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On so-called "conjunctions" in English

100%

Anderson J. M.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

2013

tom 49

21-77

I explore here the status of those expressions in English traditionally labelled "conjunctions", as seen from the perspective of notional grammar (see particularly Anderson 2006, 2011). Among "subordinating conjunctions", which subordinate sentential structures to lower-ranking constructions, I distinguish between those that introduce a non-locative argument of the superordinate clause and those which introduce a locative, typically a circumstantial. The former subordinate conjunctions belong to a category that is optionally realized independently as that. The latter involve in addition a superordinate locative structure, possibly abstract, that specifies the kind of circumstance or participation attributed to the subordinate clause. Other varieties of sentential subordination complicate this picture. As concerns "coordinating conjunctions", "simple coordination" is achieved by a category, realized centrally by and or or, that, prototypically, simultaneously modifies and takes as a complement instances of the same other category; the "conjunction", thus, contrary to the prevailing view, involves subordination of both the conjunction and the second instance of the "conjoined category". "Correlative coordination", exemplified by either ... or, involving a quantifier and a conjunction, is again subordinating.

The complementizer "say" in Nigerian Pidgin English – traces of language-internal processes or areal features?

100%

Frąckiewicz O.

nr 50

83-100

The paper presents the use of the complementizer say in various types of sentence structures of Nigerian Pidgin English. The data comes from the contemporary language in its written form and is based mostly on transcriptions of Wazobia FM on-air broadcasts as well as its Facebook fan page. The analysis of clausal examples enables us to claim that the differentiation of structures in which say is used in Nigerian Pidgin English is a result of grammaticalization which is an internal-language process but one that is strongly influenced by the conceptual patterns of introducing the complement phrase in substrate languages.

Against the identity of complementizers and (demonstrative) pronouns

100%

Franco L.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

2012

tom 48

565-596

In this work I will provide direct evidence against the identity of relative pronouns and complementizers/subordinators – proposed in recent works (Kayne 2010b) within the generative paradigm – with the aid of (diachronic and synchronic) data from Akkadian (an extinct Semitic language of Mesopotamia), Sogdian (an extinct Middle Iranian language), Germanic languages, Eastern and Western Iranian languages and Creoles. I will also show that the mismatch of relative (demonstrative) pronoun and complementizers does not weaken a proposal of a unified syntactic structure underlying the two clause-linkage phenomena of complementation and relativization. I will try to demonstrate that subordinate clauses (relative and complement clauses) are headed by light nouns/pro-nouns acting as "bridges of features" between matrix and dependent clauses. In particu-lar the simultaneous presence of demonstratives / relative pronouns and complementizers signalling clauses' edges in many languages is the primary evidence that (light) nom-inal elements are possibly required to trigger phenomena of clause linkage.