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Materiały z cmentarzyska płaskiego w Łęgu Piekarskim, woj. wielkopolskie w zbiorach PMA

100%

Czarnecka K.

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nr 55

209-218

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains materials from a cemetery at Łęg Piekarski, Great Poland (Wielkopolska), originating both from chance finds as well as from brief but methodical research conducted in 1936 by Z. Durczewski. Unfortunately, substantial gaps in the documentation, loss of many of the original labels and the fact that grave inventories may have been mixed up when already in storage seriously hinder the reconstruction of the original grave assemblages. Establishing the actual number of graves is additionally made difficult by the fact that a cemetery of the Cloche Grave culture was also found on the same site, as confirmed also by 1975–77 investigation by K. Jażdżewski. In his publication E. Petersen listed - apart from finds originating from a “princely” grave – an Early Roman Period urned grave labelled as no. 1, and only a part of material originating from other cremation graves in storage at the State Archaeological Museum (E. Petersen 1940, 50, 51). Petersen nowhere explains what principles guided his selection of material for publication. At present the State Archaeological Museum collection contains the following materials: 1. Fragments of a Cloche Grave Culture urn defined as belonging to grave 1 (original label); 2. Finds identified as inventory of grave 2 (according to labels copied in the 1970s) include: an urn (Fig. 1a), a bowl (Fig. 1e), a cup (Fig. 1f), a vessel (Fig. 1g), an iron fibula similar to type A.76 (Fig. 1b), an iron single-edged sword (Fig. 2f), a fragment of an iron scabbard (Fig. 2k), an iron spur, so-called Stuhlsporn (Fig. 1d), two iron lance-points (Fig. 2c,d), a fragment of another iron point (Fig. 2e), an iron knife with a bronze hilt plate (Fig. 1c), two fragments of iron shears (Fig. 2b), two fragments of an iron mounting (Fig. 2i,j), two iron rivets (Fig. 2g,h), a frame of a bronze buckle, slightly deformed in fire (Fig. 1h), a fragment of an iron fitting (Fig. 2a) and numerous fragments of considerably damaged iron objects; 3. Grave 3 (original label) is represented only by lumps of melted bronze. The “princely” grave, labelled as grave IIa, contained fragments of a cup (Fig. 5a) and of glossy black vessels (Fig. 5b–e, 6a,b,f,h,i). Several score uncharacteristic pottery fragments, including a Cloche Grave Culture vessel, had been recovered, according to the labels, from ditches 1–4 and 8–10 (Fig. 6c–e,g). Artifacts originating from undetermined finds included two iron scabbard clasps (Fig. 3i, j), iron shears (Fig. 3a), a spike of an iron spur (Fig. 3h), a fragment of a bottom of a bronze vessel, mouth fragment of a bronze vessel (Fig. 3b), a fragment of a sheet bronze hoop (Fig. 3c), fragments of a bronze vessel damaged in fire, two ornamental bronze discs (Fig. 3d,e), two bronze rivets, presumably belonging to the ornamental discs (Fig. 3f), fragment of an iron tendril fibula (Fig. 3g) and a Marcus Aurelius denarius (A. Kietlińska 1957, 282). Moreover, the State Archaeological Museum contains materials from a flat cemetery published by E. Petersen (labels copied in the 1970s). To summarise, it may be said that the site at Łęg Piekarski included a Cloche Grave Culture cemetery and a burial ground of the Przeworsk Culture but the number of graves in the cemetery in question remains virtually unknown. K. Jażdżewski also identified several graves during his investigation of the site (K. Jażdżewski 1978, 128). The material from cremation graves is dated almost without exception to phases B1 and B2 of the Roman Period. This makes them contemporary with “princely” graves. Finds dating from the Pre-Roman Period are not in evidence even among stray finds recovered from trial trenches. This suggests the lack of continuity between the cemetery of the Cloche Grave Culture and that of the Przeworsk Culture. The latest material includes a bronze fibula type A.162 dated to phase C1b–C2 and a fragment of an iron tendril fibula, which may be dated generally to the Late Roman Period.

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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Sochaczewie, woj. mazowieckie

100%

Opaszowska K.

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nr 55

197-207

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains a striking set of artifacts discovered by chance at Sochaczew, woj. mazowieckie (PMA, IV/9606) in a field known as “Poświętne” (Fig. 1, 2). The set in question includes: 1. A bottom of a bronze vessel, probably a bucket (Fig. 3c). 2. Three fragments of another bronze vessel (Fig. 3d). 3. A damaged bronze trumpet fibula with a support plate (Fig. 3b). 4. A bronze belt buckle in three fragments (Fig. 3a). 5. A bronze knife (Fig. 3g). 6. A bronze mount in the shape of an escutcheon with three rivets (Fig. 3f). 7. A fragment of a bronze wire twisted or folded from two elements, known only from an archival line drawing (Fig. 3e). The set reportedly contained another fibula, which did not survive. According to a spoken communication by the finders the described objects had been found in a vessel made of sheet bronze. Originally they probably were a part of an inventory of an urned grave. The same field “Poświętne also produced 37 fragments of Przeworsk Culture pottery (Fig. 5a–i). This supports an earlier information that cremation graves had been dug up on the site suggesting that Poświętne may have harboured a destroyed cemetery. The bronze fibula (Fig. 3b) represents type A.71 and is the principal dating element of the entire assemblage. Stylistic similarity of the fibula from Sochaczew to fibulae of type A.75 helps to date it to phase B1b, possibly, the very beginning of phase B2. The bronze belt buckle (Fig. 3a) corresponds to type AA10 acc. to R. Madyda-Legutko (1987) i.e., forms derived from elongated figure-of-eight buckles which occur in Central European Barbaricum in phase B1. Change of proportions seen in the buckle from Sochaczew as compared to other specimens of its type suggests that it may have a slightly later chronology (beginning of phase B2). Bronze knives similar in form to the specimen from Sochaczew (Fig. 3g) are known primarily from the western part of the Przeworsk Culture and from the area of present day Denmark. They are in evidence through the entire Roman Period, mainly in richly furnished graves. Their presence has been associated with high social and material status of the deceased; it is also possible that knives had a magical or religious function. The vessel, of which only fragments have survived (Fig. 3c), originally probably served as an urn. The diameter of the vessel bottom from Sochaczew indicates that it may have been a bucket or a cauldron; this is also true of fragments of the other bronze vessel (Fig. 3d). An exceptional object is the bronze mount in the form of an escutcheon (Fig. 3f). The only analogy known to the author is a loose find from the settlement at Jakuszowice, Little Poland (Małopolska) (Fig. 4). In case of both specimens there is no full certainty whether they are archaeological or historical finds. Analysis of the chemical composition of metal samples taken from individual items demonstrated that three: the fibula, belt buckle and knife were made of brass, almost identical in composition. The alloy used in the mounts from Sochaczew and Jakuszowice is a so-called lead bronze not used on Przeworsk Culture territory and neighbouring areas. The entire set of objects most of which probably were a part of an inventory of an urned cremation burial may be dated to phase B1b, at the latest the beginning of phase B2. Pottery fragments discovered in the field “Poświętne” (Fig. 5a–i) may be linked with the destroyed Przeworsk Culture cemetery, in use from the Late Pre-Roman Period until the Late Roman Period. Some 300 m to the south of the site numerous fragments of distinct pottery were discovered (Fig. 5j–p) indicating the presence of a settlement contemporary with the cemetery.

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Wstępne wyniki badań cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej w Linowie, gm. Świecie n/Osą, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie, stanowisko 6

100%

Bokiniec E. , Sosnowski W.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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tom LIV

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nr 54

147-152

EN

A destroyed Wielbark Culture cemetery at Linowo was discovered in 1986, and excavated in 1991–93. At the cemetery 39 graves dated to the Roman Period were found (19 pit graves, 3 urn graves and 17 inhumation graves). The skeletons were orientated N-S, deceased were laid on back, heads toward north, what is typical for the Wielbark Culture. However, the skeleton from the grave 66 was laid on his left side with legs bent, and in three undisturbed graves (68, 69A, 69B) the skeletons were placed without any anatomical order, as if the dead were quartered before burial. The oldest graves from the cemetery came from the phase B2/C1 (grave 17 with brooches type A.96; fig. 2), or even from the phase B2c (grave 105 with abrooche type A.128, fig. 2). Grave 1 with a brooch type A.162 and a silver S-clasp type B may be dated to the phase C1a. Quite richly were furnished inhumation graves from the phases C1b–C2. Grave 89 contained abrooche to type A.168, a few clay vessels and a necklace with 6 silver lunula pendants, 12 amber beads and 26 glass beads (Fig. 4), while grave 66 produced a fibula similar to type A.167, a necklace of 14 amber eight-shaped beads, 22 glass beads and bronze bucket-shaped pendant (Fig. 3). The youngest grave at the cemetery produced the belt buckle with thickened frame typical for the phase D (Fig. 2).

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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Oblinie, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie

100%

Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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tom LIV

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nr 54

89-100

EN

A cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture at Oblin, site 5, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie is located on a small elevation extended on N-S line, by the edge of the flood terrace of the old Vistula riverbed. It is possible that, in the time of use, bogs or floodwaters surrounded the cemetery. The cemetery is completely explored; 308 cremation graves, both pit and urn graves were found there. The earliest graves furnished with brooches type H, short brooches type B and type J can be dated to the phase A2 (Fig. 1–3). Very interesting is lack of the type K brooches, quite common in the other Przeworsk culture cemeteries of that time. Graves from the phase A3 produced vast amount of brooches type M (Fig. 4c). More significant finds from the Pre-Roman Period are swords, in a few cases found with ornamented scabbards (Fig. 5). Brooches type A.68 and A.236, shield grips with profiled rivet plates and shield bosses type J.6 (Fig. 7) and one-edged swords with narrow blade represent phase B1. Graves dated to that phase are not numerous, what suggests that on the cemetery in Oblin phase B1 lasted for relatively short time. Quite common for next phase B2, are iron trumpet-brooches with silver inlaid decoration (Fig. 9), and massive iron brooches of Almgren group V, with a crest. Very odd form presents an S-form brooch with an imitation of ahinged construction (Fig. 8a). Very significant for this cemetery is almost complete lack of bracelets and pendants; beads or melted glass clumps are also very rare. Weapon finds are, on the contrary, quite numerous. Most interesting among them is a an imported Roman sword ornamented with inlaid figure of Mars, and 3 unique barbed spearheads with extra barb on the edge of the socket. The latest finds – brooches of Almgren’s series 1, group V, variant 5 of trumpet brooches and Mazovian variant of Almgren’s group IV are connected with the very end of the phase B2 or perhaps phase B2/C1. Big, rectangular pits, even 2 m long, with very dark grave fill were atypical grave form in the phases A2 and A3. At the bottom often lays a layer of broken fragments of pottery. An urn, often covered with a bowl, or other big vessel, was usually placed in the corner. Pit graves were much more frequent then urn graves in phase B1, however, urn graves dominated in the phase B2. Grave pits are smaller, with brown, or light brown grave fill, sometimes even difficult to distinguish. Brown, coarse urns are much more frequent then black, polished 3-handle urns typical for the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture. Finds from Oblin, especially, from the early Roman Period differ from typical cemeteries of the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture such as Kamieńczyk or Nadkole and are closer to the finds known from the region on the other side of the Vistula river. It seems possible that the settlement of the people using the cemetery at Oblin could be placed on the western bank of the Vistula river.

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Mogiła Wielkoludów ... Szwedów czy konfederatów. Cmentarzysko kurhanowe w Pakalniszkach (północna Litwa) w świetle bada? Marii Butrymówny w 1897 roku

88%

Sawicka L. , Grižas G.

