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1

Revisiting the Nowosiółka skull with RMaCzek

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Bartoszek K.

Mathematica Applicanda

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2022

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tom Vol. 50, no. 2

255--266

EN

One of the first fully quantitative distance matrix visualization methods was proposed by Jan Czekanowski at the beginning of the previous century. Recently, a software package, RMaCzek, was made available that allows for producing such diagrams in R. Here we reanalyze the original data that Czekanowski used for introducing his method, and in the accompanying code show how the user can specify their own custom distance functions in the package.

PL

Na początku zeszłego stulecia Jan Czekanowski, polski antropolog oraz statystyk, zaproponował jedną z pierwszych obiektywnych metod uporządkowania oraz zobrazowania macierzy odległości. W 2019 roku został opracowany oraz udostępniony pakiet RMaCzek, który pozwala na tworzenie diagramów Czekanowskiego w środowisku R. W niniejszej pracy dokonano ponownej analizy danych, które posłużyły Czekanowskiemu do zaprezentowania własnej metody oraz zaproponowano, jak w pakiecie RMaCzek użytkownik może wprowadzać własną funkcję odległości.

2

Systema platinum axiale in mammals. Part IV. A. Artiodactyla. Fetal period

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Pedziwiatr Z. F.

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nr 3-4

3

Sexual dimorphism in size of the skull of Spanish ibex Capra pyrenaica

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Fandos P. , Vigal C. R.

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nr 1

EN

Sexual dimorphism in the skull of Spanish ibex Capra pyrenaica Schinz, 1838 is analyzed by means of univariate and multivariate techniques in one of the most representative populations of the species, located in the Sierra de Gredos, central Spain. Thirty eight measurements were used for the analysis: 30 of the skull and mandible, and 8 of the horn. Eighty three skulls (40 males and 43 females) of individuals older than 4 years were used. In 36 out of the 38 variables males were significantly larger than females. Horn characters showed the highest variability and also the most significant differences between sexes. Values of Mahalanobis distance between males and females were high (D2 = 323.1). When Factor Analysis is performed with the whole set of 38 variables, 7 Principal Factors were extracted, scores of Principal Factor 2 (related with horn variables) and Principal Factor 3 {related to molar toothrow length) showing significant differences between sexes. In this analysis, horn characters (Principal Factor 2) accumulate the sexual dimorphism of other skull traits. However, if the same analysis is performed without horn characters, 5 Principal Factors were extracted, scores of three Principal Factors showing significant differences between sexes. Highest sexual dimorphism in this analysis corresponds to the Principal Factor 3 (molar toothrow), follow the Principal Factor 2 (posterior region of the skull) and Principal Factor 1 (main length measurements). This suggest that the high degree of sexual dimorphism observed in the Spanish ibex skull is mainly related to horn traits and, to a lesser extent, of other skull features like molar toothrow length.

4

Craniometrical characteristics and dental anomalies in wolves Canis lupus from Latvia

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Andersone Z. , Ozolins J.

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nr 4

EN

A total of 187 skulls (115 adult males and 72 adult females) of the wolf Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 hunted in Latvia between 1975-1999 were measured, using 19 craniometrical parameters. General cranial characteristics were similar to those described from the wolf populations of Belarus and Poland (the difference was not statistically significant). Sexual dimorphism in skull size was determined. Most of the skull parameters from north and east Latvia appeared to be slightly larger than those from the Kurland Peninsula, being isolated by large cities, rivers and deforested lands. Also, anomalies in tooth formula were described. Deviations from the normal tooth pattern were found in 9.5% skulls. Congenital oligodonty and polydonty was found in 7.9% skulls. Polydonty was observed in 71.4% cases of tooth anomalies. Tooth anomalies were more common in males than in females.

5

A case of pseudohermaphroditism in a male of European roe deer [Capreolus capreolus L.]

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Kubacki T. , Wajdzik M.

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tom 05

6

Metsamor in Armenia: the sixth season of fieldwork in 2018

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Jakubiak K. , Mkrtchyan R. , Simonyan H.

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tom 28(2)

287-308

EN

Archaeological exploration of the eastern part of the settlement in Metsamor in 2018 uncovered several rectangular structures. Most of these structures were dated to the early Iron Ages I and II. Roman-period graves were recorded in the ruins of the Iron Age settlement. An anthropological assessment of human remains from three of the burials (sex, age, cranial and postcranial measurements as well as the selected paleopathologies) is presented in the appendix.

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Morphological analysis and morphometry of the foramen magnum of the American Staffordshire terrier breed newborns

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Chroszcz A. , Janeczek M. , Wojnar M. , Pospieszny N.

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nr 09

1002-1004

EN

The aim of the investigations was the description of foramen magnum morphology. Fourteen skulls of American Staffordshire terrier pups were examined. The morphology of the foramen magnum was described, its height and width were measured, and the index of the foramen magnum (width/height × 100) was calculated. The height of the skull, maximum width and maximum height of the occipital condyle were also measured. In all the examined skulls the shape of the foramen magnum was regular and ellipsoidal. The average height of the foramen magnum was 5.7 mm, the average width - 6.05 mm. The value of the foramen magnum index was 106.82. The average skull height was 22 mm. The average maximum height of the occipital condyle was 5.33 mm and its average maximum width was 2.85 mm. There were no differences between females and males in all parameters. The shape of the foramen magnum was regular. The occipital condyli were symmetrical.

8

Morphology and morphometry of the nuchal plane of breeding chinchilla [Chinchilla laniger, Molina 1782] skulls allowing for sex and litter size at birth

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Baranowski P. , Wroblewska M. , Wojtas J.

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nr 2

291-298

EN

The aim of the investigation was to determine the effect of sex and litter size at birth on the values of selected metric traits of breeding chinchilla skulls. Eighty-six chinchillas of both sexes, aged 12 months, kept under similar nutrition and care conditions, were used in the study. The skull's weight was determined, as well as 14 craniometrical traits of the braincase and the splanchnocranium. The volume of the rteurocranium and the area of the foramen magnum surface were determined, and the cranial index was estimated. The basic statistical measurements and the simple, parietal, and semi-parietal correlations between selected traits of the nuchal plane were estimated. The sex and litter size at birth were not the source for variations in the traits: A-P, B-P, A-N, N-P, Zyg- Zyg, Eu-Eu. A significant effect (P≤0.01) of sex of the chinchilla on the height of the squama occipitael bone and the foramen magnum index was found. The inherence of the statistical significance in parietal and semi-parietal correlations for the selected nuchal plane of the skull confirms the necessity of making allowances for sex in craniometric research, as well as for litter size at birth in the case of estimating the values of the metric traits in the skulls of animals coming from multiple litters.