Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Glosa do postanowień Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w sprawach Grimmark vs. Szwecja oraz Steen vs. Szwecja z dnia 11 lutego 2020 r. – sprzeciw sumienia położnych

100%

Nawrot O.

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nr 1(168)

199-216

EN

The commented decisions concern the issue of freedom of conscience in the midwifery profession and the possibility of its restriction by the state in connection with the need to ensure access to health care for pregnant women, in particular those choosing to terminate their pregnancy. The European Court of Human Rights, breaking with the previous line of jurisprudence, ruled that where the possibility of termination of pregnancy is provided for by national law and implemented within the framework of the health care system, a person intending to exercise the profession of midwife, which entails, inter alia, the obligation to participate in abortion procedures, cannot exempt herself from this obligation on the grounds of conscientious objection. The author disagrees with the position of the Court and with the reasoning presented by it, which led it to declare the complaints as manifestly unfounded.

2

The Conscience Clause of Service Providers from the Perspective of Legal Security

88%

Potrzeszcz J.

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nr 1

245-257

EN

This paper discusses the issue of legal applicability of the conscience clause with respect to service providers. In the Polish legal order, at the statutory level, currently there are no provisions regarding the conscience clause of service providers. When assessing the issue from the perspective of legal security, the implementation of the abovementioned legal provisions into the Polish legal system appears to be a priority, since it would significantly improve the legal security of both service providers and service recipients.

3

Amendment to the rights and obligations of a journalist in act: press law from the perspective of conscience clause

88%

Sobczak J. , Golda-Sobczak M.

Ius Novum

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2023

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tom 17

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nr 3 ENG

95-116

PL

The conscience clause, sometimes also referred to as the right to conscientious objection, is based on the possibility of refusing to comply with a binding legal norm due to its non-conformity with the indications of conscience of the person who invokes its content. Commonly derived, especially in Poland, from Article 53 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, this clause initially applied to physicians’ actions. It was also suggested that this clause could form the basis for conscientious objection to an abortion procedure. Drawing on Article 10(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and emphasising the differences in the wording of this provision in different language versions, the article argues that such interpretation of the conscience clause is too narrow and poor. Attention is drawn to the amendments made to the wording of Article 10(2) of the Press Law, where the legislator replaced the journalist’s obligation to follow the editorial policy with the right to refuse to carry out an official order if the journalist believed that they were expected to publish a material that would violate the principles of reliability, objectivity and professional diligence. This solution undoubtedly constitutes the approval of the broadly understood conscience clause explicitly formulated in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The content of Article 10(2) of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights allows for conscientious objection to apply to actions of the representatives across all professions.

4

Ponownie o adekwatnej definicji kłamstwa

88%

Jadacki J.

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nr 65

153-158

EN

The paper discusses some questions arising on the margins of the article Does Polish law guarantee the conscience clause for physicians? by Father Andrzej Szostek. The author of the paper indicates essential doubts as to the scope of the validity of norms and their limiting clauses even if these norms and clauses are formulated very generally. These doubts concern, in particular, the method of establishing operational definitions for notions that come here into play.

5

Ethical Aspects of the Conscience Clause in Polish Medical Law

75%

Czekajewska J.

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nr 4(122)

206-220

EN

In Polish medical law, the conscience clause is understood as both a moral and legal norm which gives consent to selected medical professions (doctors, nurses, midwives, and laboratory technicians) to withdraw certain activities due to ethical objections. The explanation given for the conscience clause is not sufficient. There is no detailed information on the difference between compulsory and authorized benefits and the conditions for resignation from medical treatment. These problems not only lead to interpretational errors, but also to the abuse of law. Medical attorneys, among others, Andrzej Zoll, Mirosław Nesterowicz, Leszek Bosek and Eleonora Zielińska, present different opinions on the understanding of refusal to perform health care services by health care workers, and the lack of agreement leads to conflicts. In this article, I compare the views of ethicists and lawyers on the conscience clause. I present differences in the interpretation of medical law, and to all considerations I add my own opinion.

