Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Kontekstualny charakter wartości ekonomicznej

100%

Herman A.

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tom 37

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nr 4

4-6

EN

The category of the economic value should be considered in different dimensions. The author is presenting the problem of contextualism in economic studies in reference to works of S. Amsterdamski, E. Fromm, T.S. Kuhn, B. Malinowski, R.E. Nisbett, M. Strathern and M. Weber.

PL

Kategoria wartości ekonomicznej powinna być rozważana w różnych wymiarach. Powołując się na prace S. Amsterdamskiego, E. Fromma, T.S. Kuhna, B. Malinowskiego, R.E. Nisbetta, M. Stratherna i M. Webera, autor podejmuje problem kontekstualizmu w naukach ekonomicznych.

2

Kontext a sémantika predikátov

94%

Zouhar M.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2011

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tom 59

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nr 2

187-205

EN

According to contextualism a basic feature of (all) sentences is that their semantic content is not determined purely on the basis of semantic conventions and compositionality. In determining the meaning (use) of a sentence the context of use should also play a role, and that even when the sentence does not include indexical expressions. In this paper there is a critical analysis of the contextualist argumentation in favour of the claim that the meaning of predicates (or rather their use) is dependent on context. It is argued that (i) in many uses the meaning of the predicate is the only factor which determines the corresponding semantic conventions, and that (ii) the context of use usually plays a different role it does not lend extra ingredients to the expressed meaning, but only serves as the background for determining the truth-values of a given use of the sentence.

3

Contextualism and the Use-Mention Distinction

94%

Riegelnik Š.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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2011

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tom 7

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nr 2

281-290

EN

The use-mention distinction is considered as a fundamental concept in the philosophy of language. So it goes without doubt that a comprehensive theory of language has to account for this distinction. In this paper I explore what it means to account for such a distinction and I argue that the main ideas of contextualist theories of language are in conflict with the distinction in question.

4

The Many Uses of Predicates of Taste and the Challenge from Disagreement

83%

Zeman D.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

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2016

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tom 46

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nr 1

79-101

EN

In the debate between contextualism and relativism about predicates of taste, the challenge from disagreement (the objection that contextualism cannot account for disagreement in ordinary exchanges involving such predicates) has played a central role. This paper investigates one way of answering the challenge consisting on appeal to certain, less focused on, uses of predicates of taste. It argues that the said thread is unsatisfactory, in that it downplays certain exchanges that constitute the core disagreement data. Additionally, several arguments to the effect that the exchanges in question don’t amount to disagreement are considered and rejected.

5

Interpretation, Intentions, and Responsibility

83%

Alward P.

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2018

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tom 55 (New Series 11)

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nr 2

135-154

EN

In this paper, I defend a contextualist account of the role of authors’ intentions in interpretation, according to which their role depends on readers’ interpretive interests. In light of a general discussion of intentions and responsibility, I argue that insofar as readers are interested in attributing authorial responsibility for interpretations of fictional works, authors’ intentions need to play a central role in those interpretations. And I investigate the implications of this account for ‘accidental authorship’, cases in which interpretations of a work are neither intended nor reasonably foreseen by the author.

6

Nonindexical Context-Dependence and the Interpretation as Abduction Approach

83%

Rast E.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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2011

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tom 7

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nr 2

259-279

EN

Inclusive nonindexical context-dependence occurs when the preferred interpretation of an utterance implies its lexically-derived meaning. It is argued that the corresponding processes of free or lexically mandated enrichment can be modeled as abductive inference. A form of abduction is implemented in Simple Type Theory on the basis of a notion of plausibility, which is in turn regarded a preference relation over possible worlds. Since a preordering of doxastic alternatives taken for itself only amounts to a relatively vacuous ad hoc model, it needs to be combined with a rational way of learning from new evidence. Lexicographic upgrade is implemented as an example of how an agent might revise his plausibility ordering in light of new evidence. Various examples are given how this apparatus may be used to model the contextual resolution of context-dependent or semantically incomplete utterances. The described form of abduction is limited and merely serves as a proof of concept, but the idea in general has good potential as one among many ways to build a bridge between semantics and pragmatics since inclusive context-dependence is ubiquitous.

