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1

Reform of the criminal law in Poland

100%

Byczyk M.

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tom 5

243-258

PL

The author discusses the main ideas behind the proposed reform of the criminal law in light of the project conveyed to the Polish Sejm on the 15th of May 2014. The proposed changes, being the most significant ones since the recodification of the criminal law in 1997, are based on the correct presumption that the deficiencies in current Polish criminal policy lead to overly repressive criminal law. A detailed analysis of the project, however, shows that it is not free from failures, in terms of both the formulation of legal norms as well as the reforms to institutions of the criminal law with respect to the application of penalties. It also does not take into account the arguments formulated in recent years regarding the reform of the criminal law. This leads to the conclusion thatthe proposed changes, though rightly focused on improving the most fundamental tools of criminal policy, nonetheless have the character of an ad hoc reform, which even hadsome elements of penal populism, influencing in such a negative way the shape of the criminal law in recent years. Yet most of those controversial changes have been abandoned during the parliamentary works on this since 1.07.2015 binding law.

EN

The author discusses the main ideas behind the proposed reform of the criminal law in light of the project conveyed to the Polish Sejm on the 15th of May 2014. The proposed changes, being the most significant ones since the recodification of the criminal law in 1997, are based on the correct presumption that the deficiencies in current Polish criminal policy lead to overly repressive criminal law. A detailed analysis of the project, however, shows that it is not free from failures, in terms of both the formulation of legal norms as well as the reforms to institutions of the criminal law with respect to the application of penalties. It also does not take into account the arguments formulated in recent years regarding the reform of the criminal law. This leads to the conclusion thatthe proposed changes, though rightly focused on improving the most fundamental tools of criminal policy, nonetheless have the character of an ad hoc reform, which even had some elements of penal populism, influencing in such a negative way the shape of the criminal law in recent years. Yet most of those controversial changes have been abandoned during the parliamentary works on this since 1.07.2015 binding law.

2

Equivalence formulation between prison sentences and fine sentences that prioritising fine sentences

99%

Gunawan T. J.

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tom 13

|

nr 3

326-336

EN

The orientation of law reform is agreed towards the application of restorative justice. Hence, an equivalence formulation between penal and fine sentences is urgently required. This normative research of legal studies proposed an equivalence formulation between prison and fine sentences. It resulted in prioritising fine sentences as a more preferred sentence while ensuring justice for the victim(s) and the community as represented by the state. This research presented a reform to amend the same weaknesses of the current penal or criminal law system in defining alternative sentences to prison sentences, which from an economic analysis perspective, was impossible to be chosen by the Judges. This research proposes an amendment that promotes financing the victim(s) and the community’s restorative effort. Besides that, it convinces the judges to pass a double-track sentence, both prison and fine sentences, because both can be valued and have equal consequences.

3

O znaczeniu fundamentalnych zasad karania w polityce karnej — uwagi na tle przyczyn i skutków „masowego uwięzienia” w Stanach Zjednoczonych

99%

Stańdo-Kawecka B.

|

tom 43

509-522

EN

In the last century, in the United States, there was a significant change in the paradigms of punishment. In the 1970s the ideology of rehabilitation collapsed and reforms, which aimed at restoring justice in punishment and reduction of the prison population, were initiated. In the next decade, the movement aiming at liberal reforms lost the social and political support and was replaced with the repressive criminal policy. At the same time, a rapid increase in the prison population started which has been referred to in the criminological literature as the phenomenon of mass incarceration. After four decades of continuous growth in the number of persons deprived of their liberty there is no doubt that the social and financial consequences of a repressive system of punishment proved to be dramatic. For this reason, issues concerning the restoration of justice and rationality in punishment have again been discussed in the United States. Many European countries also experienced the “punitive turn” in the criminal policy at the end of the 20th century, although its scale was incomparable with what happened in the United States. It does not mean, however, that American discussions on the philosophy of punishment and criminal policy are irrelevant for Europe. Multidimensional negative effects of the American policy of mass incarceration indicate the dangers resulting from ignoring the basic principles of punishment that protect against abuses of the state’s power to punish. Additionally, they encourage a serious discussion about the integration of punishment theories with the empirical knowledge on the results of sentencing and sentence enforcement.

4

Criminal Law and its Victim-Oriented Development: an Academic Inquiry

99%

Tuliakov V.