6

Therapeutic Overzealousness. A Debate on Criteria for Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment

71%

Machinek M.

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nr 2

PL

Greater human longevity is one of the biggest achievements of medicine. Timely medical interventions save countless human lives. But some of them, especially those undertaken in the face of imminent death, often generate serious ethical dilemmas. After reaching a certain critical point, the otherwise welcomed and blessed possibilities of prolonging life sometimes degenerate into a painful prolongation of dying. A spontaneous moral intuition, as well as a more balanced, careful ethical reflection – for which human life constitutes the highest value – permits withdrawal of ineffective therapy. But just what are the criteria for making that crucial decision to terminate a medical therapy? How does one define them? The article opens with the overview of terminology applied to medical interventions that fall into the category of inadequate treatment, both from the perspective of medical futility (futile treatment), the standpoint of the physician (overzealous treatment) and the actual suffering of the patient (burdensome treatment). It then examines the criteria for the termination of treatment, among which the prognosis of imminent death and disagreements over the extent of the basic medical care play crucial roles. The final parts of the article focus on some additional, though by no means less important, issues relating to end of life, like the truth at the sickbed, patient’s advance decision concerning the extent of medical interventions he is willing to accept and the physician’s conscience clause.

7

Aspekty etyczno-prawne sporu o klauzulę sumienia we Włoszech w latach 2014-2015

63%

Kobyliński A.

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nr 3

25-48

EN

The main aim of this article is to outline a global panorama of respecting fundamental human right to freedom of conscience and the presentation of the discussion on conscientious objection in the Italian health service. The conscience clause is born of the conviction that freedom of individual conscience takes precedence over the provisions of state law. Its deepest justification is the freedom and dignity of the human person. Today there are in many countries all kinds of attempts to reduce or completely negate the conscience clause. It seems that the current dispute about the principle of conscientious objection should be seen as one of the manifestations of contemporary cultural and ideological war.

8

Klauzula sumienia w szkole

63%

Zadykowicz T.

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tom 14

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nr 2

EN

Discussion of the conscience clause at schools concerns the possibility to refuse the teacher’s actions incompatible with his conscience. This possibility, though questioned by many as unlawful, results from Polish legislation and international law. It is a consequence of freedom of conscience guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and a number of international and national legal acts. There are many situations in which reveals the conflict between the duty of performing a given program or command of educational authorities and their own convictions. They concern mainly the same vision of the school and its functions, school programs and the underlying concept of the human being and interpersonal relationships at the level of professional work of the teacher. In all these situations, the teacher should be a person of conscience, i.e. to follow his voice, which sometimes means opposition to the content of curricula and textbooks, orders of superiors or the prevailing customs.

9

Ethical and Legal Aspects of the Dispute Over the Legalization of Assisted Suicide in Italy in 2017-2022

63%

Kobyliński A.

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nr 1

23-33

PL

Głównym celem dociekań podjętych w tym opracowaniu jest syntetyczna prezentacja najważniejszych etapów sporu o legalizację wspomaganego samobójstwa we Włoszech oraz analiza wybranych aspektów etyczno-prawnych tego zagadnienia. Wspomagane samobójstwo to pomoc medyczna i administracyjna udzielana osobie, która zdecydowała się na samodzielne skrócenie własnego życia. Różni się ono od bezpośredniej eutanazji tym, że ostatecznego aktu odebrania sobie życia, samodzielnego i dobrowolnego podania niezbędnych substancji, dokonuje w całości sam pacjent, a nie osoby trzecie. W 2017 r. we Włoszech została wprowadzona instytucja testamentu życia, która umożliwia składanie oświadczenia woli na wypadek utraty w przyszłości świadomości i zdolności do podjęcia decyzji dotyczącej leczenia i ratowania własnego życia. Natomiast w 2019 r. Trybunał Konstytucyjny zobowiązał parlament do przygotowania ustawy regulującej przerywanie życia na życzenie. W marcu 2022 r. odpowiednie przepisy zostały przegłosowane w Izbie Deputowanych. Następnie zostały one przekazane do Senatu. Ostatecznie nie uchwalono tej ustawy, ponieważ w lipcu 2022 r. doszło we Włoszech do upadku rządu i rozwiązania parlamentu. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że włoski spór etyczno-prawny dotyczący legalizacji wspomaganego samobójstwa jest ważnym elementem współczesnej debaty o charakterze globalnym, dotyczącej m.in. etyki medycznej, wartości i jakości życia ludzkiego, klauzuli sumienia, etycznych aspektów cierpienia i śmierci.