7

Knowledge about Our Experience and Distinguishing Between Possibilities

83%

Matuszkiewicz M. , Warszawski U.

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tom 38 (3)

EN

In my article I reconstruct the main threads of Robert Stalnaker’s book Our Knowledge of the Internal World, which focuses on the problem of our epistemic relation to our experience and the relation between experience and knowledge. First, the book proposes an interesting view of externalism, which combines classical externalist claims with a contextualist approach to content ascriptions. The approach accommodates some important internalist intuitions by showing how content ascriptions can be sensitive to the perspective from which a subject perceives the world. Second, Stalnaker proposes a theory of selflocating and phenomenal knowledge, which should be understood in terms of differentiating between real possibilities. The puzzling upshot of this elegant solution is that it commits one to the existence of possibilities accessible only from the first-person perspective. Finally, Stalnaker presents an argument which shows that our knowledge about our phenomenal experience is no more direct than the knowledge about external objects. Stalnaker’s claim that by merely having an experience we don’t learn any new information seems, however, too strict in light of his contextualist approach to content ascriptions.

8

The Context-Sensitivity of Color Adjectives and Folk Intuitions

83%

Ziółkowski A.

Filozofia Nauki

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2021

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tom 29

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nr 2

157-188

EN

In this paper, I report new empirical data on folk semantic intuitions concerning color adjectives in so-called context-shifting experiments. Contextualists present such experiments - that is, they describe different conversational contexts in which a given sentence is uttered - in order to argue that context can shape meaning and truth conditions to such a degree that competent speakers would give opposite truth evaluations of the same sentence in different contexts. The initial findings of Hansen and Chemla (2013) suggest that laypersons’ semantic judgments are sensitive to context in the same way that is predicted by contextualists. In this paper, I focus on context-shifting experiments that involve color adjectives; also, I present experiments that are a partial replication and methodological extension of Hansen and Chemla’s study. One aim of my study was to corroborate these authors’ findings using a bigger sample (total N = 1128), but the main goal was to test the stability of results in different methodological variants of empirical adaptations of context-shifting experiments. This part of the study addresses the issues pointed out in my earlier paper (Ziółkowski 2017), where I argued that certain experimental settings (within-subjects) might bring data that is more favorable to contextualism than other settings (between-subjects). My study compares three different experimental settings: within-subjects (with randomized order of context presentation), between-subjects (where participants evaluating different contexts aredistinct groups), and “contrastive design” (where both contexts are presented side by side on the same screen). My results are highly consistent across the methodological variants I employed, but while they show some of the effects expected by contextualists, it is disputable whether they bring strong support to contextualism with respect to color adjectives.

9

Disagreement about Taste as Disagreement about the Discourse: Problems and Limitations

71%

Karczewska N.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

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2016

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tom 46

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nr 1

103-117

EN

In the present paper I present the metalinguistic solutions to the ‘lost disagreement’ problem proposed (independently) Sundell and Plunkett [2013] and Barker [2012]. I argue that metalinguistic negotiations about taste, even though successful in explaining the intuition of disagreement in a vast number of cases, are not an accurate solution to the disagreement problem in contextualism when it comes to the most paradigmatic case of “tasty”. I also argue against the account of faultless disagreement explained via vagueness of taste predicates [Barker, 2012]. I believe that the notion of faultlessness employed in the discussion of vagueness [Wright, 1994] is a different notion than the one employed in the discussion of taste discourse [Kölbel, 2003].

10

Contextualism, Pragmatics and Definite Descriptions

71%

Vignolo M.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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2011

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tom 7

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nr 2

291-307

EN

Very few philosophers and linguists doubt that definite descriptions have attributive uses and referential uses. The point of disagreement concerns whether the difference in uses is grounded on a difference in meaning. The Ambiguity Theory holds while the Implicature Theory denies that definite descriptions are ambiguous expressions, having an attributive meaning and a referential meaning. Contextualists have attempted to steer between the Ambiguity Theory and the Implicature Theory. I claim that the early contextualist account provided by Recanati and Bezuidehnout based on the idea that definite descriptions are semantically underdetermined and in need of a completion from the contextually available information through an optional top-down pragmatic process suffers from an explanatory gap.

