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COCAINE CONSUMPTION IN THE CITY OF MURCIA (SOUTHEAST OF SPAIN) ESTIMATED BY WASTEWATER ANALYSIS: APPLYING AN ACCURATE AND VALID TOOL TO OBTAIN OBJECTIVE DATA FOR DRUG ABUSE.

100%

Navarro-Zaragoza J. , Fernández-López L. , Caravaca F. , Falcón M. , Luna A.

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nr 1

137-145

EN

Cocaine consumption is one of the most relevant public health issues in America and Europe. There are different methods to estimate cocaine consumption, with different levels of accuracy. Although surveys is one of the most employed methods, it usually underestimates cocaine consumption. Recent studies have validated the use of wastewater analysis as the method that would provide more accurate results, as it is based on the analysis of residues of illicit drugs and their metabolites that are excreted by human flow through wastewater treatment plants. This study aims to estimate cocaine consumption in the southeast of Spain by wastewater analysis. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). According to this analysis, cocaine consumption has been estimated at 410,6 milligrams per day and per 1000 inhabitants, a higher result than that obtained at other European cities of similar size. Highest consumption occurs during the weekend, which is consistent with cocaine being categorized as a recreational drug. The results of this analysis show that cocaine use is an increasing public health and economic problem. Finally, wastewater analysis offers different options to estimate its use at this region of Spain.

2

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactivity (CART-LI) in intramural ganglia of porcine urinary bladder trigone

86%

Zacharko-Siembida A. , Arciszewski M. B.

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tom 70

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nr 10

EN

Although the expression pattern of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) has been studied in several porcine tissues, it is notable that no data are available on CART expression in the lower urinary tract. In order to map and determine the neurochemical code of CART-like immunoreactivity in the intramural ganglia of the porcine urinary bladder trigone, cryostat sections were immunohistochemically double-stained for CART and HuC/D, as well as for substance P (SP), calbindin, somatostatin and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). In the ganglia of the urinary bladder trigone, immunoreactivity to CART was detected both in numerous nerve fibres and in minor subpopulation of HuC/D-positive neuronal cell bodies (2.7 ± 0.8%). Neither CART-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres, nor CART-IR ganglionic neurons showed simultaneous expression of somatostatin, calbindin and SP. In a substantial proportion of CART-IR neurons (but not nerve fibres) co-localization with PACAP was found. This data suggest that CART present in nervous structures of the porcine urinary bladder may have a role in the parasympathetic regulation of several urinary bladder functions.

3

Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptors and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibition in the cocaine-evoked discriminative stimulus effects in rats

86%

Filip M. , Nowak E. , Papla I. , Przegalinski E.

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nr 2

4

Dopamine D1-like receptors agonist SKF 38393 increases cFos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus - impact of acute and chronic cocaine

72%

Chocyk A. , Czyrak A. , Wedzony K.

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nr 3

425-440

EN

The present study indicates that activation of dopamine D1-like receptors by administration of SKF 38393 leads to dose-dependent (doses: 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) increases in the expression of cFos proteins in the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). This effect was abolished by administration of SCH 23390, a dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, given 30 min before SKF 38393 - 10 mg/kg), suggesting that the apparent effect is specific for activation of dopamine D1-like receptors. Expression of cFos after SKF 38393 (10 mg/kg) was observed in some, but not all, CRF-immunoreactive neurons, as well as in small portion of oxytocin- but not vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons (double-immunofluorescence experiments). There were also certain populations of nuclei that showed expression of cFos but did not co-localize with the above markers. We also found that both acute and repeated (once daily for 5 consecutive days) exposure to cocaine (25 mg/kg) attenuated the induction of cFos expression triggered by SKF 38393 when administered 24 hours after single or the last dose of cocaine (25 mg/kg). Attenuation was observed at the same level after single and chronic exposure to cocaine, indicating a rapid functional down-regulation of dopamine D1-like receptors that are resistant to subsequent doses of cocaine. These data provide evidence for the functional role of dopamine D1-like receptors in the PVN and indicate a functional adaptation of dopamine D1-like receptors following a single dose of cocaine without further progression of adaptation or resistance of D1-like receptor-mediated genomic function in the course of repeated cocaine intake.

5

Inflammation- and axotomy-induced changes in cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nervous structures in the porcine descending colon

72%

Burlinski P. J.

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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2012

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tom 15

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nr 3

EN

This study reports on changes in CART-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nerve structures in the porcine descending colon during chemically driven inflammation and after axotomy. The distribution pattern of CART-LI nerve structures was studied using doublelabeling immunofluorescence technique in the circular muscle layer, myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous plexuses (ISP) and also in the mucosal layer of the porcine descending colon in physiological conditions as well as under pathological factors. In the control animals, CART-LI perikarya have been shown to constitute 5.11% ± 0.64, 4.03% ± 1.17 and 0.05% ± 0.04 in MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Changes in CART-immunoreactivity depended on the pathological factor and the part of the enteric nervous system (ENS) studied. Numbers of CART-LI perikarya amounted to 2.77% ± 0.64, 2.60% ± 0.36 and 0.26% ± 0.19 during chemically-induced colitis and 3.04% ± 0.88, 2.46% ± 0.8 and 0.43% ± 0.09 after axotomy in MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Both studied pathological processes also caused an increase in the number of CART-LI nerve fibers in the circular muscle as well as in the mucosal layer.