EN

The main purpose of the study undertaken in this paper is a synthetic presentation of the major stages of the dispute over the legalization of assisted suicide in Italy as well as an analysis of selected ethical and legal aspects related to this issue. Assisted suicide is medical and administrative aid provided to a person who has decided to take their own life. It differs from direct euthanasia in the fact that the final act of taking one’s own life, involving deliberate administration of the necessary substances is performed entirely by the patient themself without interference of any third parties. In 2017, the institution of the living will was introduced in Italy, which allows to make a declaration of intent for potential future loss of consciousness and ability to make decisions regarding one’s treatment and saving one’s life. In 2019, the Constitutional Court obliged the parliament to draft a law regulating the termination of life on request. In March 2022, the relevant provisions were voted in the Chamber of Deputies. They were then forwarded to the Senate. Ultimately, this bill was not passed, due to the collapse of the government in July 2022 and the dissolution of the parliament. The conducted analyses showed that the Italian ethical and legal dispute regarding the legalization of assisted suicide is an important element of the contemporary global debate, concerning, among others, medical ethics, value and quality of human life, conscience clause, ethical aspects of suffering and death.

10

Problematyka klauzuli sumienia w polityce i prawie Meksykańskich Stanów Zjednoczonych

63%

Bar W.

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tom 5

48-59

EN

In general, law of the Mexican United States does not guarantee the possibility of going by own conscience in many cases, which from nature can cause the objection; often obligates under threat of sanctions, deprivation of some rights. Basic for the restrictive trend are: art. 130 of the Constitution and art. 1 and 29 § 2 of Law of the religious associations and public worship (Ley de Asociaciones Religiosas y Culto Público) in which it is said, that religious beliefs do not release from applying domestic law under no circumstances and nobody will be competent to show religious reasons to evasion from responsibility and duties prescribed by law. Issue of the conscience clause has not been solved. Changes which took place in recent years in that topic, have very limited range. Issue of the conscience clause is more often present in a court practice.

PL

Generalnie prawo Meksykańskich Stanów Zjednoczonych nie gwarantuje możliwości kierowania się własnym sumieniem w wielu sprawach, które z natury rzeczy mogą wywołać jego sprzeciw; zobowiązuje zaś często pod groźbą sankcji, pozbawienia pewnych uprawnień. Podstawą do restrykcyjnego nurtu są: art. 130 Konstytucji oraz art. l i 29 par. 2 Ustawy o stowarzyszeniach religijnych i kulcie publicznym (Ley de Asociaciones Religiosas y Culto Público), w których stwierdzono, że przekonania religijne w żadnym przypadku nie zwalniają od wypełnienia ustaw krajowych oraz że nikt nie będzie mógł wskazywać motywów religijnych, aby uwolnić się od odpowiedzialności i obowiązków przewidzianych w ustawach. Problem klauzuli sumienia pozostaje nierozwiązany. Zmiany, które nastąpiły w ostatnich latach w tej materii mają bardzo ograniczony zakres. Problematyka klauzuli sumienia jest częściej obecna w porządku praktyki prawniczej.

11

The Problem of the Conscience Clause of Healthcare Professionals in Italy in the Years 2017-2020

63%

Kobyliński A.

