regulated compared to its level evoked solely by testosterone. We suspect that this pronounced increase of c-Myc protein might have functional consequences mirrored by down-regulated expression of AR target genes, among them ODC.
2
Content available remote Structure and functions of plant calcium-dependent protein kinases
88%
EN
Calcium ions as second messengers play an essential role in many important cellular processes. In plants, transient changes in calcium content in the cytosol (calcium signatures) have been observed during growth, development and under stress conditions. Such diverse functions require many different calcium sensors. One of the largest and most differentiated group of calcium sensors are protein kinases, among them calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) which were identified only in plants and protists. CDPKs have a regulatory domain which is able to bind calcium ions. For regulation of CDPKs activities not only calcium ions but also specific phospholipids and autophosphorylation are responsible. CDPKs have many different substrates, which reflects the diversity of their functions. Potential protein substrates of CDPK are involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, phospholipid synthesis, defense responses, ion and water transport, cytoskeleton organization, transcription and hormone responses. Presently, participation of CDPKs in stress signal transduction pathways (e.g., cold, drought, high salinity, wounding) is intensively studied in many laboratories. An intriguing, but still not fully clarified problem is the cross-talk via CDPKs among different signaling pathways that enables signal integration at different levels and ensure appropriate downstream responses.
EN
In this review we summarize the present status of our knowledge on the enzymes involved in the extracellular metabolism of nucleotides and the receptors involved in nucleotide signalling. We focus on the mechanism of the ATP and ADP signalling pathways in glioma C6, representative of the type of nonexcitable cells. In these cells, ATP acts on the P2Y2 receptor coupled to phospholipase C, whereas ADP on two distinct P2Y receptors: P2Y1 and P2Y12. The former is linked to phospholipase C and the latter is negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. The possible cross-talk between the ATP-, ADP- and adenosine-induced pathways, leading to simultaneous regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and cAMP mediated signalling, is discussed.
5
Content available remote Molecular dialogue between plant resistance pathways – SAR and ISR
44%
EN
During normal vegetation, plants are exposed to many stress factors, such as the presence of heavy metal ions in the soil, chemical pesticides, excessive UV radiation or pathogenic microorganisms. In response to local infections, plants activate salicylic or jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathways. Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) are two forms of induced resistance. The SAR pathway requires the accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid and provides protection against biotrophic pathogens. ISR requires the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and protects against necrotrophic pathogens. Based on recent scientific research, cross-talk between SAR and ISR signaling pathways is thought to be involved in whole-plant resistance against a wide range of pathogens.
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