Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Confiscating Property as a Criminal Law Measure

100%

Martynenko N. , Martynenko E.

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2011

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tom 3(1)

241-246

EN

The article presents the evaluation of criminal law provisions on the property confiscation as another measure of criminal law. An insufficient study in abolishing the regulations of property confiscation led to the situation when the Russian Federation violated several international agreements by which it is obliged to apply the forfeiture of property to persons who have committed crimes of various types. Over the last twenty years, confiscation was again and again subjected changes and amendments, which indicates a lack of elaboration of the provisions on confiscation, and the problems that arose due to this in law enforcement.The authors represent various types of this punishment: the confiscation as “another measure” of criminal law, the confiscation as a form of punishment, and a special confiscation (forfeiture of guns, equipment or other instrumentalities of crime).A positive aspect of confiscation, the authors consider to be the possibility to confiscate not only money, valuables and other property obtained as a result of confiscatory crimes, but also money, valuables and other property in which property and income gained from this property have been partially or completely transformed or converted. This provision was enshrined in the criminal law for the first time and fully complies with the regulations embodied in the Conventions mentioned in the article.In particular, it is concluded that the restoration of confiscation in Criminal Code is a positive step as it allows to deal effectively with crime, especially in its organized forms. However, the existing regulations of confiscation are not without some drawbacks.

2

The Concept of Financial Investigation in the Polish and International Specialist Literature

100%

Wiciak K. , Starzynski P.

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2010

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tom 2(2)

161-172

EN

Law enforcement and the Judiciary face a very difficult task of countering crime and its consequences. Crime-busting methods are continuously perfected by introducing new legal instruments and by amending the existing ones as well as by implementing system changes in the structures of the law enforcement system. The mechanism of that continuous change attained a particular importance since Poland joined the European Union and has become an acting part in the process of pan-European unifying of the criminal procedure; a process that forced rapid and uniform regulatory changes in all EU Member States. Adopting common European regulations of the property freezing procedure is a part of that unifying process. In that capacity Poland is obligated to implement the relevant EU framework decisions. Consequently, Poland and other EU Member States are required to take up effective measures to deprive criminals and organized crime groups of their financial resources.Poland acted accordingly by changing the existing regulations and by introducing new ones in the area of freezing property, recognising and executing international freezing orders. EU Member States adopted different regulations in that area, conform to their existing national legal systems and the law enforcement praxis, a liberty allowed by the Framework Decision of 2007 providing for setting up of the Asset Recovery Offices. However, to unify law enforcement procedures the European Commission and some Member States introduced the concept of financial investigation that would comprehensively describe all activities aimed at depriving criminals from their financial resources.The authors have taken an attempt at describing the concept of financial investigation, its scope and objectives, and have presented selected aspects of the pan-European unification of the asset freezing procedure expounding on the examples of the Member States.

3

Criminal Law Determinants for Depriving Offenders of Objects and Benefits Obtained from Crime

100%

Karazniewicz J.

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2011

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tom 3(2)

169-180

EN

Deprive offenders of the benefits they obtained from crime is a particularly important instrument in the system of fight against organized crime. Confiscation of crime obtained assets fulfills important role not only as a form of repression, but also as a factor preventing the development of criminal activities. The Polish Penal Code of 1997 introduced forfeiture, which can be ordered either as a punitive measure or precautionary measure. Its scope specified in Articles 44 and 45 of Polish Penal Code is wide. It includes both the seizure of objects and proceeds from crime. The forfeiture of items can be ordered to the items directly obtained from crime, objects that helped or were designed to help in committing the crime, and objects whose manufacture, possession, trade, transmission, transfer or transport is prohibited. In terms of material profits, mandatory forfeit is ordered for both gains obtained directly from crime, as well as for those which the offender obtained indirectly. Given the difficulties of proof associated with showing that the property belonging to the offender has been obtained in connection with a criminal offence, the Polish legislator decided to introduce legal presumptions relating to the sourcing of property belonging to the offender. The burden of proving that the property belonging to the offender has been obtained by them legally lies with the person concerned. Similar approach is used if the circumstances indicate high probability of transfer by the perpetrator of their assets onto another person, legal entity, or agency without corporate status. In both cases the authorities are exempt from the obligation to prove that the property was obtained illegally, and the burden of proof lies with the perpetrator or any other entity concerned. It seems that such arrangements allow for effective carrying out of the tasks by the state authorities to deprive offenders of crime related property.