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tom LIX

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nr 59

165-202

EN

The National Museum of Lithuania (Vilnius) and the State Archaeological Museum (Warsaw) have in their keeping ca 200 finds from an investigation made in 1897 by Maria Butrymówna of a barrowfield at Pakalniszki (Fig. 1), N. Lithuania (now Pakalniškiai, Panevėžio raj.). Basing on the original documentation from the site and the first publications (E. Majewski 1900; A. Spicyn 1902) the authors have reconstructed the original grave assemblages from Pakalniszki. Of two cemeteries identified at Pakalniszki one was a Roman Period barrowfield of the Letto-Lithuanian Barrow Culture the other, an Early Medieval flat burial cemetery (Fig. 2). The barrows were investigated in 19th/20th c. by Roman Szwojnicki, followed by Maria Butrymówna and Ivan Abramov. Contrary to some opinion the site was never excavated by Jonas Basanavičius; his research, referred by some authors to Pakalniszki, in reality was made at the cemetery near Raginėnai. In the first half of the 20th c. the site at Pakalniszki was lost to agriculture. During four days of investigation Maria Butrymówna excavated sixteen barrows containing graves from the Early Roman Period and also the modern period. Two grave deposits were exceptionally richly furnished. Barrow no. 3–a neck-ring with trumpet terminals (Fig. 4r.s); a triangular-footed brooch similar to type Almgren100 (Fig. 4p); two temple discs with ‘key-hole’ openings (Fig. 4c–e); a set of two reel-headed pins with a spool-shaped head with a set of pendants (Fig. 4f, 11); two cruciform pendants (Fig. 4a.b); a necklace of bronze circular and copper alloy cylindrical beads (Fig. 4g–o, 12); two solid bracelets with an ‘eye’ ornament (Fig. 10e); four slender bracelets of plano-convex se ction (Fig. 10a–d); a finger-ring of coiled wire (Fig. 13a–m). Barrow no. 11: two spiral discs (Fig. 5a.b); an imported enamelled brooch (Fig. 5c.d); a triangular-footed brooch similar to type Almgren 100 (Fig. 5f); bronze cylinders (Fig. 12); 20 crescentic ‘lunula’ pendants from a head ornament (Fig. 5g); a necklace of glass beads, bronze cylinders and openwork pendant (Fig. 5e, 6b–al, 12); sheet bronze appliqués (Fig. 6:a); two pins with a spool-shaped head with a full set of pendants (Fig. 7, 11); two solid ‘eye’ bracelets (Fig. 10e); two slender bracelets of plano-convex section (Fig. 10a–d); four finger-rings of coiled wire (Fig. 13a–m). Next to these two rich assemblages another neck-ring with trumpet terminals was recovered in barrow no. 15 (Fig. 9). Spiral discs are a form characteristic for Letto-Lithuanian Barrow Culture although their distribution in the southern part of the range of this archaeological unit is still poorly understood similarly as the lack of such finds in Latvia. Stylistically, spiral discs are quite uniform–nearly all are ornamented in the same way–with openwork zigzag on their perimeter or with pairs of scrolls, which only in two specimens known from the Stroked Ware Culture deposits was replaced by a series of knobs. Discs were typically worn in pairs, fastened to the headband or head-dress. The construction of the fastening differed depending on whether the ornament was worn at the right or the left temple. Spiral discs are thought to derive from discs with suspension loops known eg, from Kurmaičiai or Egliškiai. It is also possible that they developed with some stylistic inspiration from areas on the middle Volga, basin of the Vyatka and the Kama rivers, even, the foothills of the Urals. Basing on the assemblages from Sargėnai, grave 207, Paalksniai, barrow V, and a series of graves from Paragaudis (grave 2 in barrow III, grave 1 in barrow V, grave 1 in barrow XXVII) Spiral discs are placed in phase B2. Neck-rings with trumpet terminals have a broad distribution range across the eastern Baltic seaboard, from Mazury (Poland) to Finland. Most probably, they developed from Celtic ornaments. The neck-rings from Pakalniszki, are solid forms, relatively large, with ornamental terminals, classified to Michelbertas group II, characteristic chiefly for phase B2, although also noted in phase B2/C1, most frequently, in association with ‘eye’ bracelets, bracelets of plano-convex section, and eye brooches of the Prussian series. The youngest assemblage to produce a neck-ring with trumpet terminals was grave 197 at Veršvai but as the however the only such deposit it cannot serve as a basis for extending the dating of these ornaments. ‘Eye’ bracelets are a form distinctive for Letto-Lithuanian Barrow Culture, also noted in areas to the north of its range. In grave deposits they typically occur in association with neck-rings with trumpet terminals, eye brooches of the Prussian series, temple ornaments of coiled wire, and pins with a spool-shaped head, all of which places them within phase B2. Slender bracelets of plano-convex have a similar distribution range as ‘eye’ bracelets but their finds are more numerous in the northern area of the SE Baltic littoral. In grave deposits they are discovered most frequently in association with eye brooches of the main series, strongly profiled brooches, brooches similar to type Almgren 100, ‘eye’ bracelets, spiral discs, neck-rings with trumpet terminals, neck-rings with knob-shaped terminals, neck-rings with conical terminals, pins with a barrel-shaped head, and bracelets of plano-convex section; this places them in the Early Roman period, possibly, with some pieces continuing after the onset of the Late Roman Period. Pins with a spool-shaped head are a form characteristic mainly for the Letto-Lithuanian area, although they are also known from Prussian territory. Their finds are recorded in grave assemblages dated to phase B2 and B2/C1. Brooches similar to type Almgren100 enjoyed substantial popularity on Balt territory and that of the neighbouring Finno-Ugrians; they are a substantially mixed group. The finds from Pakalniszki find the only close analogy in brooch finds from Adakavas, Kėdainiai, Dauglaukis (grave 51), Skrzypy, and in specimens recovered by Massalitinov in the region of Kaunas. The form is dated quite reliably to phase B2, most probably, its younger stage. The imported brooch from Pakalniszki belongs in type Exner I.32, which corresponds to type Böhme 5:335. Sixteen similar brooches are known from Roman imperial territory and thirteen from the barbarian territory. The piece in question presumably originates from one of the Rheinish workshops. Exner I.32/Böhme 5:335 brooch finds in deposits are dated quite reliably to phase B2, however, a large number of these pieces lack context. Cruciform pendants recorded in Pakalniszki are quite unique. Their only analogies are pendants with five knobs but these are few and lack context to be dated more closely. Pendants with knobs are reminiscent of ‘Akmeniai’ pendants, inspired in their development by forms noted in Wielbark Culture, but have an earlier dating. Another unique piece is the openwork pendant which resembles to some extent pendants known from northern Latvia and Estonia in which area they are known from contexts dated to the Late Roman Period. The last on the list of non-typical forms from Pakalniszki are the ‘lunula’ pendants. They are an ornament typical for SE Baltic coast, but the specimens from Pakalniszki–solid metal, without openwork ornament or knobs on their terminals–are exceptional and have no direct analogies. The necklace beads from barrow 11 are type Tempelmann-Mączyńska 6, 8, 12, 91, 98, 99, 223, 287, 291 and 387, forms distinctive for Balt and Wielbark Culture environment. Finger-rings of coiled wire, bronze sheet appliqués, sheet bronze and wire cylinders are quite common forms. The Maria Butrymówna collection held by the National Museum of Lithuania includes a series of medieval finds (Fig. 3, 8, 13n–u, 14). It is not certain whether all of them were discovered at Pakalniszki, a part could originate from other sites. The set includes fragments of iron knives, a circular fire iron, and a leather fragment, a silver temple ring with an openwork bead, a bronze openwork bead, and a bronze key. The surviving documentation supports the validity of the reconstructed assemblages from Pakalniszki. Basing on the presence of unique forms which, at the same time, have a good diagnostic value, the chronology of the two grave deposits may be defined as the younger stage of phase B2, possibly, but less likely, the onset of phase B2/C1. Some of the finds from Pakalniszki testify to long-distance exchange with Roman Empire and with Finno-Ugrians.

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Wybrane groby z importami rzymskimi z cmentarzyska w Weklicach, pow. elbląski, stan. 7

75%

Natuniewicz-Sekuła M. , Okulicz-Kozaryn J.