6

CRIMINAL-LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE DRUG ABUSE IN SOME COUNTRIES AND IMPOSED APPROACHES AGAINST IT

58%

Khamidov N.

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nr 4(2)

177-182

EN

This article outlines the criminal-legal aspects and some characteristics of the crimes related to narcotics and psychotropic substances, also the nature of the drug trafficking has summarized. The actions of some public bodies and state authorities in the fight against such crimes in the some countries has been compared. Furthermore, it has been presented how drug addicts who are potential criminals, can pose a serious public danger to society (for example, committing a serious and especially serious crime against a person or during the “breaking” period at the time of drug intoxication - against property and against the person).

PL

Artykuł ten przedstawia aspekty prawno-karne nadużywania i nielegalnego rozprzestrzeniania narkotyków, charakterystykę handlu narkotykami oraz cechy przestępstw związanych z narko-tykami i substancjami psychotropowymi. W artykule porównane zostały działania organów publicznych i władz państwowych w walce z przestępstwami narkotykowymi w różnych krajach. Ponadto, zostało omówione w jaki sposób osoby uzależnione od narkotyków, które są potencjalnymi przestępcami, mogą stanowić poważne publiczne zagrożenie dla społeczeństwa (na przykład gdy popełnią przestępstwo przeciwko osobom lub ich własności, będąc pod wpływem narkotyków).

7

Przemyt narkotyków do Hiszpanii jako element działalności transnarodowej przestępczości zorganizowanej

58%

Kosmynka S.

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tom 35

61-77

PL

Artykuł przedstawia problem przemytu substancji psychoaktywnych do Hiszpanii przez transnarodowe sieci przestępczości zorganizowanej. Analizuje mechanizmy ich działania oraz podkreśla znaczenie tego państwa dla biznesu narkotykowego, szczególną uwagę poświęcając aktywności latynoamerykańskich grup kryminalnych, zajmujących się przemytem i dystrybucją kokainy. Artykuł wyszczególnia zarazem główne kierunki inicjatyw antynarkotykowych, podejmowanych przez władze Hiszpanii. Głównym jego wnioskiem jest stwierdzenie, że państwo to odgrywa bardzo istotną rolę na mapie handlu środkami odurzającymi zarówno jako miejsce ich dystrybucji, jak też obszar tranzytowy, z którego substancje te trafiają do innych części Europy.

EN

The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the phenomenon of transnational criminal groups in Spain in the context of drug trafficking, especially cocaine. It shows mechanisms and manifestations of some activities of criminal networks, emphasizing the significance of Latinoamerican and Moroccan ‘drug industries’. The main finding of this study recognizes that Spain plays a key role in the organized transnational crime smuggling drugs to the European Union. The article analyses the cultural, social and economic background of the criminal groups operating in Spain. It refers also to different aspects of strategy to fight drug trafficking and to prevent drug addiction. The article shows the most important progmammes and initiatives implemented by the Spanish local and central authorities to face these challenges.

8

Antagonism of the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine with the combination of a dopamine D1 and D2 antagonist

58%

Meert T. F. , De Haes P. , Aerts N. , Clincke G.

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nr 4

9

Wplyw narkotykow i etanolu na sprzeganie z glutationem w korze mozgowej czlowieka

44%

Gutowicz M. , Siwinska-Ziolkowska A. , Baranczyk-Kuzma A.

Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna

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2004

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tom 37

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nr 1

59-64

PL

W pracy przedstawiono aktywność transferazy glutationowej i seleno-niezależnej peroksydazy glutationowej oraz poziom zredukowanego glutationu w różnych częściach kory mózgowej człowieka. Badania prowadzono na tkankach otrzymywanych z autopsji osób zmarłych na skutek zatrucia amfetaminą, kokainą i/lub etanolem.

EN

In the present work we examined activity of glutathione-S-transferase, determined with 1-chloro-2,4- dinitrobenzene as an electrophilic substrate (transferase activity, GST) and with cumene peroxide (selene-independent peroxidase activity, GSHPx), as well as the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in human brain cortex. Studies were conducted on variuos parts of brain cortex obtained by autopsy from cases intoxicated by amphetamine, cocaine and/or ethanol. We observed decreased activity of GST in all studied brains. In brains intoxicated by narcotics and ethanol (at low concentration) GSHPx activity and the level of GSH were higher than in control brains. In brain intoxicated by high, lethal dose of ethanol, the peroxidase activity was unchanged, whereas the level of glutathine was lowered.