Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Pôvod bihorských slovákov z hľadiska kritickej analýzy diela Grigoreho Benedeka : (Jazykový a historický kontext)

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Cigáň J.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

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2013

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tom 100

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nr 2

173-182

EN

Large migratory movements that followed after Sutamarský peace (1711) in Hungary significantly changed the ethnic structure of its population. They included also migration of Slovaks to present-day Romania Bihor area. This colonization process took place in several waves since the late 18th to 19th century, supported by the Hungarian aristocracy. In contrast to the settlement of fertile lowlands in "Dolná zem" (Lower Country) the motivation of migration were land use of mountain Plopis, located in Bihor in northwestern Romania. Article deals with the problem of the origin of the Slovak population in Romania Bihor in the context of the work of Romanian linguist and Slovakist - Grigore Benedek, with respect to the language.

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Vegetation diversity and selected abiotic factors influencing the primary succession process on the foreland of Gåsbreen, Svalbard

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Węgrzyn M. , Lisowska M. , Wietrzyk P.

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Phytophthora spp. In Polish ornamental nurseries. I. Perennial plants, new hosts of P. cryptogea

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Orlikowski L. B. , Ptaszek M.

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4

The Tradition of the Ionian Colonisation of Asia Minor: Remarks on the Sources

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Kuciak J.

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EN

This article discusses the tradition of the Ionian colonisation preserved in ancient literary sources. The author focuses on the time and circumstances in which the view that the Athenians were responsible for the Ionian colonisation emerged. He also examines whether there is any support in the sources for the opinion expressed by some historians that such a belief was already strong in the Archaic period.

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Angielski handel zewnętrzny (i kolonialny) w dobie wojny o imperium (1740–1765)

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Robak P. , Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

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nr 1

PL

Artykuł prezentuje rozwój angielskiego handlu zewnętrznego (i kolonialnego) w okresie dwóch kontynentalnych konfliktów zbrojnych, toczonych także na morzach i w koloniach, w które zaangażowana była Wielka Brytania w latach 1739–1763. Zaprezentowana analiza tego handlu została oparta na szacunkowych danych statystycznych za lata 1740–1765 (stąd ramy chronologiczne artykułu) i przeprowadzona w odniesieniu do dwóch głównych obszarów multilateralnej wymiany: europejskiej i oceanicznej, w tym kolonialnej. Z poczynionych przez Autora ustaleń wynika, że rynki europejskie utrzymały dominującą pozycję w angielskim handlu zewnętrznym w omawianym okresie, choć rozwijały się w sposób zróżnicowany regionalnie i w ogólnym dodatnim bilansie mniej dynamicznie niż na rynkach zamorskich (i kolonialnych). Te bowiem, rozłożone na obszarach: atlantyckim i azjatyckim, odnotowały istotny wzrost wartości i wielkości wymiany, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do rynków amerykańskich (Ameryka Północna i Indie Zachodnie), mimo że w ogólnym bilansie zachowały stały charakter deficytowy. Jednakże oceaniczny (i kolonialny) import decydował w dużej mierze o rosnącym europejskim reeksporcie angielskiego handlu zewnętrznego, pozwalając mu utrzymać stały dodatni bilans handlowy we wspomnianych latach. Na powyższe zróżnicowanie wielkości i dynamiki rozwoju angielskiego handlu zewnętrznego miały oczywisty, choć nie wyłączny, wpływ toczące się długotrwałe zmagania wojenne. Na niektórych rynkach europejskich (zwłaszcza euroatlantyckim i lewantyńskim) przyniosły one widoczny regres obrotów, natomiast w sferze pozaeuropejskiej okazały się często czynnikiem sprzyjającym intensyfikacji wymiany handlowej, co niewątpliwie było efektem brytyjskiej dominacji zbrojnej na morzach i w koloniach. Ta sytuacja ukształtowała w pewnej mierze przekonanie brytyjskich merkantylistów i polityków, głównie od lat pięćdziesiątych XVIII w., że wojna służy rozwojowi angielskiego handlu zamorskiego.

EN

The process of Americanisation of overseas trade formed the main ground of colonial rivalries of European states, especially Great Britain and France, in the Atlantic sphere in the first half of the 18th century. This competition caused the series of colonial and naval wars which were connected with European conflicts in the period from 1740 to 1763. Great Britain took active part in these military events in Europe and in overseas spheres termed in a literature as the struggle for Empire. The article presented the main directions of a growth of English foreign (and colonial) trade during this stormy period. The English overseas trade statistics (generally based on the collected but approximated date by E. B. Schumpeter) have indicated that in the described years was continued the growth of English foreign trade, especially rapidly from the half of the 18th century what is termed in the contemporary historical literature as a second phase of so called „trade revolution”. This foreign trade was characterized by a dominated position of four traditional European markets with a whole positive balance in all the time. The Northern- Western market (from Germany to Atlantic coast) possessed the biggest and profitable share in this trade but in general scale it was stagnated. On the other hand the trade in the Baltic sphere had a dynamic growth though unprofitable (as a result of a great share of import from Russia). The English trade in Levant was in a deep stagnation though it marked a growth in different periods in the commercial exchange with Iberian and Italian states. The English Extraeuropean trade, however, had a much more dynamic growth than on European markets, though lower in a volume of value and unprofitable in a full scale of its commercial exchange. The main role in this trade played American markets (from Canada to some Caribbean Isles) with some share of Iberoamerican markets in different periods. This part of so called Atlantic economy of England dominated over the whole English Extraeuropean trade. In this Atlantic economy also two markets were profitable: North American and African as important export/reexport spheres, especially for English manufacture goods. Thanks to the great share of overseas import (colonial products) in the English reexport to European markets the whole English foreign trade had the regular positive balance in the described period. The participation of Great Britain in the mentioned struggle for Empire had many effects to the English foreign (and colonial) trade. These ones were more visibles in Europe than in overseas spheres, in different years, especially during the Seven Years War, with an additional share of political events and a new economic policy (prohibited tarifs) of some states. In contrast to situation in Europe, however, this struggle for Empire conducted at seas and in colonies, in spite of temporary fluctations, encouraged the growth of English overseas trade and brought new colonial markets confirmed by the peace treaty in 1763.

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Phytophthora citricola on European beechand Silver fir in Polishforest nurseries

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Orlikowski L. B. , Duda B. , Szkuta G.

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nr 1

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Phytophthora tropicalis, a new pathogen of ornamental plants in Poland

63%

Orlikowski L. B. , Trzewik A. , Wiejacha K. , Szkuta G.

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nr 1