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tom LIX

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nr 59

45-75

EN

In archaeological literature Elbląg Heights, in the eastern reaches of Vistula River delta, have been considered for some time as an important meeting ground for different peoples settled on the Baltic Sea during the Roman Period. This was suggested by the dense network of settlements and cemeteries dating from that period and grave inventories rich in prestigious local ornaments and Roman imports. Of 20 sites clustered along the margin of the upland (Fig. 1, 2) of special interest is the Wielbark Culture cemetery at Weklice, comm. and distr. Elbląg, site 7 (former Wöklitz vel Woeklitz, Kr. Elbing). In 2006 excavation was made of more than 1900 m2. Jointly with graves identified before 1945 the investigation produced 529 features; among them, 478 cremation and inhumation burials; a large percentage of grave deposits had been destroyed still during antiquity or the modern period. The dominant form of burial was inhumation (308); of 170 cremation graves the majority were urned, with no legible traces of the grave pit; pit burials were much less common. A special feature at Weklice was that graves crowded in a relatively small area, and – except in a small number of cases – there was no legible planigraphy. Many of the inhumation graves cut into other similar deposits and were themselves similarly disturbed; many cremation graves cut into inhumation graves and there were several robber trenches both of the antique and later periods. A preliminary analysis of cemetery chronology helped distinguish six phases (I–VI) early phase B1 to C2 (possibly even C3–D1?). Inhumation burials no. 208 and 495 belong the small number of well-preserved richly furnished graves dated to phase III of the cemetery, synchronized with phase B2/C1–C1a. Grave no. 208 (Fig. 3) discovered on the S slope of an elevation, disturbed in its upper layer by later burials. Rectangular 3.6×12 m outline of the grave pit, aligned NW-SE, detected at the depth of 1.2 m, ca 20 cm above the level of the burial. Traces of an oak box coffin survived at pit bottom; originally a stela had stood in S part of the grave pit. Incomplete skeletal remains of a senilis woman: teeth, fragments of the cranium and fragments of bones of forearms. Dress fittings in their original position within the outline of the skeleton. Above the cranium in N corner of the coffin, three imported vessels. 1.2. Pair of silver brooches type A II 41 (Fig. 4:1.2). 3. Silver brooch, group A VII, series 1, similar to type A VII 201 (Fig. 4:3). 4.5. Pair of silver snake-shaped bracelets, type Blume B, similar to type Wójcik IIIBb (Fig. 4:4.5). 6.7. Pair of silver wave-shaped bracelets (Wellenarmringe) (Fig. 4:6.7). 8. Gold S-clasp, type B (Fig. 4:8). 9.10. Two gold conical beads (Fig. 4:9.10). 11. Bronze needle fragment (Fig. 4:11). 12. Gilded silver disc brooch: round silver sheet disc wrapped in gilded foil, soldered on with tin-lead solder, on gilded foil, impressed image of emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, foil with its own soldered on border of gilded foil impressed with laurel wreath pattern (Fig. 5:12.12a). 13. Bronze belt buckle with buckle plate, type similar to AG29 (Fig. 5:13). 14. Bronze strap end, group JII, possibly type JII3 (Fig. 5:14). 15. Terra sigillata bowl, Dragendorff 37, variant of profile 168,14. Handsome good quality pure dark orange glaze (Fig. 6). 16. Cantharos (discovered inside the terra sigillata bowl); green slipped with light gold glaze; on the body, three horizontal rows of barbotine (Fig. 7). 17. Bronze kettle, type E 48, fractured handle mounts: the original stylised swan’s head mount, probably soldered flush with the handle; the other – quite crude, riveted on (Fig. 8). In Central European Barbaricum finds of imported Roman disc brooches are exceedingly rare. Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus identified on the fibula from grave 208 were co-emperors in AD 161–169. Here they are shown in high detail in an official double portrait expressing the idea of Concordiae augustorum. According to the analysis of this particular composition the image could have been impressed onto the foil from an intaglio while the laurel wreath motif was impressed from a different object, presumably, a medallion. The provenance of the brooch is unknown. A small group of disc brooches ornamented with foil decorated with the image of an emperor have been traced to Roman provinces and areas across the limes. The belt buckle differs from local bronzes discovered at Weklice by its unusual olive green patina, excellent casting and perfect polish of its surface. It finds correspondence in imitations of provincial Roman buckles, type Třebusice. The strap end was cast from similarly high class copper alloy and was equally well polished. Characteristic stylistic features of the entire decorative ensemble seen on the terra sigillata bowl suggest its origin as Central Gaulish workshops centred on Lezoux active in the latter half of the AD 2nd c. as well as association with the potter Cinnamus. Finds of glazed cantharoi north of the Danube are rare. Only six specimens are known from territory of Poland. Similarity of form, ornamentation and glaze suggests that the vessel from Weklice belongs to a group of vessels produced in central Italian workshops, in Latium or northern Campania. Their time of influx to Poland was probably ca AD 150, which corresponds to the wave of influx of Central Gaulish terra sigillata. Bronze kettles type E48, variants with oblique grooves, are the most popular form recorded in Barbaricum. Their two largest concentrations are known from the Danish Islands and the Vistula delta. Provenance of E 44–49 kettles is not fully clear given the almost complete absence of these vessel finds in Roman provinces. Grave no. 495 (Fig. 9) discovered on top of the elevation; the northernmost burial in the cemetery so far. Grave pit, aligned N-S, sub-rectangular, with rounded corners. Two small pits of irregular shape in NW and SE corners of the pit (resp., pits 495b and 495a) contained stones. The central part of the grave destroyed by animal burrow. Upper layer of grave pit contained a small number of tiny burnt human bones, charcoal and 10 heavily burnt sherds. An incomplete burial of a maturus female and grave furnishings found ca 62 cm below ground level; no burnt bones found in this layer. Local ‘Barbarian’ dress elements (brooch and amber bead) discovered on a secondary deposit; in the N part of the pit in situ deposit – set of imported vessels arranged around the remains of wooden casket still retaining metal fittings. 1. Bronze brooch, type A II 41 (Fig. 10:1). 2. Bronze needle or brooch pin, two fragments (Fig. 10:2). 3. Amber disc bead, hand-polished, type TM 389 (Fig. 10:3). 4. Glass bead fragment, transparent yellow glass (Fig. 10:4). 5. 10 sherds of miniature vessel (Fig. 10:5). 6–10. Wooden casket. Traces of two sides and two fragments of lid. On underside of lid, bronze rectangular lock mount fastened to wood by 4 bronze rivets (Fig. 10:6.7a–e); 2 further bronze rivets attached to both edges of lid (Fig. 10:9.10). Under the lock mount, rectangular bronze sheet plaque (Fig. 10:8), presumably part of the lock mount covering one of the key holes. At centre of casket, bronze lock spring with double wing made of two separate rods; in the longer wing at ⅔ of its length an opening, presumably for attaching the spring to casket (Fig. 10:11). 12. Bronze saucepan, type E 142, with stamp of manufacturer TALIO.F. (Talio fecit) on the handle; tinned inside and outside on upper body (Fig. 11, 12). 13.14. Bronze ladle and strainer set, type E 161 (Fig. 13). 15.16. Two glass cups, type E188a, transparent light green glass; ornamented on body with two applied glass threads interlaced in a figure-of-eight pattern (Fig. 14). According to a new system of classification of vesselsstamped with their maker’s name the Roman bronze saucepan, type E 142, from grave 495 is classifiable to type V,4b (grouping types Eggers 139–142), specimens having a deep bowl a ring handle. The find from Weklice has only two known parallels in Poland: variant V,4c, from Łęg Piekarski, distr. Turek (phase B1c) and variant V,4b, from Żegocino, distr. Sławno (phase C1). The bronze saucepan from Weklice is one of only six specimens stamped TALIO.F known from Barbaricum and Roman provinces (Fig. 15). A craftsman by the name of Talius may have been associated with early 2nd c. AD Gaulish metalworking workshops. The bronze ladle and strainer set, type E 161, belongs to the so-called late forms which arrived to Poland by sea from the mouth of the Rhine by way of Danish Isles. Production of such sets in Gaul intensified around AD 150; similar sets may have been manufactured also in Pannonia. Outside the Empire the largest number of complete ladle and strainer sets is recorded in Scandinavia, mostly Zealand and Fyn. Taking into account the Weklice find, type E 161 forms are now represented in Poland by 23 items, complete sets or otherwise. Glass cups, type E 188, are extremely rare in Barbaricum. A pair analogous to the specimens from Weklice occurred at Linówiec, distr. Starogard Gdański, in an assemblage from phase B2/C1–C1a. The deposit of imported Roman vessels from grave 495 represents a typical Roman wine-drinking set which included a bronze bucket, cauldron or a pan, a ladle and wine-strainer set as well as a pair of metal or glass drinking vessels. The set of ornaments discovered in grave 208 – 10 local forms in the so-called ‘Wielbark baroque style’, and three items apparently imported from the Roman Empire – are of great value for refining the chronology of phase III of the cemetery at Weklice, corresponding to phase B2/C1–C1a. Especially significant are the paired silver brooches, type A II 41, and the silver crossbow brooch with a high catchplate, similar to type A VII 201. The gravefield at Weklice yielded 63 brooches which by their attributes correspond to type A II 40–41, all the variants recently distinguished by Jan Schuster (Fig. 16–19). Additionally, site produced 12 brooches less easy to fit into the typology which correspond by their parameters and details of construction both to type A II 38, and type A II 40–41 (Fig. 20). In their majority they are in bronze, but in no less than 15 cases – in silver. Different variants of type A II 40–41 brooches occurred in association with brooches of having an ‘Early Roman’ construction (type A V 126–128 – graves 250, 452, 467; type similar to A V 130 – grave 252; type A V 132 – graves 402, 434) but also others which had a ‘Late Roman’ construction (type A VII 201–202 –graves 208, 256, 342, 455; type A VI 161/162 – graves 192, 353; type similar to A VI 167 – grave 452). This second group evidently define the younger horizon of phase III of the cemetery; other local forms also co-occurred with Early Roman and Late Roman finds. It is notable that all of type A II 40–41 specimens recorded in association with Late Roman fibulae have a relatively high catchplate, a detail characteristic for group VII brooches; this is also true of the brooch type A II 40–41 from grave 495. The large number of cases of co-occurrence at Weklice of ‘Early Roman’ and ‘Late Roman’ brooches lend weight to the proposition made in the past by Ryszard Wołągiewicz that in Wielbark Culture. Early Roman brooches continued in use until phase C1b. It is worth noting that grave assemblages no. 208 and 495 from Weklice define the later chronological sub-phase of phase B2/C1C1a with a greater affinity with the Late Roman Period which at the present stage of research cannot be specified in greater detail.

7

Ceramika malowana z cmentarzyska ludności kultury łużyckiej w Biernatkach, pow. poznański, z kolekcji Aleksandra Guttmana

75%

Drzewicz A.

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tom LIX

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nr 59

17-30

EN

The urnfield at Biernatki, site 1, distr. Poznań (former distr. Śrem), woj. wielkopolskie, is one of the more outstanding funerary sites of Lusatian Culture people in Wielkopolska (Great Poland). In use starting from late Bronze Age to Hallstatt D, it is thought to have formed a single settlement unit with a large settlement found at Kórnik-Bnin, site 2a-b, on a peninsula of Lake Bnińskie (Fig. 1). The cemetery, discovered in the latter half of the 19th c., was at first explored by amateur investigators who removed the best preserved pieces, most of which subsequently passed into a number of private collections. Professional excavation of site 1 at Biernatki was carried out only in 1932, followed by further investigation in 1961–1962 and 1966 (L. Krzyżaniak 1963; A. Kočkówna, A. Pałubicka, A. Prinke 1968). The collection of Aleksander Guttman was formed presumably in late 19th c. In 1919 the set was presented by colonel Tadeusz Jaworski to the National Museum in Warsaw and ultimately passed into keeping of the National Archaeological Museum in Warsaw in 1987. The collection comprises finds from two ‘Lusatian’ gravefields at Chojno-Golejewko, distr. Rawicz (A. Drzewicz 2005), and from Biernatki. Items from Biernatki include three bronze pins, stone axe fragment and 35 diverse ceramics, including the following four painted vessels: • Profiled short-necked bowl with horizontal fluting on the body (Fig. 2a, 3, 4). Flutes containing a red-painted design of rectangles and diagonal lines. Inner and outer surface light brown. H. 3.7 cm, rim diameter 11.2 cm, base diameter 4.7 cm, • Lid with a lip, presumably from a cylindrical vessel (Fig. 2b, 5a.b). On upper face, red-painted design of a circle, on the lip, two groups of short vertical lines, also in red. Inner and outer surface light brown. H. 1.7 cm, full diameter 8.4 cm, diameter of lip 7.7 cm, • Fragment of a small profiled bowl, originally presumably one of three small bowls joined at the body (Fig. 2c, 6). On the body of the bowl, two plug-holes and traces of the two other small bowls. On the neck, faint black-painted design of a group of seven vertical lines. Inner and outer surface light brown. H. 31 cm, rim diameter 6.1 cm, base diameter 2 cm, holes: 0.4×0.5 cm and 0.5×0.6 cm, • ‘Handled cup (small bowl) red-painted ornament of short lines (handle missing). H. 36 cm, W. 9.4 cm, D. 9.9 cm’ (lost during WW II; description basing on archival information). Painted Lusatian Culture pottery is known in Poland mainly from Hallstatt C and – possibly – early Hallstatt D. Its main centre of production was in Middle Silesia, with a smaller centre in Wielkopolska, to the north. Elements of Hallstatt style from the ‘south’ were modified locally and enriched by elements taken from the local pottery making giving rise to wares, which presumably were produced in specialist pottery workshops, visibly different from contemporary vessels known in Hallstatt Culture and other forms of Lusatian Culture ceramics. Painted Lusatian Culture wares of interest recorded in Poland are distinguished by a rich range of forms and ornamentation. One of the best represented forms are bowls ornamented on the body with horizontal fluting filled by a painted ornament of groups of short lines. The form, noted both in Silesia and in Wielkopolska, was probably produced locally. The bowl from Biernatki evidently belongs to this group of wares. Another, quite exceptional form of painted vessel, known only from funerary finds – cylindrical or rectangular container with lids – is represented in Poland by just five finds. The lid with a lip from Biernatki may have belonged to one of such vessels. A lid, identical in form and ornamentation and similar in dimensions, is known from Brzeg Dolny, distr. Wołów, in Silesia (Fig. 7). The two pieces could have been produced by one potter, as may have been the other painted vessels of the same type, given that all were discovered in SW area of the present-day district Wołów. Yet another, equally rare form of painted pottery, also recorded only in funerary sites, are ‘triplet’ vessels. Represented in Poland by just five complete and two seriously fragmented pieces all are similar in form: three small short-necked bowls, usually joined at the body, with a clay plug used for reinforcement. In its form, the small ‘triplet’ vessel bowl fragment from Biernatki fits the above description. Most ‘triplet’ vessels were discovered in Middle Silesia and SW Wielkopolska suggesting that their centre or centres of production could have been located in this region. As noted earlier, painted pottery vessels were produced in Lusatian Culture mainly during Hallstatt C; the ceramics from Biernatki probably belong to the same period. Technology of production of the vessels from Biernatki was studied by making an analysis of physical and chemical properties of samples taken from these finds (Fig. 2d). Microscope analysis of their fabric revealed little or no variation in mineralogical composition, indicating that all the vessels were produced from the same type of clay matrix containing a small percentage of iron compounds. Mineral elements (10–30%) included mainly, fine-grained crushed quartz, with some admixture of quartz sands and traces of potassium aluminium silicate (microcline), zircon, tourmaline and muscovite (Fig. 8–10, Table 1). Grain size range was 0.02–0.5 mm, with the majority of grains at 0.1–0.2 mm. Difractometric X-ray analysis did not reveal the presence of minerals other than those already mentioned. Lacking engobe, the vessels from Biernatki had been coated with only a solution of water and the same ceramic paste which was used in their production. Derivative-graphic analysis of samples indicates that the vessels were all fired in a similar temperature of 540–555ºC (Table 2), in oxidising conditions. Weight loss of the ceramic paste due to firing was at 11.04–11.75%. The similarity of firing temperatures, weight loss percentages and the nearly identical hue of the vessels indicate use of similar ceramic paste and firing conditions. Technological analysis of the vessels from Biernatki was supplemented by a study of their physical properties and performance attributes (Table 3). It was discovered that the level of consolidation of the ceramic matrix of the clay body, defined by the level of real and apparent density, total porosity and impermeability, indicated the high quality of the ceramic paste used. It is notable that identical values were obtained for the ‘triplet’ bowl and the lid, which also showed very similar firing temperatures. Low water absorbability of 7.69–10.87%, obtained despite low firing temperatures, is a further proof of high skill and technological proficiency of the potters. Analysis of the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age vessels from the A. Guttman collection has improved our understanding of Lusatian Culture painted pottery, particularly such specific forms as eg ‘triplet’ vessels and cylindric containers with lids.