11

Contextualism vs Non-Contextualism in Political Philosophy A Contribution to the Debate on Criticism in the Political Sciences

71%

Świercz P.

Folia Philosophica

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2015

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tom 34

EN

The author’s aim is to analyse the problem of criticism in the context of political sciences, in particular in the context of political philosophy. The issue is considered in the light of two basic epistemological standpoints: contextualism and presentism. These two approaches are often regarded as mutually exclusive; however, the author presents arguments for their possible complementarity and demonstrates that their concurrence is the necessary point of departure for critical attitudes in political philosophy.

12

Sémantická teória a jej nesémantické pozadie: prípad hodnotiacich predikátov

71%

Zouhar M.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2017

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tom 65

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nr 1

59-75

EN

It is sometimes claimed that semantic theories can be assessed as correct in isolation, i.e. regardless of their connections with theories that concern other areas. The present paper offers a counter-example to this thesis that concerns predicates of taste (such as “tasty”, “funny”, “scary”), their semantics and application. It is argued that once one adopts a particular analysis of taste properties that reduces them to relational properties capturing the external stimulation and the recipient’s reaction, the most suitable kind of semantic theory should treat predicates of taste as indexical expressions of a sort. It is further shown that the indexical nature of predicates of taste can be preserved by contextualist theories and violated by relativist theories. It follows that once one opts for a certain analysis of taste properties one should adopt a certain kind of semantic theory.

13

Why I believe in monsters (and you should too)

71%

Colomina-Alminana J.

Forum for Contemporary Issues in Language and Literature

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2022

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nr 3

4-16

EN

According to Kaplan’s bidimensional theory of demonstratives, the descriptive content of any indexical term (and the sentences they appear in) is only employed to determine its reference in any possible world rigidly but cannot be expressed by the sentence’s truth conditions. Kaplan then argues that an indexical sentence’s informativeness depends on what he calls its character, a property of the context that relates a particular context to a concrete content, but it cannot be a part of the proposition the sentence entertains (its content), primarily given the logical inconsistencies the opposite would show in the theory of conditionals and counterfactuals. I agree with Kaplan that indexicals should not be considered disguised descriptions. Nevertheless, I believe that their content is informative and, therefore, part of the proposition these sentences express, even though that implies accepting the existence of content shifting operators within the same context --what Kaplan dubbed monsters. This paper, therefore, presents an alternative account to indexical terms and sentences employing the Interactive Theory introduced in Colomina-Alminana (2022). This approach considers that the meaning of any sentence, the proposition it expresses, depends upon three interrelated factors: the speaker’s intentions when uttering, the audience’s potential uptakes of such statement, and the conventions established by the speech community both speaker and audience belong, or the linguistic interaction takes place. The critical element is the so-called speaker's point of view, an objective perspectival networking background that allows lexical and syntactic mechanisms to trigger and update potential conceptual presuppositional content shared by both speaker and audience and whose existence is prior to any context and circumstances.

14

The Paradigmatic Approach in Political Historiography – Nature and Solutions

71%

Manov B.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia

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2016

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tom 23

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nr 1

EN

The present essay aims to contribute to the contemporary debate on what the most appropriate approach for political historiography is. In it, three approaches are outlined as the most influential and widespread today: philosophico-methodological historicism, contextualism, and the paradigmatic approach. The paradigmatic approach is investigated with respect to its nature, contents and heuristic parameters, and the legitimacy of its application is explained. The defining feature of this approach is that it presents the development of political thought as a progressive three-stage dialectical and logical process of “overcoming” the “outdated” and establishing new paradigms. The implementation of the paradigmatic approach in political historiography allows the coming of new political doctrines to be seen as the expression of the requirements set by the existing political paradigm in a given historical period and not as the effect of chance or divine inspiration.

