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EN
Statutory provisions regulating the functioning of local government do not include a prohibition regarding assuming the function of a member of an audit committee by a person married to a person holding the function of a head of commune, mayor, starost (head of a district board) or marshal of a voivodeship. Main regulations concerning counteracting conflicts of interest in a local government unit concern the prohibition of combining public functions, restrictions on taking up economic or commercial activities outside the sphere of public administration and exclusion of a councillor from voting, if a vote concerns his legal interest.
EN
At the core of preventing and managing conflicts of interest are a set of principles that underlie the functioning of a democratic state and service of its citizens. Thus, principles such as transparency and impartiality in decision-making, the integrity of officials and keeping in mind the best interest of potential public during the decision-making, public confidence and increase his confidence in the government, form the basis of identifying policies and management of conflicts of interess or civil servants. Albanian law to prevent conflicts of interest is a law in its entirety, permeated by a spirit of somewhat stringent restrictions on civil servants. Such limitations have been given as the need to secure a decision as fair and impartial in the public interest, and the current state of the low level of public trust and confidence in the integrity of government institutions. The policy followed for identifying and managing conflicts of interest can be analyzed by doing, at first, a distinction between direct action policies in the field of conflict of interest (which are intended to prevent potential situations of conflict of interest through the specific regulatory provisions as laws and regulations) - and indirect action policies (aimed at preventing these situations by organizing public administration reform). In the context of direct action policies should distinguish between: cases in which the legislator has aimed to identify the ex - ante (before that happens) situations which could lead to conflicts of interest and cases or decisions designed to determine the important rules and non-specific prevention clause requiring verification on a case by case ex - post (as is) in order to decide whether an individual case is inconsistent with the general framework legislative described above (ie the ex-ante). Indirect action policies intended to prevent situations of conflict of interest by reforming the organizational structure of Public Administration and designed to create favorable conditions to prevent civil servants, recruited by the political institutions “to invade” the area in which administrative discretion is exercised.
3
Content available Professional Responsibility and Conflict of Interest
88%
EN
When conflicts of interests arise for the professional, s/he should be aided in their resolution by a long-standing body of knowledge called ethics. Ethics provides an array of concepts, vocabulary, and strategies to aid in both the understanding and the resolution of such challenges. Central here are two concepts, viz. responsibility and conflict of interest. Responsibility emerges incrementally from a person’s knowledge, freedom, and deliberation. Conflicts of interest are either simple or complex: simple, when a principle conflicts with human wants; complex, when two or more principles are mutually inconsistent. An analysis of these two concepts leads us to the claim that a professional, to remain such, even while embracing an ever-expanding burden of responsibility, needs a conceptual framework for resolving conflicts of interest.
4
Content available remote Perspektywa konfliktu interesów a problem ryzyka działalności ubezpieczeniowej
63%
PL
Artykuł stanowi przyczynek do uporządkowania i rozbudowy wiedzy w zakresie decyzji o podejmowaniu ryzyka przez zakład ubezpieczeń w warunkach sprzeczności celów interesariuszy zakładu, co stanowi nową perspektywę spojrzenia na ryzyko zakładu ubezpieczeń w literaturze polskiej. Opracowanie przedstawia syntetycznie rezultaty podejmowania ryzyka związanego z poziomem funduszu ubezpieczeniowego oraz ryzyka inwestycyjnego dla trzech wiodących grup interesariuszy: akcjonariuszy zakładu, menedżerów oraz ubezpieczonych. W artykule naświetlono konflikt interesów związany z asymetrią rozkładu korzyści i kosztów płynących z podejmowania ryzyka, możliwości wpływania przez interesariuszy na decyzje zakładu oraz rolę wymogów kapitałowych w redukcji tej asymetrii. Opracowanie jest oparte na analizie literatury światowej i porządkuje dorobek dyskusji naukowej w tym obszarze
EN
The problem of insurance companies’ risk-taking is well known. However it is rarely deliberated in the context of conflict of interest. Such a context creates a well-grounded perspective for detecting factors which influence insurance companies’ risk-taking. Such factors should be taken under consideration not only in insurance company management but in designing regulations for the insurance sector as well. In the article international literature is presented and systemized. The article deliberates asymmetry of cost and benefits incurred by the main stakeholders of an insurance company. The capacity of stakeholders to influence company risk-taking is also presented. Additionally, capital requirements are described as a means to protect the weakest stakeholders – the insured. The article is a preliminary study which may lead to future research in the field of corporate governance and market discipline within the insurance sector.
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