8

Cmentarzysko kultury wielbarskiej w Litwinkach, pow. nidzicki

75%

Woźniak M.

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nr 67

195-226

EN

The village Litwinki (former Littfinken, Kreis Neidenburg) lies about 4 km to the north-west of the centre of Nidzica. Two cremation graves were unearthed here in 1910 when a clamp was being dug for the storage of potatoes. In 25–27 August of that year Felix Ernst Peiser excavated the site, uncovering 26 features. The archaeological finds passed to the Prussia-Museum in Königsberg where they continued until the evacuation of the museum in mid-1940s; their fate today is unknown. Preliminary study results were published by F. E. Peiser (1911), references to particular artefacts have been found in the works of archaeologists who made a study of the collections of the Prussia-Museum (cf. N. Åberg 1919, p. 155; W Gaerte 1929, fig. 141:a.e; R. Schindler 1940, passim). The main source of information about this find is at present a transcript of Peiser’s field diary, now in the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin (SMB-PK/MVF, PM-IXd 1, PM-A 1460/1), with additional data found in private files completed before World War II (N. Åberg, Archiwum; H. Jankuhn, Archiwum; F. Jakobson, Archiwum; M. Schmiedehelm, Archiwum). The surviving archival record has made it possible to locate the site with some confidence about 130 m to the north of the pre-war Nidzica--Olsztynek road (Neidenburg-Hohenstein), immediately behind the buildings of the former Litwinki farm (Fig. 1:A). The size of the excavated area is unknown. The distance between the outlying features measured W-E and N-S was ca. 55 m and ca. 15 m respectively. However it is unclear whether the whole area lying between them was studied; moreover, a part of site had been damaged earlier. Out of 26 archaeological features uncovered in the cemetery 21 were graves,the other five were features with an obscure function. All features which could be determined as to their cultural attribution are associated with the Wielbark Culture. The largest group of graves (12) are cremations, deposited in a pit together with pyre debris, a smaller group (5) are cremations, deposited in a pit without the remains of the cremation pyre. There was also a single urned burial with pyre debris. The only burial identifiable with some confidence as an inhumation had a W-E orientation, uncharacteristic for the burial rite of the Wielbark Culture people (cf. R. Wołągiewicz 1981, p. 151). Two other features (nos. 14 and 15) are possible inhumation burial (or burials) but this interpretation is tentative (Fig. 9). Grave goods occurred in 21 features. Next to a modest quantity of pottery grave inventories included a few objects (mostly 2–4), mostly surviving fragmented. Fibulae, complete or fragmented, were found in nine graves. In seven graves they occurred singly (1, 3, 10, 12, 20, 21, 25), in two there was a pair (7, 22). According to the data in H. Jankuhn and M. Schmiedehelm’s files brooches were present in grave 27 as well but this disagrees with the data in F. E. Peiser’s field diary. Eight brooches were determined typologically. Stylistically the earliest form is represented by two brooches found in grave 7, from phase B2/C1–C1a (Fig. 2:3). They correspond in their construction to a spring-cover brooch variant with the spring covered by a cylinder, similar to type Almgren 42 dating to the younger segment of phase B2. The shape of the brooch bow is similar to that of late spring-cover brooch variants classified to type Almgren 41. Brooches similar to type Almgren 41 provided with a cylinder covering the spring are rare finds. They are noted across a broad territory occupied by the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 5:5–7), Wielbark Culture (Fig. 5:1–4) and the region settled by Balt tribes (Fig. 6), first of all, by the Dollkeim/Kovrovo Culture, where they represent the youngest stage in the developmental of Almgren 42 brooches. Other brooches determined typologically are tendril brooches characteristic for the Late Roman Period. A specimen found in grave 1, corresponding to early type Almgren 161–162 brooches, dates to stadium C1a. A younger form of this type are brooches decorated with coils of notched wire, type Almgren 167. A brooch of this description was found in grave 3, two more (cf. N. Åberg 1919, p. 155) were mentioned in the context of grave 27 but are likely to have been included in this inventory only after the excavations. In the Wielbark Culture Almgren 167 brooches are dated to phases C1 and C2, their largest number is noted in phase C1b and the older segment of phase C2 (J. Andrzejowski, T. Rakowski, K. Watemborska 2010, p. 145–146). Brooches found in graves 21 and 22 were form with returned foot and so-called dead spring, type Almgren 168. The specimen from grave 21 was made of silver, the specimen from feature 22 of bronze. In the so-called Gothic cultures brooches of this type are recognized as a key marker of phase C2 (K. Godłowski 1974, p. 39; R. Wołągiewicz 1993, p. 25; A. Kokowski 1995a, p. 33, 45). The other elements of the grave goods were much less numerous and in most cases little is known about them. Buckles were discovered in at least five graves. Four were made of bronze (graves 4, 7, 22, 25), one of iron (24). Their shape and dimensions are not known. A bronze bipartite buckle was mentioned by M. Schmiedehelm (Archiwum) in the context of grave 27 but this is not confirmed by other sources related to this feature. A bronze strap end of an unknown form was found as a stray find on the surface of the cemetery (so-called feature 5), near grave 6. Personal ornaments are represented by bronze shield-headed bracelets typical for the Wielbark Culture people (graves 1 and 7). From grave 1 came a silver S-shaped clasp (Fig. 2:2) and a gold pyriform pendant, type von Müller III (Fig. 2:1). Blass beads, most of them burnt, were recorded in five features (1, 21, 23, 25, 27). Grave 27 held a dress pin made of antler or bone with a head of triangular cross-section decorated with concentric rings, so-called ‘eyes’ (Fig. 4:1). Antler/bone pins are much more common in Wielbark Culture sites than previously thought (Fig. 7, 8; List 1). Everyday objects include clay spindle-whorls (1, 2, 7, 20, 21, 22, 23?, 27), antler/bone combs, some of them composite, one unipartite (Fig. 2:4), and a bronze needle (7). At least 23 pottery vessels (complete or fragments) were recovered from 15 features, one to three in in individual assemblages. Most of them are forms characteristic for the Late Roman Period, i.e., jars, group XIVA (2, 3, 19, 21, 22), bowls, types VIA (26), VIB (1) and VIB/C (16), also, their miniature forms, types XVIIIB (22) and XVIIIC (2). Additionally, there were individual specimens of bowls, type Xb (2, 7, 15), a beaker, type XIIIA (25) and tripartite vase-shaped forms, group IVA or XVIA (14, 21). The earliest burials discorede in the cemetery at Litwinki date to phase B2/C1–C1a (graves 1 and 7). The onset of the Late Roman Period (B2/C1–C1) is presumably the dating of grave 25 with a type XIIIA beaker, and more tentatively, grave 27 with an antler/bone pin, also, grave 26 with a type VIA urn, and graves 4, 6, 11, 13 and 24 containing burials in the form of clusters of bone deposited in a pit without the pyre debris. A younger group are graves from stadium C1b–C2, with brooches, types Almgren 167 (3) and 168 (21, 22). The rest of the features with no recorded furnishings can be dated only broadly to the Late Roman Period. Most of the features were located in part W of the excavated area (Fig. 9). Graves with a dissimilar dating and burial rite were found next to each other, but all of them were cremation burials. Inhumation graves (16 and possibly, burial/burials 14 and 15) were discovered at the centre of the investigated area. The situation in the E part of the cemetery was quite different, here there was a several metres’ wide strip of empty ground. Just three features were found here – a cremation grave (19) and two not easily interpreted pits (17, 18). The presence of this broad, archaeologically barren space is hard to explain. Possibly, this area had been damaged, not covered by the excavations, alternately, it could represent the periphery of what originally used to be a much larger site. Despite the discovery of only 26 features at Litwinki the material record from this cemetery helps improve our understanding of the burial rite practiced by the Wielbark Culture people living in Mazowsze and Podlasie. It is important to note the uncharacteristic orientation of the inhumation grave, and also, the presence of different forms of cremation burial. Furthermore, the materials from the cemetery confirm the fact that this diversity of cremation graves is characteristic for the earliest phases of the Wielbark Culture in the region. Also worth noting is the presence of uncharacteristic brooches in grave 7 and the gold pyriform pendant, unique in the Mazowsze-Podlasie province of the Wielbark Culture.

9

Nieznane cmentarzysko z okresu wpływów rzymskich z miejscowości Całowanie, pow. otwocki

75%

Watemborska-Rakowska K.

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tom LXIV

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nr 64

190-198

EN

In 2002 the Polish Army Museum handed over to the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw a group of archaeological finds from a random discovery made at Całowanie, Otwock County, during a mid-1990s search for the burial of soldiers fallen in the defense of Poland in September 1939. The exact find-spot was identified in 2013 and apparently corresponds to site XIV recorded at Całowanie during a fieldwalking survey made in 1990 (Fig. 1, 2) which at the time brought in two uncharacteristic fragments of burnt pottery. The assemblage of interest consists of three eye brooch fragments, a partly melted copper alloy buckle, two iron strap-ends, an iron shield-boss, an iron spearhead, an iron spearhead with barbs, iron shears, an iron shield-grip fragment, an iron knife, an iron rivet and fragments of pottery (Fig. 3–5). A black burnished vase (Fig. 3:1) may be reconstructed as originally having three handles. Similar forms are known from numerous finds from the eastern zone of Przeworsk Culture during phase B2, most of them used for cinerary urns (T. Dąbrowska 1996; J. Andrzejowski 2001, p. 79–82). A shallow cup with a small handle (Fig. 3:2) corresponds to type VI/2 of T. Liana (1970, p. 440). A few fragments of pottery also found in the assemblage from Całowanie belong to biconical vessels with a sharply marked shoulder (Fig. 3:3.4), presumably, type II/3 of T. Liana (1970, p. 439). Three partly melted fragments of a copper alloy brooch may belong to a single specimen, an eye brooch, Prussian series, type A.60 (Fig. 4:1). A hole observed below the hook in the upper part of the brooch head (Fig. 4:1b), 3-4 mm in diameter, suggests repairs made to the brooch when its hook broke by installing a new hook in a hole. A similar method was used in a brooch from grave no. 59 from Nadkole 2, Wyszków County in eastern Poland (J. Andrzejowski 1998, p. 58, pl. XLIV/59:5, CVIII:5). Other metal dress accessories are a heavily eroded and partly melted bronze buckle (Fig. 4:2), type AD1 of R. Madyda-Legutko (1987, p. 24), and two iron strap-ends (Fig. 4:3.4) type 2, variant 4 of R. Madyda-Legutko (2011, p. 31–32). The best preserved of the weapon finds is an iron shield-boss (Fig. 5:7), type J.7a (M. Jahn 1916, p. 173–176, pl. III) a form characteristic for weapon assemblages dated to the younger segment of phase B2 (T. Liana 1970, p. 452; K. Godłowski 1981, p. 83; 1992, p. 80). The shield-boss is made from two separate pieces, well apparent on an X-ray photograph: a bowl with a spike hammered together with the upper part of the collar. Spearheads (Fig. 5:1.2) found in the group from Całowanie are represented by a specimen with barbs, type L/2 of P. Kaczanowski (1995, p. 33, 34), and a specimen with a slender lozenge-shaped blade, type IV (P. Kaczanowski 1995, p. 16). The next element of weaponry is a fragment of a shield-grip classified by its rectangular rivet plate (Fig. 5:5) as type J.8 (M. Jahn 1916, p. 189, fig. 217). An iron knife with a tang separated from a blade (Fig. 5:3) and iron shears (Fig. 5:6) may be dated only broadly to the Roman Period. Although it is not entirely certain that the materials from Całowanie, site XIV, originally belonged to the same grave inventory this is possible because their chronology is not incompatible. There is some doubt however whether this deposit included one (or more) brooches, especially an eye brooch, rare in weapon graves and recorded more frequently in grave assemblages next to objects diagnostic for female burials. We have a record on an ancient cemetery identified at Całowanie in 1921 complete with a find of a type A.162 (R. Jakimowicz 1921, p. 147). Given its location (on a dune by the road running from Łukowiec to Całowanie) this grave-site could be the same as cemetery at Całowanie, site XIV. This conclusion is supported further by the large number of Przeworsk-Wielbark cemeteries recorded in right-bank Mazowsze (J. Andrzejowski 1989). Recent decades of research made on the upper terrace of the Middle Vistula Valley has brought in new and striking discoveries. The cemeteries at Całowanie (P. Iwanicki 2011), Sobienie Biskupie (not published; PMA, IV/7745) and Czersk (see: K. Czarnecka 2012) now confirm that there was intensive settlement in this region during the Pre-Roman Period and the Roman Period (cf. K. Godłowski 1985, p. 62–65; T. Dąbrowska, T. Liana 1986, maps 2, 3; J. Andrzejowski 2001, p. 60, fig. 1).

