Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Acerca del estatus lingüístico y algunas peculiaridades gramaticales del espanglish

100%

Sobczak W.

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tom 21

179 - 185

EN

The aim of the article is to discuss why Spanglish may be considered a hybrid language, to indicate some of its grammatical characteristics, and to compare them with the basic mechanisms of code-switching. This type of analysis allows one to observe that Spanglish is not just an inept attempt to follow its rules, but a far more complicated language system which already possesses a few individual morphological and syntactic characteristics. By taking into account different linguistic and non-linguistic factors, the author leans towards a conception of Spanglish as a natural phenomenon in the evolution of languages.

2

Język polonijny czy języki polonijne?

100%

Lipińska E.

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

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2019

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nr 2 (24)

189-204

EN

The paper addresses aspects of the language of the Polish diaspora and of the standard language, as forms of language spoken by Poles living abroad. The standard language is/should be common for all Poles – used everywhere and by everyone in the same way. The Polish diaspora language, on the other hand, appears only in specific territories and is used for communication in specific groups of Poles. It differs depending on the country where they settled and on the language it comes into contact with, as well as on the diversity of the emi-grants, and also depending on the Polish they brought from their home coun-try (either them themselves or their parents). Although the terms “Polonia” [Polish diaspora] and “język polonijny” [Polish diaspora language] are com-monly used, one should be aware that the latter are actually numerous.

3

Code Choice and Face

75%

Lavric E.

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nr -1

23-35

EN

This paper starts by presenting the factors that govern language choices among multilinguals, to show then that they can be seen as the result of face considerations:1) "Natural" or "efficient" language choice: choosing the language for which the product of the competences of both partners is highest. This maximizes the negative face, i.e. the freedom of action, of both partners.2) Language practice: choosing a language not because it is the easiest one but because one wishes to practice it. This means reducing one's positive and negative face for the moment in order to increase them in the long run.3) Prestige or its opposite, fear of losing face by making mistakes. This is clearly the positive face aspect of language choices.4) And finally, compliance: adapting to the language preferences of one's partner by speaking either his mother tongue, or a language s/he has a preference for. This means reducing one's own negative face in order to increase the one of the partner. Which in turn will contribute to the positive face of both partners, one feeling important because s/he is being complied with, and the other getting the image of a kind and polite person.

4

Bilingwizm w tekście zapisany. Część II. Wykładniki transkodowe. Gatunki

63%

Ligara B.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2014

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nr 18

139-174

EN

The second part of this paper is a description of bilingual speech recorded in three aspects, the formal, the functional, and the one relating to genre studies. As a textual phenomenon, bilingual speech is characterized by transcodic markers, the traces of encounters between two languages: the matrix language L1 and the embedded language L2. The author introduces into the text linguistic correlates of his or her bilingual competence. These can take the shape of code switching, code mixing, or interference between L1 and L2. Coherence mechanisms, adequate to the various forms of transcodic markers, weld transcodic markers with the text in the matrix language formally and with regard to the content. These mechanisms are: grammatical rules of code switching, the matrix language frame, the local grammatical, syntactic, and semantic congruence of the two linguistic systems in contact, and also the local convergence between the elements and rules of L1 and L2. Transcodic markers are created by bilingual authors to fulfil specific roles in texts, most importantly, to enhance the referential potential and to (de)nominate the text by opening up the access to the universe of reference of L2. Other functions are the deictic function, the metacommunicative function, the function of rendering utterances that have originally arisen in L2, the polyphonic function, and also the function of transmitting strong emotions which are intimate to the sender. Transcodic markers are a transgression of the monolingual norm which is typically considered the standard in the creation of written texts. However, the analysis of recorded bilingual speech has shown that there exist genres which not only accept the introduction of transcodic markers into the text, but even actually sanction them. On the one hand, it is the literature of personal document with such genres as letter, journal, memoirs (autobiography), and on the other, linguistic mediation. In the former case, transcodic markers verbalize genre-specific features, the documentary quality and the personal element, as they are a linguistic – and thus authentic – testimony of the experience that the author has had in his or her L2, and has formed in that language. Being an inalienable part of the experience that is being related, the second language warrants an assertion of truth, documented and narrated through the given text with bilingual speech. Transcodic markers introduce senses and content that is complementary to the text in the matrix language, which is why, for a bilingual author, they are a factor that enriches his or her linguistic repertoire in the text that they are creating.

5

Polish-Italian virtual exchange. Learners as teachers of their native languages

63%

Pieczka A.

e-mentor

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2020

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nr 4 (86)

4-12

EN

The article presents the benefits of virtual exchanges/telecollaboration in higher education. Telecollaboration is a form of virtual mobility which can complement or substitute physical mobility. Taking part in virtual exchanges brings benefits which are in line with the recent European recommendations on education. Importantly, telecollaboration requires lower financial outlays and less time comparing to participation in physical exchanges. Thus, its implementation allows the development of various competences (linguistic, digital, intercultural, etc.) despite students’ economic and personal situation. The second part of the study presents a Polish-Italian virtual exchange conducted in the 2018/2019 academic year between the Marie Curie-Skłodowska University and the University of Turin. During the exchange learners of Polish and learners of Italian played the role of their mother tongue teachers. The research aimed to determine whether such a structure of virtual exchange is possible to be successfully implemented among students at the bachelor level. Three factors were analysed during the project: the students’ choice of online tools, forms of presenting language content to partners, and acts of code switching. The data were collected from the students’ production in telecollaborative tasks. It was found that giving students the possibility to choose the language code autonomously did not affect the exchange negatively. However, the students were not sufficiently prepared to act as teachers. Despite being familiar with various online tools, they chose those not adapted to the digital environment, and they found the language issues too complex to be successfully explained to their exchange partners.