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nr 3

70-74

EN

In the 21st century, one of the essential roles of the Criminal Code is to protect the rights and interests of crime victims. Criminal law is a complex field that must balance established principles with evolving societal dynamics. This involves various stakeholders, including the state, perpetrators, victims, and civil society, each with differing views on criminal law. The modern era, marked by post-truth narratives and a reputational society, has further complicated matters. Casuistry now prevails over systematic approaches, leading to a disconnect between criminal law’s foundational principles and intended societal outcomes. Contemporary criminal law operates on multiple dimensions, addressing individual, societal, and institutional levels while aiming to balance the interests of these entities. The transition from the “age of information” to the “age of reputation” underscores the importance of information subjected to external evaluation. In the context of harmonizing Ukrainian criminal legislation with EU and Council of Europe norms, it is vital to protect human rights. This aligns with a Committee of Ministers recommendation that recognizes crime as a wrong against society and a violation of individual rights, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding victim rights. Approaching criminal law from a victimological perspective offers unique insights into victim participation in criminal liability, crime qualification, and offender culpability. This perspective encourages assessing the efficacy of criminal law prohibitions and promoting victim engagement in crime control.

5

O polityce karnej z perspektywy retrospektywnej

98%

Pływaczewski E. W.

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nr XXIX-XXX

617-628

6

O niektórych miernikach oceny polityki karnej (na przykładzie Polski w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu)

98%

Skupiński J.

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nr XXIX-XXX

653-657

7

Development of Criminal Policy in Hungary during the First Decade of the 21st Century

74%

Lévay M.

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nr XXIX-XXX

543-554

8

Porażka systemu izolacyjnego a kształtowanie racjonalnej polityki kryminalnej opartej na środkach probacyjnych w Polsce

71%

Bałandynowicz A.

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nr 4/2013

25-46

PL

W przedstawionym artykule propozycja reformy systemu karania poprzez wbudowanie w istniejący porządek środków penalnych kar średniej mocy i środków probacyjnych ma charakter życzeniowy, potwierdzony potrzebą jej drożności w systemie prawa głosami przedstawicieli nauki. Nie znajduje jednak zwolenników w resorcie Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości. Niemniej na podstawie aktualnego katalogu środków karania, w tym uwzględniając dozór przy warunkowym zawieszeniu, umorzeniu i przedterminowym zwolnieniu a także dozór samoistny, można w drodze przepisów wykonawczych stwarzać warunki do realizacji pierwszego etapu tejże reformy zakładając funkcjonowanie kuratora w ramach tzw. kurateli klinicznej jako podstawowego warunku powodzenia systemu probacji w Polsce.

EN

In the present article, the proposal to reform the system by incorporating punishment the existing order of penal sanctions and measures the average power probation is wishful thinking, confirmed the need for its patency in the right voices representatives of science. There is, however, supporters of the department of the Ministry of Justice. However, based on the current catalog of criminal offenses, including taking into account the supervision of the conditional suspension, cancellation and premature release and independent supervision, can, in implementing rules create conditions for implementation of the first phase of that reform, assuming operation in the so-called guardianship as a prerequisite for clinical success of semi in Poland.

9

Polityka karna w sprawach o przestępstwa z nienawiści w Polsce w świetle danych statystycznych

71%

Kozłowska P.

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nr 1(5)

1-27

EN

The negative effects of hate crimes and the threats resulting from these acts justify the need to take effective actions to counter them and eliminate all their manifestations from society. The source literature notes the necessity to intensify efforts leading to more efficient detection, prosecution and penalisation of these crimes. In her article, Patrycja Kozłowska concentrates on the examination of the criminal policy in cases of hate crimes committed in Poland in 2008–2020. Selected court statistical data illustrating the number of convictions for hate crimes, the types of criminal penalties imposed on their perpetrators as well as the length of sentenced penalties of absolute deprivation of liberty have been analysed. Kozłowska also makes an attempt to capture differences in judicial practice becoming evident in the period under scrutiny.

PL

Negatywne skutki przestępstw z nienawiści oraz wynikające z nich zagrożenia uzasadniają potrzebę podjęcia skutecznych działań w celu przeciwdziałania im i eliminowania wszelkich ich przejawów z życia społecznego. W literaturze przedmiotu zwraca się uwagę na konieczność zintensyfikowania wysiłków, zmierzających do lepszego wykrywania, ścigania i karania sprawców tych przestępstw. Niniejszy artykuł został więc poświęcony zbadaniu, jak w latach 2008–2020 wyglądała realizacja polityki karnej w sprawach o przestępstwa z nienawiści w Polsce. Analizie poddano wybrane statystyki sądowe obrazujące liczbę skazań za przestępstwa z nienawiści, a także rodzaje kar kryminalnych orzekanych w odpowiedzi na ich popełnienie i wymiary bezwzględnej kary pozbawienia wolności. W tekście podjęto próbę uchwycenia różnic występujących w praktyce orzeczniczej sądów w analizowanym okresie.