10

Sadłowo – nowa karta w badaniach osadnictwa kultury wielbarskiej na ziemi dobrzyńskiej

75%

Kurpiewski A. , Lewandowska J.

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tom LXIV

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nr 64

172-190

EN

The Roman Period cemetery, published under the name of the village of Sadłowo, is noted as a site of two outstanding Roman imports: a terra sigillata bowl and a glass vessel discovered in 1927 during the construction of a narrow gauge railway (W. Antoniewicz 1930; J. Andrzejowski 2003). An archaeological surface investigation made in 2011 (incl. metal detection) identified the location of the cemetery at Nowe Sadłowo, distr. Rypin, some 600 m south-west of the village buildings, to the south of the main road running from Sadłowo to Rypin (A. Kurpiewski, J. Lewandowska, in print). Much of the site has been lost to a gravel mine, in 1970s converted to farmland, and at present occupies a rectangular area of 200×40–60 m (Fig. 1). Archaeological excavation commenced in the autumn of 2012 focused on the central, most elevated part of the site. A total of c. 130 m² was investigated, exposing 27 features: 21 graves of Wielbark Culture, two medieval features and four features not determined as to function and chronology. All the graves were detected underneath the humus, their uppermost level only slightly disturbed by ploughing. The grave-field is biritual, with five inhumation and sixteen cremation graves (three urned and 13 pit graves). The inhumation burials were deposited, in keeping to the practices observed at other Wielbark Culture cemeteries, in pits with N-S alignment. Close to 150 small finds were excavated, dated to the Roman Period: 31 brooches, 10 complete and five fragmented buckles, two strap ends, 10 belt mounts, seven antler combs, four bracelet fragments, four clay spindlewhorls, two needles, 25 glass and amber beads, four pendants (gold, silver and iron) and a fragment of a denarius. With only a small fragment of the cemetery investigated its conclusive chronological analysis is unfeasible. The earliest of the excavated graves, no. 18, held a type A 41 brooch, dated to phase B2/C1. Other objects from the same phase were all stray finds (types A 41, A 95/96, A 128 brooches, fragments of a snake-headed bracelet). Grave 2 was assigned to phase B2/C1–C1a by the presence in its inventory of a type A 95 brooch, it also held another brooch, type A 162. Two assemblages were dated to the onset of the Late Roman Period (C1a) by e.g., a type AD18 buckle (grave 9) and brooches types A 161 and AD17 (grave 16). Two graves (10 and 15) were dated broadly to phase C1. Four graves belong in phase C1b–C2. Grave 19 held a brooch, type A 167, and a buckle, type AD29; in grave 8 there was e.g., a buckle, type AB7, a silver brooch, type A 167, with multiple coils of beaded wire; in grave 18 a brooch type A 167 was found together with a type AE13 specimen, and in grave 4 a brooch type A 167 with single coils of beaded wire, was discovered in company of a buckle, group AH, with an oval, unthickened frame.

11

Uwagi na temat powiązań kultury oksywskiej z kręgiem jastorfskim i Europą Północną w świetle materiałów z cmentarzyska w Podwiesku, stanowisko 2, pow. Chełmno, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie

75%

Bokiniec E.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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tom LIV

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nr 54

37-48

EN

The cemetery of the Oksywie Culture in Podwiesk, site 2, produced 480 graves; among them were 2 inhumation graves, 477 cremation graves and a single animal grave. Almost all of them (except the inhumation and 2 cremation graves) can be dated to the late Pre-Roman Period. Most interesting are graves furnished with iron brooches with a bronze sheet on the bow, iron “staged” brooches (Stufenfibeln) and bipartite iron belt clasps compound of two or three parts, all dated to the phase A1 and the earlier stage of the phase A2. These finds marked the first stage of the Jastorf Culture influences in the OksywieCculture. The iron brooches with bronze sheets occurred, always in pairs, in 6 graves (Fig. 1, 6, 7). Such brooches were not known from the Oksywie Culture until the horizon of Stufenfibeln and brooches of type C, and still existed in the phase A2. Their closest analogies came from the area on the lower Oder river and on Bornholm. Iron tripartite belt clasps are typical for the Oder group of the Jastorf Culture while bipartite clasps form local Bornholm type. In the Oksywie Culture they are known only from Podwiesk. Both types of belt clasps were found in Podwiesk together with Stufenfibeln and brooches with bronze sheet. Brooches with balls on the bow were quite common both in the Nordic culture and in the Jastorf Culture. A specimen found in Podwiesk (Fig. 1:9) has two connected balls. Such type is known from northern Jutland, Fyn and Bornholm, as well as from eastern Holstein and Mecklenburg. Most frequent in the Podwiesk cemetery are Stufenfibeln. 27 specimens were found in 22 graves. All of them are of the late La Tène construction, almost rectangular or trapezoid form with a band-shaped bow widened toward a head. Two groups of those brooches could be distinguished: brooches 3,5–5,5 cm long with short, 4–8-coil spring (Fig. 2) and brooches 4,0–6,2 cm long with longer, 8–13-coil spring (Fig. 3). The discussed finds indicate that in the early phase of late Pre-Roman Period on the southern Baltic coast appeared new forms of ornaments and costumes. Some of them could come from Gotland and Bornholm, others from the Jastorf Culture territory. Great number of those finds evidenced strong and constant connections between Pomerania and both Scandinavia and Oder-Elbe region.

12

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Niemirowie, gmina Mielnik, woj. podlaskie

75%

Rusin K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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tom LIV

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nr 54

101-108

EN

The site is situated on the northern bank of the river Bug, about 400 m west from the Polish-Belorussian border. It is partly destroyed by a sandpit (Fig. 1). During the rescue excavations in 1984 and 1985 ten cremation graves (eight pit graves and two urn graves) and more then twenty undetermined pits were found here. Some of these pits, with big amount of charcoal located by the graves 4 and 11 (Fig. 4, 5) without any traces of relics of a pyre, could be linked with a cemetery. Grave 4 has a form atypical for the Przeworsk Culture – the urn was placed on the bottom of a shallow pit plastered with stones (Fig. 3). The Niemirów cemetery was used in phases B2b–B2/C1. The oldest find is a brooch similar to the type A.78 found in the grave 8 (Fig. 3). The strongly profiled brooches of the Mazovian variant typical for the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture, dated to the phase B2b–B2/C1a came from graves 4 and 5 (Fig. 3). Grave 9 with a brooch of type A.96 is dated to phase B2/C1. An ornamented lancepoint from destroyed grave 1 (Fig. 2) and a set of weapons from grave 5a, dug into grave 5, probably came from the same time. A chronological analysis indicats that the cemetery in Niemirów belongs to the group of small, shortlasting cemeteries, grounded in the end of the phase B2 on the north-eastern peripheries of the Przeworsk Culture territory. They are linked with an inner migration, maybe evoked by the expansion of the Wielbark Culture.

13

Groby w skrzyniach kamiennych na cmentarzysku kultury łużyckiej z Cichowa, pow. przasnyski

63%

Orlińska G.

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nr 67

131-146

EN

The cremation cemetery at Cichowo, Przasnysz County in NE Poland (Fig. 1) yielded close to 300 features – graves and pits (Fig. 2) – attributed to the Lusatian Culture. Most of them, of a widely different form and inventory, had been provided with settings of a varying complexity built of locally sourced stone. In some areas of the cemetery were found the remains of raised structures, recognized recently as earth mounds, rather than pavements, as previously thought. Found underneath these structures were urned burials, the human remains deposited in a pottery vessel or an organic container, a much smaller number of pit burials, as well as some pits with a dark fill containing a minor quantity of burnt human bones, or none at all. The top of the settings in these deeply buried features was mostly on the level of the base of the earth mound, the location of what were mostly collective graves containing pottery cinerary urns, usually accompanied by small-sized accessory vessels. Three stone cists (features 261, 269 and 349) – lined with stones, and presumably, originally also buried under a layer of stones – were found in the central area of the cemetery, underneath the raised structures (Fig. 3). The building material of the cists was stone, selected with care to be of the same size, or split into slabs, usually placed with the flat side to face inside the chamber; the northern walls were of rough stones. Two smaller cists had a W-E orientation. In feature 261 the construction, surviving to the height of 34 cm, with maximum dimensions of 65×87 cm, was lined lower down with closely packed slabs (Fig. 4–7). Inside was an organic container holding the burial of a man of early maturus age furnished with two scaled flakes of Baltic erratic flint. In feature 349, a roughly square chamber with a maximum length of its side of ca. 55 cm and surviving height of ca. 30 cm, still retained five of its slabs, resting in situ, forming the walls of the chamber, and a sixth slab at bottom (Fig. 14, 15). The cist held a burial of an adultus–maturus individual, deposited in an organic container together with three scaled flakes of Baltic erratic flint. A large feature 269, oriented NW-SE, had maximum dimensions of 87×177 cm and a surviving length of ca. 50 cm. Its bottom, lined with a dozen-odd flat stones, measured 70×155 cm. Found inside the chamber, standing in a row, partly set about with stones, were four pottery urns and some cremated remains originally deposited inside an organic container (Fig. 8–12). The urns were plain vase-shaped vessels with surfaces affected by fire (Fig. 13). Urn 1 held a burial of an infans I child, urn 2 – of a maturus male, urn 3 – of an early adultus male and an infans I (4–5 years old), urn 4 – of a late infans I (ca. 6 years old), the organic container – an adultus female burial. According to earlier analyses of archaeological material, the cemetery at Cichowo was in use mostly in EB IV; this is also the dating of the cist features. Stratigraphic relationships between them and the graves found nearby indicate that the cists were the first to be constructed (Fig. 3) presumably, during the older phase of the cemetery. The pits with the dark fill appear to have an equally early dating. No stone cists are recorded in other cemeteries in northern Mazowsze but a distinct concentration of similar structures is noted in Gdańsk Pomerania, in barrow cemeteries dating mostly to EB IV (J. Kostrzewski 1958, list 32; T. Malinowski 1962, p. 21 ff., map IV). In that region, cists and pits with traces of burning similar to those found at Cichowo had rested under earth mounds and had an earlier dating than other burials. The chambers at Cichowo resemble features known from Pomerania by their size, orientation to the points of the compass and construction details. Similarly as at Cichowo, stone cists recorded in Pomerania mostly held adult burials. The modest body of evidence now available does not confirm the correlation between the cist grave form on the one hand and age or sex of the burials on the other. Vase-shaped vessels analogous to those found in the large cist at Cichowo are observed during EB IV across much of Poland, also in Pomerania, eg, in cist graves. Some of the vessels found in them were biconical – a form widespread in northern Mazowsze. Some of the urns found in Pomerania had cup style lids of a form which is recorded in collective graves in northern Mazowsze and in the Płock Region. Stone constructions have been recorded in central Poland in cemeteries with ‘grooved pottery’ at Tkaczew, Zgierz County. Cists and traces of burning recognized at Cichowo apparently date to the early phase of this cemetery. This would be the period when the culture inventory of the investigated grave-field appears to display more similarity to the materials of north-eastern groups, East Pomeranian (Kashubian) Group in particular, than to the Eastern Group of the Lusatian Culture (M. Gedl 1989, map 30, 31). At Cichowo, the latest dating was established for collective graves deposited under piles of stones. They contained, besides the prevalent biconical vessels, tureen forms, often decorated by fluting, mugs, jugs and beakers. Similar ‘grooved pottery’ occurred in cemeteries of the Central Polish Group which, similarly as those in northern Mazowsze, had stones on their surface. This suggests that during its younger phase the cemetery at Cichowo displays a more marked similarity to southern materials.