6

Language Practices in a Family of Prussian Language Revivalists: Conclusions Based on Short-Term Participant Observation

51%

Szatkowski P.

Adeptus

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2021

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nr 18

PL

Język pruski (kod ISO: prg) należy do rodziny języków bałtyjskich. Uznaje się go za język wymarły najpóźniej od początku XVIII wieku. Bałtyjscy Prusowie, spokrewnieni z Litwinami i Łotyszami, zostali pod koniec XIII wieku podbici, a następnie stopniowo schrystianizowani przez zakon krzyżacki. Rozłożony w czasie proces asymilacji kulturowej i językowej spowodował wymarcie starego języka pruskiego, poświadczonego zaledwie kilkoma słowniczkami, frazami i trzema szesnastowiecznymi tłumaczeniami katechizmu luterańskiego. Język pruski nie był w użyciu aż do lat 70. XX wieku, kiedy grupa badaczy rozpoczęła proces jego rekonstrukcji. Kilkanaście lat później uformował się oddolny ruch mający na celu wskrzeszenie języka, w którego skład wchodzą aktywiści z obszarów dzisiejszej Polski, Rosji (obwodu kaliningradzkiego), Litwy, Łotwy i Niemiec. Osoby te często deklarowały posiadanie staropruskich korzeni bądź poczucie duchowego dziedzictwa ziemi i ludu Prusów. Ich wysiłki doprowadziły do zmiany statusu języka pruskiego z wymarłego na żywy (SIL International) i „uśpiony” (ang. dormant) (Ethnologue) w 2009 roku. Dziś żyją co najmniej trzy nieletnie osoby, dla których język pruski jest prymarnym językiem kontaktów domowych. Społeczność posiada strony i grupy na Facebooku, kanał w serwisie YouTube, tworzone są wiersze, tłumaczenia i muzyka w tym języku. Artykuł powstał po dwukrotnych odwiedzinach u dwujęzycznej prusko-polskiej rodziny używającej zrekonstruowanego języka pruskiego, by udokumentować niewynikające z proponowanego standardu języka pruskiego polskie wpływy leksykalne i gramatyczne, a także w celu przyjrzenia się rodzinnym praktykom językowym oraz zjawiskom zmiany i mieszania się kodów językowych.

EN

The Prussian language (ISO code: prg) is a Baltic language considered to be dead since at least the beginning of the eighteenth century. The Baltic Prussians, closely related to Lithuanians and Latvians, had been conquered and Christianized by the Teutonic Order by the end of the thirteenth century. Since then, the ongoing process of assimilation led to the extinction of the ancient language, attested only by a few glossaries and three translations of the Lutheran catechisms from the sixteenth century. The language remained unused until the 1970s, when a group of scholars began its reconstruction. Some years later, the revival movement emerged, consisting of activists living in Poland, Russia (Kaliningrad Region), Lithuania, Latvia and Germany, claiming their Old Prussian roots or spiritual connection to the land and/or the people. Their efforts resulted in changing the language status from extinct to living in 2009 (SIL International) and to dormant (Ethnologue). There are at least three children using Prussian as their L1 language; there are also modern translations, poems, Facebook groups and a YouTube channel. This study is based on short-term participant observation of language practices in one of the Prussian-speaking families and considers examples of Polish lexical and grammatical influences, code switching and code mixing.

7

Analiza konwersacyjna jako metoda badań logopedycznych w zakresie bilingwizmu polsko-obcego

51%

Młyński R. , Majewska-Tworek A.

Poradnik Językowy

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2024

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tom 813

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nr 4

78-91

EN

The article concerns conversation analysis (CA) as a method derived from sociology, and also used and developed in psychology, linguistics, and speech and language therapy. The article aims at presenting the potential of the method in describing various types of verbal interactions. The text presents the use of CA to explore the dialogic abilities of bilingual children. The authors study code switching (CS) patterns occurring in bilingual children’s speech, the features of these patterns, and conversational strategies that appear in interviews with children. It was found that CS is closely linked to lexical deficits in Polish. The features of conversational negotiation were noticed when using English. Moreover, due to deficiencies in the Polish linguistic repertoire, the speakers used repairs, and the statements of the interlocutors would often overlap.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy analizy konwersacyjnej (AK) jako metody wywodzącej się z socjologii, a stosowanej i rozwijanej także w psychologii, językoznawstwie oraz logopedii. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie możliwości metody w opisie interakcji werbalnych różnego typu. W tekście zaprezentowano zastosowanie AK w badaniu zdolności dialogowych dzieci bilingwalnych. Badano, jakie wzorce przełączania kodu (CS) występują w mowie dzieci dwujęzycznych, jakie są ich cechy wzorców oraz jakie strategie konwersacyjne występują w wywiadach z dziećmi. Stwierdzono, że CS ściśle wiąże się z brakami leksykalnymi w języku polskim. Zauważono cechy negocjacji konwersacyjnej w momentach użycia języka angielskiego. Poza tym wobec braków w polskim repertuarze językowym odnotowano u mówców stosowanie napraw, a także nakładanie się wypowiedzi interlokutorów.