10

The Issues of Criminal Policy in the Interwar Period in Poland

71%

Grudzińska A.

|

tom 27

|

nr 4

EN

One of the debates carried out in interwar Poland among legal professionals, including on the pages of legal journals, regarded the issue of how to define and delimit the scope of criminal policy. It was contributed to by many prominent jurists of that era, such as J. Makarewicz, B. Wróblewski or E.S. Rappaport. The aim of this article is to present J. Reinhold’s and A. Moginicki’s views on criminal policy. However, these two authors perceived the combat against crime differently as to the use of various means by the state or both the state and society (penalties and/or preventive/protective measures). Although they were influenced by the sociological school of criminal law, mainly F. von Liszt’s position, an analysis of their views points to a number of differences in their positions.

PL

Jedna z wielu dyskusji, które były podejmowane przez prawników w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym w Polsce m.in. na łamach czasopism prawniczych, dotyczyła zdefiniowania i określenia zakresu polityki kryminalnej. Uczestniczyło w niej wielu wybitnych prawników, w tym J. Makarewicz, B. Wróblewski i E.S. Rappaport. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie poglądów J. Reinholda i A. Mogilnickiego na politykę kryminalną oraz uwypuklenie różnic w przyjętych przez nich stanowiskach. Mimo tego, że na obu wpłynęła szkoła socjologiczna prawa karnego (głównie stanowisko F. von Liszta), można wskazać szereg rozbieżności w ich zdaniach. Po przeanalizowaniu tekstów tych autorów należy stwierdzić, że walka z przestępczością w ich ujęciu miała przebiegać odmiennie: poprzez użycie różnych środków (kary i/lub środków zabezpieczających/ochronnych) przez państwo lub przez państwo i społeczeństwo.

11

Przejawy populizmu penalnego w rozwiązaniach prawnokarnych z zakresu przestępczości przeciwko wolności seksualnej i obyczajności

62%

Dembiński J.

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nr 26

9-31

EN

The article describes the topic of penal populism and its presence in Polish penal law legislation. The purpose of this article is to point out the complexity of this problem, to clarify its characteristics and to show its impact on criminal politics in Poland.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę populizmu penalnego i jego obecności w polskim ustawodawstwie prawnokarnym. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie złożonej natury wspomnianego zjawiska, wyklarowanie jego cech charakterystycznych oraz ujawnienie wpływu na prawo karne oraz realizowaną w Polsce politykę kryminalną. W artykule podjęto próbę zdefiniowania pojęcia „populizmu penalnego”, przeanalizowano przestępstwa przeciwko wolności seksualnej i obyczajności w ujęciu statystycznym oraz zbadano obecność desygnatów populistycznych w projektowanych albo obowiązujących rozwiązaniach prawnokarnych. The article describes the topic of penal populism and its presence in Polish penal law legislation. The purpose of this article is to point out the complexity of this problem, to clarify its characteristics and to show its impact on criminal politics in Poland.

12

Rola Australii w polityce kryminalnej metropolii brytyjskiej na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku

57%

Nowak M.

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nr 100

69-84

EN

The article based on a criminological analysis of penal transportation. The author talked over three main issues. Firstly, the paradigm of classical criminology that was valid in those days. Moreover, the researcher took into account substantive and procedural law, that is the applicable criminal regulations and the activities of the justice system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Thirdly, it was necessary to describe the living conditions in Australian and Tasmanian penal colonies. The author comes to the conclusion that penal transportation was testified about a punitive and inhumane law system. In addition, its effectiveness was questionable.

PL

Artykuł opiera się na analizie kary zesłania. Autor porusza trzy główne kwestie. Po pierwsze, omówiono aktualny w tamtych czasach paradygmat kryminologii klasycznej. Następnie wzięto pod uwagę prawo karne materialne oraz procesowe, czyli obowiązujące przepisy i działalność wymiaru sprawiedliwości w Zjednoczonym Królestwie Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii. Po trzecie, w opracowaniu powyższej tematyki niezbędny był opis warunków bytowych w australijskich i tasmańskich koloniach karnych. Autor dochodzi do wniosku, że orzekana kara zesłania świadczyła o punitywnym i niehumanitarnym systemie prawa. Ponadto wątpliwa była jej skuteczność.