14

Wytwory krzemienne z cmentarzyska z późnej starożytności Nejzac na Krymie

63%

Mączyński P. , Polit B.

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nr 67

175-193

EN

Major development of metallurgy production in the Crimean Peninsula and adjacent areas led to a gradual decline in late 2nd millennium BC of the use of flint in the manufacture of tools and elements of weapons. Contrary to the prevalent view about the loss of interest in this resource flint has been recorded in proto- and early historic sites. There is evidence for the use of flint resources by the population of Crimea from the site at Neyzats, rai. Bilohirsk (Fig. 1) dating to 2nd–3rd quarter of the 2nd–4th century AD. The large and quite varied inventory from this cemetery included flint finds that are uncharacteristic for this period. Their number, and quite importantly, their location inside the graves, have prompted us to make a closer study of the assemblage from this sepulchral site. Our analysis covers the finds from excavation seasons 1996, 1997, 1999–2008 and 2011–2013 headed by prof. I. N. Khrapunov. They include 65 flint artefacts and a single quartzite chunk (?) recovered from 557 graves that were identified and excavated during this period. The study focuses on a series of flint artefacts that were found resting on the grave pit bottom at the level of detection of the inhumations, and on other elements of the grave inventories eg, vessels, tools and personal ornaments. Left outside the analysis were flint artefacts found in the fill of the entrance corridors, their location recognized as accidental since deposition of grave goods in this part of the grave was not practiced. The typological description of the flint finds was made using the system established for Stone Age assemblages. The inventory of interest includes chunks (Fig. 2:2–4, 3:1.2.4.5), flake forms (Fig. 5:1–7, 6:2–8, 9), blades and retouched blades (Fig. 3:3.6–9, 4:2.4–10), a para-blade (Fig. 6:1), cores (Fig. 4:1.3) and bifacial tools (Fig. 7:1.2, 8:1.2). Also classified to this group is a single object made of quartzite (?). Technological and morphological analysis of the assemblage identified the style of manufacture of these forms as typical for the Stone Age (Mesolithic) and the Bronze Age. This would confirm the conjecture that in the first centuries AD the population of the Crimean Peninsula obtained lithic resources by collecting flint artefacts from the surface of chronologically older sites (debitage) and from flint outcrops (natural flint chunks and fragments of concretions). The study took into account 20 graves containing a total of 26 burials in situ with flint artefacts found resting where they originally had been deposited. The other 16 graves had been robbed in Antiquity or in the modern age, their inventories displaced and mixed. In most cases the flints rested in the area of the belt of the deceased, together with other items, eg, whetstones, knives, awls, buckles and iron objects too heavily corroded to identify. The arrangement of the artefacts and their location within the grave space suggest that the flints were carried placed with other objects in a container fastened at the belt (leather pouch?). Many of the flint artefacts have evident macroscopic alterations attesting to their use, in the form of heavily polished or battered areas (Fig. 2:1.2, 3:1.2.5, 4:1.5.9, 6:1–3, 7:1.2, 8:1.2). Marks of this sort are regarded as typically associated with the process of striking fire. The method which most likely caused the blunting of the edges involved striking a flint against a concretion of pyrite or marcasite to produce sparks. Although the observed polish is characteristic for this process to confirm the use of this technique additional use wear analyses are needed. In the context of firemaking methods we cannot overlook the question of the identification of iron firesteels, a tool used in striking fire. Unfortunately, in the past these objects were not recognized in the materials dating to the Late Antiquity. The observation of our material suggests that it is safe to interpret as firesteels some of the iron objects of oblong shape (Fig. 9) found in male graves. They appear to be similar in their form to needle-shaped firesteels of with a large number is has been recorded in Scandinavia and Hungary. The question of the correct interpretation of the discussed group of artefacts requires further study. In addition, an ingot firesteel (Fig. 10) was discovered in one of the graves in the Neyzats cemetery. In any study of archaeological sites from the proto- and early historic period it is essential to take note of the occurrence of lithic artefacts. As the finds assemblage from the Neyzats cemetery has demonstrated they are an extremely interesting but insufficiently recognized source of information useful in the study of the everyday life of a population during a given age. Definitely an important issue in need of resolution is the question of the use in the process of firemaking of a set consisting of a flint and an iron firesteel.

15

Środkowolateński grób z płaskiego cmentarzyska w Radości Kamienieckiej w zachodniej Białorusi

63%

Belâvec V.

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nr 55

47-54

EN

Recent excavations (1997–99) at Radość Kamieniecka, where well known medieval barrow cemetery (typical for Luka Raykavetskaya culture) and a Roman Period settlement were already found (Fig. 1), confirmed previous information but added also unexpected new finds. A cemetery of 18 graves has been explored there, one of them (grave 1) can be precisely dated to the middle La Tène Period, others only generally to the Iron Age. Stroked potsherds found in a few graves could be linked with a horizon of stroked pottery known from the sites of the eastern Podlasie in Poland. Grave 1 has an almost rectangular grave pit, 160×80–100 cm, orientated NW-SE, depth about 90 cm, with light grey filling with traces of charcoal and ashes (Fig. 2). In the grave 910 g of burnt bones were found. According to an anthropological analysis it were bones of a man, adultus, and a child, infans I. The grave assemblage consists of two iron brooches of middle La Tène type (Kostrzewski type B), 11 potsherds from several different vessels, a piece of melted light green glass, and a piece of slag. One of the brooches is decorated with an iron ball fastening a foot to the bow and a smaller ball just cut on the wire (Fig. 3). A few flint tools found in two groups could have been deposited intentionally in the grave pit. The brooches allow to date the grave to the phase La Tène C1 (C1b) according to Celtic chronology, or to the phase A1 of the Pre-Roman Period according to the central European chronology. A brooch with special decoration (big ball – small ball) has close analogies in the finds from Reginów, pow. Warszawa zachód, and from Drozdowo, pow. Płońsk, woj. mazowieckie, both found in cemeteries but without clear context. Similar brooches were also found at Sierpów, pow. Zgierz, woj. łódzkie (stray find) and at Kujawki, pow. Wągrowiec, woj. wielkopolskie, which served in J. Kostrzewski’s typology as a pattern example of type B (Fig. 4, 5). Similar but not identical decoration can be seen on brooches found in the vast territory of the La Tène Culture – like Bohemia, Moravia, Bayern and Switzerland. Some analogies can also be found in the Jastorf Culture and the Gubin Group. In my opinion brooches of Radość-Kujawki type, although based on Celtic pattern, were however produced in local workshops. They can be dated to the La Tene C1b or phase A1 of the late Pre-Roman Period. The cultural identity of that grave is more difficult to set. Both brooches could be linked with the Przeworsk Culture, but the grave form is quite different. More obvious is an attempt to link that grave with the Zarubintsy Culture because of the grave form and burial rite, but there is a huge gap (almost 300 km) between this cemetery and nearest sites of the Zarubintsy Culture. The problem must, till now, remain unsolved. The grave 1 from Radość could be however set in a horizon of strong influences of Celtic and Jastorf Cultures resulting in emerging of the Przeworsk Culture and having a clear impact on the Zarubintsy and Poieneşti-Lukaševka Culture.

16

Nowa odmiana uzdy z wodzami łańcuchowymi z cmentarzyska kultury bogaczewskiej w Paprotkach Kolonii, stan. 1, woj. warmińsko-mazurskie

63%

Bitner-Wróblewska A. , Karczewska M. , Karczewski M.

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nr 55

65-86

EN

Among materials recovered to date from the cemetery of Bogaczewo Culture at Paprotki Kolonia, site 1, gm. Miłki (woj. warmińsko-mazurskie), worthy of special note is the assemblage of grave 72 which included a rich assortment of weapons, belt elements, and above all, a unique iron horse bridle with chain-link reins. The cemetery at Paprotki Kolonia, site 1, lies in the region of Mazurian Great Lakes, some 3 km SE of the village of Paprotki (Fig. 1). It occupies a slight elevation between the peatland Nietlice (former lake) and waterlogged meadows surrounding the Zielone Bagno bog. The cemetery was discovered in 1983 by L. Paderewska MA and L. Gajewski MA during the archaeological penetration of Mazurian peatlands. From 1991 the site was systematically excavated. So far some 170 cremation graves were discovered as well as the remains of a funerary pyre. It is difficult to establish accurately the number of all graves because a number of them were discovered on a secondary deposit in the fill of trenches dating to the first world war. The earliest assemblage, dated to phase A3–B1, is grave 33, which yielded a bronze pin type A acc. to B. Beckmann. The latest burials date to the Migration Period. Grave 30 contained a comb with a bell-shaped grip (phase D) while grave 1 produced a spiral ring with the coil hammered into a disc (phase E). Most burials are dated to the younger phase of the Early Roman Period and older phase of the Late Roman Period. This chronology also applies to the assemblage from grave 72, of special interest here. Grave 72 was discovered 45 cm below the line of turf. It contained a double burial – an urn containing the remains of an early adultus or early maturus female or a fragile delicately built male individual) and a pit burial of an adultus-maturus male). The pit grave was circular ca. 1 m in diameter; its SE section had been disturbed by other burials. In section grave 72 formed a regular pit with a flat bottom, its fill consisted of intensively black earth mixed with rusty-red sand. Its maximum depth was 45–47 cm. The rich assemblage recovered from grave 72 included the following finds: a horse bridle with a ring bit and chain-link reins (Fig. 6), elements of a shield (type J.7a shield-boss, rivets – fig. 7:1,6,7), a knife with a hilt and scabbard mounts (Fig. 7:2,13), ten arrow points (Fig. 8), a belt set consisting of a buckle with a double spike R. Madyda-Legutko type AG42, belt hanger and three belt-end fittings, including a type J.II1-2 acc. to K. Raddatz (Fig. 9:1–3,6,19), another belt set consisting of a belt buckle with an elongated ferrule type AG12 (Fig. 10:2), a rectangular fitting and cross-shaped fittings (Fig. 10:9). Other grave goods included two fibulae with three cross-bares, type A.96 (Fig. 10:6,7) and appliqué bosses representing an ornament of female head-dress (Fig. 10:3–5). Grave equipment included a cinerary urn with a high-set funnel neck and body of broad proportions, its greatest diameter set slightly below mid-height of the vessel (Fig. 11). The urn was fitted with a 4-segment vertical handle. Basing on the pair of fibulae type A.96 from grave 72 may be dated to phase B2/C1–C1a. Other grave goods such as the type J.7a shield-boss confirm this chronology and the belt set with the double-spiked belt buckle. The other belt buckle having a rectangular, bipartite frame and ferrule, which in the assemblage in question may represent an old fashioned form, occupies a slightly earlier chronological position. A special position in the inventory of the discussed grave is definitely occupied by the horse bridle with chain-link reins, made entirely of iron. Its unipartite mouthpiece has the form of a rod bent four times at right angles. A horse harness with such a mouthpiece and a metal throatlatch made it much easier to control the horse something important in combat. The bridle from Paprotki also features chain-link reins which consist of three elongated and three annular links. The elongated links are formed of rods polygonal in section hammered at both ends into an eye and coiled around the annular links. The elongated links are decorated centrally and at the ends with pairs of engraved lines, the eyes – with deep grooves or engraved designs in form of an arrow, diagonal grid, triangle or chevron. Fittings of the side straps of the bridle are rectangular – an iron rod was twisted into an eye around the links of the bit, its ends hammered flat into thin plates joined to the strap by a single rivet. The bridle from grave 72 at Paprotki Kolonia belongs to the sub-type of bridles with chain-link reins encountered in the Barbaricum in the Roman Period and the Migration Period. Bridles of this type have the mouthpiece made of a rod bent four times at right angles, throatlatch and rings of the bit. Fittings for attaching side straps of the bridle are T-shaped. Chain-link reins formed of elongated and annular links were almost exclusively in bronze; only the mouthpiece was iron. Several systems of classification of the discussed category of finds are proposed in literature (T. Baranowski 1973; M. Ørsnes 1993; S. Wilbers-Rost 1994). Although they differ in their methodological assumptions they arrive at basically similar divisions. The main criterion is the shape of the chain links. They may be figure-of-eight with a cylindrical or a tapering central section, the shape of joined acorns or slender elongated and flat links, broad annular links. The last type of links characterises the latest specimens of chain-link reins dated to the Early Migration Period. Chronology of the remaining types fits between phases B2 and B2/C1. The bridle from Paprotki fits the basic criteria and may be classified without difficulty the subtype of chain-link reins. It has a number of distinct features, which argue against including it in any of the variants known so far. This is mainly because of the different shape of the elongated chain links. Another element unseen in previously recorded chain-link reins is the substitution in the Paprotki bridle of hooks for attaching side thongs by fittings in the form of elongated rectangles. Furthermore, the specimen in question was made entirely of iron, something very rare in this type of elaborate horse trappings. In view of its unique features the bridle should be classified as a new variant of a chain-link reins – variant Paprotki. It presumably represents an imitation of models originating in Samland, produced locally by a master blacksmith. On Balt territory horse bridles with chain-link reins occur in concentrations chiefly in Samland with several specimens known also from Mazurian Lakeland (Fig. 12). Isolated specimens were also encountered in western Lithuania where they probably represent imports from Samland. A definite majority of horse bridles from Samland are showpieces, fitted with brass chain-link reins, while Mazurian specimens tend to be incomplete and lack metal reins. This makes the find from Paprotki even more special. The discussed assemblage from grave 72 contained yet another unique element i.e., a set of ten different arrow points. All had stems but differed in the shape of the leaf and proportions. They represent forms unknown in other areas of the Central European Barbaricum, only rarely encountered in the culture of the western Balts (Mojtyny, grave 59, Szwajcaria, barrow 15, grave 2). Among the furnishings in grave 72 at Paprotki also striking is the unusual ornament seen on the urn. In the upper part of its body, below the neck, the vessel is ornamented with four groups of diagonal and vertical lines forming stylised arrows. It would seem that such an ornament had been chosen deliberately as it immediately brings to mind the set of arrows found in that grave.