15

Architektura i krajobraz. W poszukiwaniu relacji

71%

Żurawski K.

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

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2021

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tom nr 36

57--65

PL

Architektury nie należy abstrahować z jej kontekstu. Dom zawsze jest częścią większej całości. Architekt nigdy nie projektuje samego budynku, ale cały krajobraz. Wznosząc nowy budynek permanentnie przekształca jego otoczenie. Dlatego projektanci powinni świadomie, z wrażliwością i empatią, a czasami z odpowiednią stanowczością i przekonaniem budować relację nowego obiektu z otaczającą go przestrzenią, naturą i architekturą. Istotne jest aby tę zależność w swojej istocie rozumieć jako wzajemną i dwukierunkową - nowy budynek wywiera istotny wpływ na otoczenie, ale i otoczenie znacząco wpływa na sposób ukształtowania tegoż. Artykuł jest próbą opisu takiej relacji w oparciu o analizę doświadczeń projektowych autora: pracy w Atelier Zumthor w Szwajcarii oraz we własnej pracowni projektowej w Polsce. W kontekście teoretycznym odnosi się do takich zagadnień jak Krytyczny Regionalizm, kontekstualizm, pojęcia placelessness i krytyki dominacji indywidualizmu.

EN

Architecture should not be abstracted from its context. A house is always a part of a larger whole. An architect never designs a building alone, but the entire landscape. By constructing a new build-ing he permanently transforms its surroundings. That is why designers should consciously, with sensitivity and empathy, and sometimes with appropriate firmness and conviction, build a relationship of a new object with the surrounding space, nature and architecture. It is important to understand this relationship as reciprocal and bidirectional in its essence - a new building has a significant im-pact on its surroundings, but its surroundings also significantly influence the way it is shaped. The paper is an attempt to describe such a relationship based on the analysis of the author’s design experience: working for Atelier Zumthor in Switzerland and in his own design studio in Poland. In the theoretical context, it refers to such issues as Critical Regionalism, contextualism, the notion of placelessness and the critique of the domination of individualism.

16

Two Conceptions of Wittgenstein's Contextualism

71%

Dobler T.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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2011

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tom 7

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nr 2

189-204

EN

How should we understand Wittgenstein's proposals that "the meaning of a word is its use in the language" (Wittgenstein 1953, §43) and that a name only has a meaning in a language-game (ibid. §49)? Are they incompatible with occasion-invariant semantics? In this paper I present two leading interpretations of Wittgenstein's contextualism: James Conant's meaning-eliminativism (ME) and Charles Travis's meaning-underdetermination (MU). I argue that, even though these two interpretations are very similar, the latter gives a more nuanced account of Wittgenstein's contextualism which does not involve a commitment to the claim that words have no meaning outside immediate contexts of use.

17

The Liar, Contextualism, and the Stalnakerian View of Context

71%

Rudnicki J.

Studia Semiotyczne

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2019

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tom 33

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nr 1

PL

My aim in this paper is to amend the Stalnakerian view of context in such a way that it can allow for an adequate treatment of a contextualist position regarding the Liar Paradox. I discuss Glanzberg’s contextualism and the reason why his position cannot be encompassed by the Stalnakerian view, as it is normally construed. Finally, I introduce the phenomenon I call “semantic dissonance”, followed by a mechanism accommodating the Stalnakerian view to the demands of Glanzberg’s contextualism.

18

Wybrane odpowiedzi na argument sceptyczny

59%

Ebner M.

Internetowy Magazyn Filozoficzny Hybris

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2019

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nr 44 (1)

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie różnych prób wyjaśnienia, dlaczego argumenty sceptyczne mają dużą siłę przekonywania, a przy tym ich konkluzja wydaje się niemożliwa do przyjęcia. Zaproponuję przy tym własną diagnozę takiego stanu rzeczy, która odwołuje się do wyników badań w ramach filozofii eksperymentalnej wskazujących na istnienie takiego rodzaju wiedzy, która nie pociąga za sobą odpowiedniego przekonania.