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tom 18

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nr 3

37-46

RU

The main goal of the article is to analyse the key elements of the living will in Italy and present the dispute regarding the understanding of the conscience clause of healthcare professionals. In the country on the Tiber, a law on the living will was passed in 2017. A living will consists in the anticipatory expression of ‘will’, by an adult or legal guardian acting in full possession of their mental faculties, concerning the possible administration or discontinuation of certain medical therapies in the future. The conscience clause, on the other hand, means the right to refuse to take such actions, which a particular person considers to be contrary to their personal convictions. The Italian law on the living will does not contain a provision on the conscience clause. For this reason, an ethical and legal problem arose for healthcare professionals, who refused to comply with the wishes of their patients for moral or religious reasons, for example by discontinuing artificial hydration or nutrition, thus, leading to the patient’s death. The ethical and legal dispute in Italy is part of a contemporary global debate on conscience clauses, euthanasia, assisted suicide, human rights, and the dignity of human life. Analyses have shown that healthcare professionals should be guaranteed the right, not to perform such medical procedures, which are contrary to their moral and religious convictions.

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza najważniejszych elementów testamentu życia we Włoszech oraz prezentacja sporu dotyczącego klauzuli sumienia pracowników służby zdrowia. W kraju nad Tybrem ustawa dotycząca testamentu życia została uchwalona w 2017 r. Testament życia polega na antycypującym wyrażeniu woli przez osobę pełnoletnią lub opiekuna prawnego, dokonanym w warunkach pełnej przytomności umysłowej, dotyczącym ewentualnego podjęcia lub zaniechania w przyszłości różnego rodzaju terapii medycznych. Z kolei klauzula sumienia oznacza prawo do odmowy podjęcia tych działań, które konkretny człowiek uznaje za niezgodne z własnymi przekonaniami światopoglądowymi. Włoska ustawa o testamencie życia nie zawiera zapisu o klauzuli sumienia. Z tego powodu powstał problem etyczno-prawny dotyczący personelu medycznego, który z racji moralnych czy religijnych nie chce spełniać życzenia pacjentów, aby zaprzestać m.in. sztucznego nawadniania i karmienia, doprowadzając w ten sposób do ich śmierci. Włoski spór etyczno-prawny stanowi część współczesnej debaty o charakterze globalnym, dotyczącej klauzuli sumienia, eutanazji, samobójstwa wspomaganego, praw człowieka i godności życia ludzkiego. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że pracownicy służby zdrowia powinni mieć zagwarantowane prawo do niepodejmowania tych zabiegów medycznych, które są sprzeczne z ich przekonaniami moralnymi i religijnymi.

12

Prawo farmaceuty do sprzeciwu sumienia w świetle obowiązujących regulacji prawnych

44%

Drozd M.

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tom 16

267-280

PL

W pracy przedstawiono ogólną sytuację prawną i faktyczną dotyczącą prawa farmaceuty do sprzeciwu sumienia. Poruszany problem budzi w Polsce wiele kontrowersji i spotyka się z żywą dyskusją. Zwolennicy klauzuli sumienia powołują się na prawo do wolności sumienia oraz postępowania zgodnie z nim, zaś przeciwnicy podnoszą problem naruszenia praw pacjenta. W niniejszym artykule omówione zostały polskie przepisy prawne regulujące pracę farmaceuty oraz procedurę wydawania leków z apteki. Porównawczo przedstawiono także przykłady postępowania w sprawie klauzuli sumienia we Francji i Włoszech. Akty prawne oraz przykłady z innych krajów zostały poddane analizie w kontekście wysuwanych postulatów wprowadzenia do prawa polskiego klauzuli sumienia dla farmaceutów.

EN

The paper presents a general legal and factual situation on applicable law pharmacists to conscientious objection. Issue addressed in Poland arouses a lot of controversy and meets with a lively discussion. Supporters of conscience clause invoke the right to freedom of conscience and act in accordance with him, while opponents raise the issue of patients' rights violations. This article discusses the Polish legislation governing the work pharmacists and dispensing process from the pharmacy. Comparatively also presented examples of conduct on the conscience clause in France and Italy. Legislation and examples from other countries have been analyzed in the context of the introduction of postulates conscience clause for pharmacists to Polish law.