17

The Presence of Flat Graves at the Burial Mound Cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture in Northern and Eastern Poland

63%

Cieśliński A.

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tom LXIV

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nr 64

49-84

PL

Do ciekawszych problemów badawczych związanych z cmentarzyskami kultury wielbarskiej z konstrukcjami naziemnymi należy kwestia występowania pomiędzy kurhanami pochówków płaskich. Problematyka ta nie była podejmowana w dotychczasowych opracowaniach, bądź poruszano ją jedynie marginalnie. W starszej literaturze można także spotkać się z przekonaniem o odrębności nekropoli kurhanowych i płaskich, ewentualnie o „dwoistym” charakterze cmentarzysk, z wyraźnym przestrzennym rozdzieleniem części kurhanowej i płaskiej. Konsekwencją takiego założenia była częsta praktyka nie zakładania wykopów archeologicznych pomiędzy kurhanami, bądź badanie części płaskiej w sposób wycinkowy, jedynie za pomocą wykopów sondażowych. Cmentarzyska kurhanowe w porównaniu z typowymi dla kultury wielbarskiej nekropolami płaskimi są niezbyt liczne, stanowiąc zapewne jedynie ułamek procenta wszystkich stanowisk sepulkralnych tej jednostki archeologicznej. Wstępna krytyczna kwerenda źródłowa wykazała, że do grupy stanowisk kurhanowych możemy jednoznacznie zaliczyć jedynie 42 cmentarzyska: 25 z Pomorza oraz 17 z Mazowsza i Podlasia, na których zarejestrowano około 300 mogił (Ryc. 1) – zdecydowanie mniej, niż wynikałoby to z dotychczasowych opracowań. We wczesnym okresie wpływów rzymskich stanowiska kurhanowe występują na Pobrzeżu Słowińskim oraz w strefie pojezierzy: Kaszubskiego, Krajeńskiego, Drawskiego i Wielkopolskiego, a więc w strefach B i C osadnictwa kultury wielbarskiej w ujęciu R. Wołągiewicza. W młodszym okresie wpływów rzymskich oraz we wczesnej fazie okresu wędrówek ludów koncentrują się one na północnym Mazowszu oraz Podlasiu. W zasięgu kultury wielbarskiej nie można wskazać żadnego rejonu, na którym obiekty kurhanowe przeważałyby nad nekropolami płaskimi. Okres użytkowania nekropoli kurhanowych odpowiada w dużym stopniu czasowi trwania kultury wielbarskiej, a główna różnica polega na nieco późniejszym pojawieniu się ich w stosunku do najwcześniejszych stanowisk o cechach wielbarskich na Pomorzu. Najstarsze pochówki pod kurhanami pochodzą z fazy B1 lub z początku fazy B2 (Ryc. 2A). Na Pomorzu mogiły budowano aż do czasu opuszczenia tego terenu przez ludność kultury wielbarskiej, tj. do rozwiniętej fazy C1 (Ryc. 2B). W strefie ekspansji wielbarskiej na Mazowszu i Podlasiu najwcześniejsze kurhany możemy jednoznacznie łączyć z rozwiniętym odcinkiem fazy C1 (Ryc. 2C), pojedyncze zespoły grobowe, zawierające mniej precyzyjne wyznaczniki chronologiczne, mogą pochodzić jednak już z fazy B2/C1–C1a. Zwyczaj składania zmarłych pod nasypami kurhanowymi kontynuowany był aż do schyłku osadnictwa wielbarskiego, a więc do fazy C3–D (Ryc. 2D). Cmentarzyska kurhanowe kultury wielbarskiej stanowią bardzo zróżnicowaną grupę. Różnią się one między sobą na przykład lokalizacją w krajobrazie, zajmowaną powierzchnią, liczbą kurhanów i grobów, występowaniem bądź brakiem dodatkowych konstrukcji kamiennych, takich jak kręgi, wieńce czy bruki. Wszelkie badania porównawcze tych stanowisk są mocno utrudnione z powodu ich nierównomiernego rozpoznania, ponadto żadnej z interesujących nas nekropoli nie przebadano w całości. Z grupy 43 cmentarzysk jedynie siedem zostało zbadanych wykopaliskowo i opublikowanych w sposób pozwalający na przeprowadzenie bardziej szczegółowych analiz. Z tych powodów w centrum rozważań znalazły się lepiej poznane stanowiska z Babiego Dołu-Borcza i Węsiorów w pow. kartuskim, Gronowa i Nowego Łowicza w pow. drawskim, Odrów, pow. chojnicki, i Cecel, pow. siemiatycki. Kluczowym zagadnieniem przy analizie postawionego problemu badawczego było ustalenie dość oczywistej relacji pomiędzy stanem rozpoznania konkretnych stanowisk a liczbą zarejestrowanych tam grobów, zarówno w i pod kurhanami jak i w przestrzeniach pomiędzy nimi. W tym celu konieczne było usystematyzowanie wiedzy na temat wielkości poszczególnych stanowisk i ustalenie przybliżonego stosunku powierzchni ich części kurhanowych i płaskich, także z uwzględnieniem kręgów i wieńców kamiennych, występujących na niektórych stanowiskach na Pomorzu. Zestawienie danych dotyczących powierzchni zbadanej wykopaliskowo i porównanie ich z szacunkowo określoną powierzchnią cmentarzysk umożliwiło orientacyjne określenie stopnia rozpoznania archeologicznego poszczególnych stanowisk (Tabela 1 i 2; Diagram 1 i 2). Tego typu zabiegi o charakterze wstępnym pozwoliły na przeprowadzenie dalszych, bardziej szczegółowych badań. Analiza planów lepiej rozpoznanych nekropoli kurhanowych wydaje się wskazywać na istnienie dwóch podstawowych modeli rozplanowania części płaskich. Dla pierwszego z nich najbardziej reprezentatywna wydaje się być nekropola w Węsiorach (Ryc. 4), gdzie groby płaskie występują w kilku skupieniach, wyraźnie rozdzielonych pustymi przestrzeniami bez pochówków. Drugi model organizacji przestrzeni cmentarnej prezentuje nekropola w Cecelach (Ryc. 8), na której groby płaskie wypełniają dość równomiernie całą przestrzeń ograniczoną linią największego zasięgu kurhanów. Nietypową sytuację zarejestrowano w Babim Dole-Borczu. Stanowisko to charakteryzuje się zarówno niedużymi rozmiarami, jak i nielicznymi kurhanami i kręgami kamiennymi, dodatkowo położonymi bardzo blisko obok siebie. Przy takim rozplanowaniu założeń naziemnych tylko pojedyncze groby płaskie mogły zostać złożone pomiędzy nimi. Większość grobów płaskich znajduje się zatem – wyjątkowo – poza największym zasięgiem występowania kurhanów i kręgów. Jednym z podstawowych pytań w studiach nad cmentarzyskami kurhanowymi kultury wielbarskiej jest ustalenie proporcji pomiędzy liczbą grobów złożonych w mogiłach a liczbą grobów w częściach płaskich. Mimo ograniczeń źródłowych wyniki analizy porównawczej najlepiej rozpoznanych stanowisk pokazują jeden obraz, a mianowicie we wszystkich przypadkach przewagę grobów płaskich nad grobami związanymi z kurhanami (Tabela 3; Diagram 3). Przewaga grobów płaskich jest najmniej wyraźna na nekropoli z największą zarejestrowaną dotychczas liczbą kurhanów (66) w Nowym Łowiczu, wynosi bowiem 1,6:1. Na pozostałych cmentarzyskach z Pomorza przewaga grobów złożonych w przestrzeniach międzykurhanowych jest już zdecydowanie wyższa i wyraża się w stosunku od 6:1 do 18:1. Proporcje zmieniają się bardzo wyraźnie na najlepiej rozpoznanym stanowisku wielbarskim we wschodniej Polsce, w Cecelach. Jest to, niestety, jedyny obiekt w strefie ekspansji tej kultury, który został rozpoznany w stopniu na tyle zadowalającym, by poddać go analizie. Stosunek liczby grobów płaskich do pierwotnie złożonych pod kurhanami wynosi aż 96:1, a przy uwzględnieniu grobów wtórnych 48:1. Różnice pomiędzy cmentarzyskami z Pomorza i Podlasia mogą być związane ze zmianami w kurhanowym obrządku pogrzebowym w młodszym okresie wpływów rzymskich. Zmniejsza się wówczas wyraźnie liczba kurhanów notowanych na poszczególnych cmentarzyskach. Przyczyny tego zjawiska należy szukać po części w wyraźniejszym niż wcześniej rozwarstwieniu społecznym ludności wielbarskiej, czego efektem był bardziej elitarny niż we wczesnym okresie rzymskim charakter pochówków podkurhanowych. Znajduje to potwierdzenie w ponadprzeciętnym wyposażeniu niektórych, lepiej zachowanych grobów. Istotne miejsce w studiach nad kurhanami kultury wielbarskiej zajmują badania obrządku pogrzebowego. Podobnie jak na płaskich nekropolach wielbarskich, tak i na cmentarzyskach kurhanowych notujemy bardzo duże zróżnicowanie zwyczajów pogrzebowych, co przejawia się przede wszystkim w równoczasowym występowaniu grobów szkieletowych i ciałopalnych różnych typów, w wyjątkowych przypadkach także pod nasypem jednego kurhanu. Ciekawie wyniki przyniosła już podstawowa analiza stosunku ilościowego grobów szkieletowych i ciałopalnych w częściach kurhanowych i płaskich na lepiej przebadanych stanowiskach, choć należy pamiętać, że jej wyniki są częściowo zniekształcone ze względu na nierównomierny stopień rozpoznania poszczególnych stanowisk (Tabela 4; Diagram 4). Mimo, że stosunek grobów ciałopalnych do szkieletowych w obrębie poszczególnych stanowisk wykazuje dużą rozpiętość, to można jednak zaobserwować pewne powtarzające się wzorce. Na lepiej rozpoznanych stanowiskach na Pomorzu w strefach kurhanowych notujemy albo zbliżoną liczbę grobów ciałopalnych i szkieletowych (Nowy Łowicz, Odry), wyjątkowo z niewielką przewagą ciałopalenia (Leśno), albo prymat inhumacji (Gronowo), w niektórych przypadkach bardzo czytelny (Węsiory, Babi Dół-Borcz). Odmienna tendencja występuje natomiast w częściach płaskich, gdzie niemal zawsze góruje obrządek ciałopalny. Przewaga ciałopalenia jest na niektórych stanowiskach niezbyt wyraźna (Nowy Łowicz, Odry), na innych liczba grobów ciałopalnych kilkakrotnie przewyższa liczbę grobów szkieletowych (Leśno, Węsiory). Jedynym cmentarzyskiem, na którym w części płaskiej zanotowano większą liczbę grobów szkieletowych jest Babi Dół-Borcz. Przedstawienie tej kwestii w odniesieniu do cmentarzysk z Polski wschodniej jest zdecydowanie trudniejsze, ze względu na ograniczony stopień ich rozpoznania archeologicznego. Sądząc z wyników dotychczasowych badań, na niektórych stanowiskach przez cały młodszy okres wpływów rzymskich (fazy C1–C2) notujemy w kurhanach, podobnie jak wcześniej na Pomorzu, obrządek birytualny (Grochy Stare, pow. białostocki, Uśnik-Kolonia, pow. łomżyński). Znamy także nekropole o lepiej zbadanych partiach kurhanowych, gdzie występują wyłącznie groby szkieletowe (Cecele, o ile nie uwzględnimy grobów ciałopalnych wkopanych wtórnie, oraz Kitki, pow. mławski), bądź jedynie ciałopalne (Kutowa, pow. hajnowski). Wydaje się, że w późnym okresie wpływów rzymskich i we wczesnej fazie okresu wędrówek ludów (C3–D) dominowało ciałopalenie, ponadto obok typowych grobów jamowych pojawia się nowy typ pochówków ciałopalnych, złożonych bezpośrednio na powierzchni gruntu (Pielgrzymowo, pow. nidzicki, kurhan II, Jasionowa Dolina, pow. sokólski, kurhan 10, Skiwy Małe, pow. siemiatycki, kurhan 1). Podsumowując należy podkreślić, że mimo ograniczeń źródłowych przeprowadzone studia ujawniły dość czytelną zasadę: na wszystkich cmentarzyskach, na których w większym stopniu przebadano powierzchnię między kurhanami, natrafiano na groby płaskie. Co więcej, groby płaskie zarejestrowano także na stanowiskach zbadanych w niewielkim zakresie (np. Gralewo, pow. gorzowski, Palędzie Kościelne, pow. mogileński, Goździk, pow. garwoliński). Obecność grobów płaskich na cmentarzyskach kurhanowych kultury wielbarskiej wydaje się być zatem regułą. Analizując opublikowane dotychczas raporty z wykopalisk można odnieść wrażenie, że świadomość konieczności prowadzenia wykopalisk w przestrzeni pomiędzy kurhanami nie była powszechna. Problem w mniejszym stopniu dotyczy Polski północnej, gdzie systematyczne prace w częściach płaskich miały miejsce na pięciu stanowiskach, począwszy od lat 50. XX wieku. W Polsce wschodniej szerzej zakrojone wykopaliska prowadzono natomiast tylko na dwóch cmentarzyskach kurhanowych – przy tym strefę międzykurhanową badano po raz ostatni w latach 60. XX wieku! Niepodejmowanie prac w częściach płaskich wielu nekropoli nie tylko ogranicza możliwość podjęcia bardziej szczegółowych analiz naukowych, ale ma też swój wymiar w dziedzinie konserwacji zabytków archeologicznych. Przykład cmentarzysk kultury wielbarskiej pokazuje, że ochroną konserwatorską, ewentualnie wykopaliskami o charakterze ratunkowym, należy obejmować nie tylko same kopce, ale także przestrzeń w ich najbliższym otoczeniu. Aktualnym postulatem o charakterze zarówno naukowym jak i konserwatorskim, jest określenie zasięgu płaskich części stanowisk kurhanowych. Można to osiągnąć nie tylko w wyniku wykopalisk, ale także w ramach szerzej zakrojonych prospekcji przy wykorzystaniu metod nieinwazyjnych. Aby jednak dokładnie rozpoznać charakter części płaskich poszczególnych nekropoli niezbędne wydaje się opublikowanie materiałów pozyskanych w efekcie prac terenowych prowadzonych w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach. Najbliższe lata przyniosą zapewne zakończenie prac na ważnych dla interesującej nas problematyki stanowiskach pomorskich w Babim Dole-Borczu i Nowym Łowiczu. Koniecznym warunkiem dla podjęcia poważniejszych studiów nad cmentarzyskami kurhanowymi w Polsce wschodniej jest natomiast podjęcie dalszych prac terenowych, przede wszystkim w strefach płaskich cmentarzysk.