EN

The aim of this paper is to present various answers to the skeptical argument and propose an alternative solution. Suggested solution refers to the results of empirical research which lead to abandonment of entailment thesis concerning knowledge. My answer is contextualist inasmuch as it recognizes the existence of different concepts of knowledge. The applicability of these concepts depends on the situation; in a skeptical context the concept of knowledge is not accompanied by appropriate belief, and in ordinary contexts knowledge requires a belief of specific content.

19

Contextualism as a contemporary architectural design philosophy. The issue of the role of the architect based on examples of public buildings in Krakow

59%

Białkiewicz J. J.

Architectus

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2022

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nr 3 (71)

49-58

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane przykłady powstałych w latach 2000–2016 krakowskich budynków użyteczności publicznej, które zyskały uznanie wśród społeczności i w środowisku architektów. Są to ośrodki kulturalne: Małopolski Ogród Sztuki, Ośrodek Dokumentacji Sztuki T. Kantora Cricoteka, Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej MOCAK, Pawilon Józefa Czapskiego, Muzeum Lotnictwa Polskiego. Cechą łączącą wszystkie opisane budynki jest kontekstualna filozofia projektowania, która zakłada potraktowanie uwarunkowań wynikających z kontekstu miejsca (m.in. ochrona prawna zabudowań zabytkowych i terenów historycznych) w kategorii nie ograniczeń, lecz inspiracji dla architektonicznej idei. Nawiązanie do kontekstu miejsca odbywa się na wielu płaszczyznach, od najbardziej dosłownych do metaforycznych, zarówno w sferze formy, jak i przekazu symbolicznego. Dzięki zastosowaniu filozofii kontekstualnej powstają obiekty wartościowe jako współczesny wkład w przestrzeń miasta i respektujące jej historyczny charakter oraz genius loci. Tego rodzaju architektura jest w obecnych czasach najlepszym rozwiązaniem dla organizmów miejskich o szczególnie bogatej tkance zabytkowej, takich jak Kraków.

EN

The paper presents the selected examples of public buildings in Krakow, constructed between 2000–2016, which gained recognition from both local community and the architectural society. These are cultural facilities: Małopolska Garden of Arts, Centre for the Documentation of the Art of Tadeusz Kantor Cricoteka, MOCAK Museum of Contemporary Art, Józef Czapski Pavilion, and Polish Aviation Museum. The common feature for all the described buildings is the contextual philosophy of designing. According to this philosophy, the context of place and the conditions deriving from it (including legal protection of historic buildings and areas) are perceived not as limitations but the source of inspiration for an architectural idea. The new building can be context-dependent on many levels, from the most literal to the metaphorical ones, both within the area of architectural form and the symbolic meanings. Thanks to the use of contextual architectural philosophy, the new buildings are raised both valuable as a contemporary contribution to the urban space and also respecting its historical character and genius loci. Contextual architecture is thus the best solution for urban spaces nowadays, especially within the historic cities with numbers of monuments protected by law, such as Krakow.

20

Wybrane odpowiedzi na argument sceptyczny

59%

Ebner M.

Internetowy Magazyn Filozoficzny Hybris

|

2019

|

tom 44

|

nr 1

105-116

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie różnych prób wyjaśnienia, dlaczego argumenty sceptyczne mają dużą siłę przekonywania, a przy tym ich konkluzja wydaje się niemożliwa do przyjęcia. Zaproponuję przy tym własną diagnozę takiego stanu rzeczy, która odwołuje się do wyników badań w ramach filozofii eksperymentalnej wskazujących na istnienie takiego rodzaju wiedzy, która nie pociąga za sobą odpowiedniego przekonania.

EN

The aim of this paper is to present various answers to the skeptical argument and propose an alternative solution. Suggested solution refers to the results of empirical research which lead to abandonment of entailment thesis concerning knowledge. My answer is contextualist inasmuch as it recognizes the existence of different concepts of knowledge. The applicability of these concepts depends on the situation; in a skeptical context the concept of knowledge is not accompanied by appropriate belief, and in ordinary contexts knowledge requires a belief of specific content.