4

Ochrona zamków, pałaców i innych szlacheckich założeń rezydencjonalnych w Czechach w latach 1918-2015. Problem nacjonalizacji i restytucji

75%

Kocowska-Siekierka E.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2015

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nr 3(356)

51-69

EN

The article takes up the issue of the development of various state institutions which were implemented in order to protect historical castles and chateaux in Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic after the year 1918, due to the confiscation of property. It describes the transformation of regulations governing the right of ownership, associated with historical and political events, which had a significant influence on the status of residential buildings - nationalization processes after both World Wars, the impact of the communist doctrine and the privatization and restitution after 1989. The current state of preservation and functioning of the most representative residences, as places open and available to the public, has to do with administration policy - pursued in the present form after divesting original owners their objects. It has an impact on the modern social perception of the current functions which these residences are supposed to perform as a consequence of transfers of ownership after 1989. The statement is intended to illustrate the process of the development of a strategy for the protection and administration of residences, launched after 1918, by presenting phenomena in both contexts - legal and political, as well as by showing the historical and social aspects of the process.

5

Model termodynamiczny do wyznaczania minimalnego ciśnienia mieszania MMP (minimum miscibility pressure) układu CO2-ropa naftowa

51%

Habera Ł.

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2012

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tom R. 68, nr 11

810-816

PL

Minimalne ciśnienie mieszania (MMP) jest kluczowym parametrem procesu zatłaczania dwutlenku węgla do złóż węglowodorów. W sensie fizycznym stanowi poziom graniczny ciśnienia, przy którym następuje pełne zmieszanie płynów zatłaczanego i wypieranego, a wartość współczynnika sczerpania węglowodorów osiąga wysoki poziom. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje nowy model analityczny służący do wyznaczania MMP w oparciu o obliczony współczynnik sczerpania złoża RF (recovery factor) oraz długość linii kompozycyjnych wieloskładnikowego układu CO2-ropa naftowa. Algorytm obliczeń termodynamicznych odzwierciedla przebieg testu frontalnego wypierania ropy naftowej dwutlenkiem węgla na fizycznym modelu złoża typu slim tube. W przedstawionym modelu złoże węglowodorów reprezentowane jest przez serię 100 wirtualnych komórek, a obliczenia równowagowe i transferowe realizowane są za pomocą równania stanu Soavego-Redlicha-Kwonga.

EN

Minimum miscibility pressure MMP is a critical parameter related with the carbon dioxide injection process. In the physical sense it is the lowest pressure required to achieve the full mixing state of injected and displaced fluids. At MMP the hydrocarbon recovery factor achieves a very high level. This article presents a new analytical model for MMP determination based on the calculated recovery factor (RF) and the tie-line length estimation of CO2-crude oil system. Thermodynamic calculation algorithm reflects the process of frontal displacement of crude oil by carbon dioxide on the physical model of the reservoir well-known as a Slim Tube Test. In the model presented, the deposit is represented by a series of 100 virtual mixing-cells and the calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium and components transfer from cell to cell are carried out by use of the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state.

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K proměnám koncepce vlastnického práva od rakouských ústav do současnosti

51%

Horák O.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2017

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tom 156

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nr 12

1109-1123

EN

The paper deals with the changes of the notion and protection of the ownership in the Czech lands from the 19th century till the present day, especially with the issue of inviolability,inseparability and object of ownership. From the historical legal perspective two questions will be analyzed: 1) How the ownership changed during the last 200 years and towards what it is heading? 2) Is it possible and appropriate to speak about “inviolability” of ownership?We can summarize that the development oscillated between the “user” and the “power” concept of ownership (user concept was determining till the middle of the 19th century and from the 50s to the 90s of the 20th century), and that „inviolability“ can only relate to property tied to personal sphere of the owner.

CS

Příspěvek je věnován proměnám pojmu a ochrany vlastnictví v českých zemích od 19. století do současnosti, zejména problematice nedílnosti, nedotknutelnosti a předmětu vlastnického práva. Z historicko- právní perspektivy budou promýšleny dvě provázané otázky: 1) Jak se za posledních dvě stě let vlastnická úprava vyvíjela a kam směřuje? 2) Je možné a vhodné mluvit o „nedotknutelnosti“ vlastnictví? Můžeme shrnout, že vývoj osciloval mezi „uživatelskou“ a „mocenskou“ koncepcí vlastnictví (uživatelský přístup byl určující do poloviny 19. století a od 50. do 90. let 20. století) a že „nedotknutelnost“ můžeme vztáhnout pouze k majetku vázanému na osobní sféru vlastníka.