18

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Kurkach, pow. działdowski, stan. III

63%

Woźniak M. , Grabarek A.

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tom LXXI

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nr 71

369-383

EN

In 2009 and 2011, artefacts from destroyed graves from the Roman Period (Fig. 3) were accidentally discovered in the village of Kurki, Działdowo County (Fig. 1, 2). Archaeological excavations at the site took place in 2009 and 2011. They covered an area of about 500 m2 (Fig. 4, 5). A total of 33 archaeological features were discovered, including five graves from the Roman Period. The graves discovered at Kurki can be attributed to the Przeworsk Culture. They are all cremation burials. Feature 1 (Fig. 6) is a pit cremation burial with remains of a funeral pyre and several vessels (whole or in fragments) lying close to an urn covered (?) with another vessel. Such graves are commonly encountered in the region. Features 23 (Fig. 10, 11), 30 (Fig. 12) and presumably 10a (Fig. 9) are pit graves, with bone material scattered in the pits together with remnants of a funeral pyre. In feature 2 (Fig. 7, 8), human remains were located at the bottom of the pit and covered with three vessels placed upside down. Such an arrangement is characteristic of the graves of the Przeworsk Culture from northern Mazovia. Adult individuals were buried in features 1 and 2, and an older child or adolescent (9–15 years) was interred in feature 23; the sex and age of the person from feature 30 could not be determined. In the case of one grave (10a), osteological material could not be classified. Burnt animal bones were also recorded in two graves (2, 23). Grave goods were fairly modest. Clay vessels (whole or in fragments), usually secondarily burnt, were found in all graves. They mostly represent forms typical of the early Roman, northern Mazovian pottery of the Przeworsk Culture. They find numerous analogies at neighbouring cemeteries, e.g. at Niedanowo, Nidzica County, and Gródki, Działdowo County. Among the less typical forms, a footed cup (Fig. 6:3), a bowl with a low shoulder (Fig. 6:5), and a ribbed bowl imitating Roman glass vessels (Fig. 10:3) are worth mentioning. Other artefacts were registered in two graves only: lumps of melted glass, most probably from a melted glass vessel (Fig. 6:7), were found in the cinerary urn from feature 1, and an iron handle of an organic container was discovered in feature 30 (Fig. 12:4). The examined graves come from phases B1b–B2. The cemetery at Kurki belongs to the local Nidzica-Działdowo settlement cluster of the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 13). Several sites of this group, most often cemeteries, are known in the vicinity. Most of them are poorly explored archaeologically or studied on a small scale; some are purely accidental discoveries (Kurki – Fig. 14; Rutkowice – Fig. 15).

19

Kto się nie leni, zrobi złoto z kamieni – osełki w grobach wczesnego średniowiecza

63%

Wrzesińska A. , Wrzesiński J.

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tom 60

197-223

EN

1Since the dawn of history humans have been interested in using stones for a variety of purposes. The use of rocks and stones as shelters, building material or resource for the production of tools or weapons is a cultural phenomenon. One of the categories of stone objects recorded in graves at early medieval cemeteries includes whetstones. The present study is devoted to whetstones registered in graves at the cemetery at Dziekanowice, site 22 (gmina Łubowo, województwo wielkopolskie). This early medieval necropolis is located on the east shore of Lake Lednica in the direct vicinity of one of the major stronghold centres of the Piast dynasty. The stronghold itself is situated on Ostrów – an island on Lake Lednica. Out of 1585 skeletal graves recorded in situ at the studied cemetery, 847 (53.4%) burials contained altogether 1868 objects considered as grave deposits. In the group of those artifacts were 28 whetstones found in 27 graves (one grave contained 2 whetstones), which account for 3.2 percent of the total number of burials with equipment. In addition, 7 whetstones were recorded loosely at the border between layer I and II (they were damaged by ploughing), and in settlement features; however, these objects are not included in the study. The majority of graves with whetstones unearthed at the cemetery at Dziekanowice were male burials. As many as 21 graves belonged to men, 5 to women and only one to a child. Previous research and publications on cemeteries do not facilitate an ambiguous interpretation of the function of whetstones recorded in graves, although utilitarian character of these objects is unquestionable. It can also be asserted that whetstones were buried more often in male graves, and most often in adult graves. They occurred both in “richer” burials and in those characterized by modest equipment. The new light on the function of some whetstones has been shed by the results of analyses carried out by Martin Ježek from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. His recent spectral analysis of whetstone surfaces has allowed the hypothesis that whetstones (particularly phyllite ones) may have been used as touchstones. The analysis based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS method) revealed residues of metals on the surface of the examined objects. The microanalysis has proven the existence of micro-traces of metals such as gold, silver, tin and copper. In sum, the hypothesis about a special function of the whetstones cannot be excluded. This may apply particularly to the objects with scant traces of polishing, in contrast to whetstones with strongly polished and characteristic concave surfaces resulting from frequent sharpening. The whetstones with scant traces of polishing may have been used not only as sharpening tools, but also (and maybe primarily) as items against which a precious metal was rubbed in order to check its value and the quality of alloy. Identifying the function of whetstones as touchstones creates new possibilities for discussing the problems associated with social stratification and with distinguishing between “richer” and “poorer” graves. A whetstone-touchstone found in a grave gives its owner a different rank in the society than we previously assumed interpreting the object only as a sharpening tool. Undoubtedly, the analysis of social stratification should involve by far more elements than is widely regarded as vital. In addition, whetstones-touchstones may also become important objects for the analysis of trading places and exchange in the Early Middle Ages.

20

Cmentarzysko ludności kultury oksywskiej (stan. 29) oraz osada wielokulturowa (stan. 42) w Czarnowęsach, pow. białogardzki

51%

Durdyń G. , Machajewski H. , Rogalski B.

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tom 17

11-53

EN

In 1987, excavation research was carried out at a settlement and a cemetery at Czarnowęsy, Białogard district, sites 29 and 42. In total, 39 features were recovered, including 35 Oksywie culture cremations, one early medieval pit, and three features of unknown origin. The cemetery was dated using pottery to phase A3 of the younger pre-Roman period. Site 42, the settlement, was inhabited by people of the Lusatian culture, dating to the end of the Bronze Age, the Oksywie culture from phase A3 of the younger pre-Roman period, and early medieval (the 9th–10th century).

PL

W 1987 roku przeprowadzono badania wykopaliskowe cmentarzyska i osady w Czarnowęsach, pow. białogardzki (stan. 29 i 42). W obrębie nekropoli odsłonięto 39 obiektów archeologicznych, w tym 35 grobów ciałopalnych kultury oksywskiej, jedną jamę wczesnośredniowieczna oraz trzy obiekty nieokreślone. Cmentarzysko (stan. 29) datowane jest ceramiką na fazę A3 młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego. Na osadzie (stan. 42) wyróżniono osadnictwo kultury łużyckiej datowane na schyłek epoki brązu, kultury oksywskiej z fazy A3 młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego oraz wczesnośredniowieczne (IX–X wiek).