Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Działalność Inspekcji Grobów Wojennych w latach 1915-1918 (przy K.u.K. Armeekorpus-Kommando Przemyśl)

100%

Schubert J.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2003

|

tom R. 100, z. 3-A

95-121

EN

The article is an attempt at recapitulation of the activities of Military Graves Inspection in the city of Przemyśl. This separate unit of the Austrian army was in operation in the years 1915 - 1918 on a huge area (31 996 km^2) founding over 621 military cemeteries in thirty-one administrative districts, having at their disposal a relatively small staff (about 1200 officers and soldiers, including nearly 500 POWs). The article brriefly presents the ways of operation of this formation, its organisation and the names of the designers of the cemeteries.

2

Na stos rzucony życia los

100%

Domańska R.

Zieleń Miejska

|

2019

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tom Nr 11

40--41

PL

Na terenie Polski od wieków chowano żołnierzy w pobliżu stacjonowania armii, miejsc bitewnych lub tam, gdzie napotkał ich kres drogi. Zazwyczaj były to miejsca anonimowe, gdzie obok grobów ludności cywilnej miejsce znajdowały także mogiły żołnierskie.

3

Martyrologia Polaków na Wschodzie zastygła w metalu

88%

Bogacz T.

|

tom Vol. 50, z. 11

419-424

PL

Szczególna wymowa trzech cmentarzy z dala od Polski, będących świadectwem dramatycznych losów żołnierzy, którzy nie zginęli w walce, lecz byli ofiarą zbrodni. Przedstawiono koncepcję zagospodarowania przestrzennego tych trzech cmentarzy wojennych, oraz zakres dużego przedsięwzięcia artystycznego i technicznego podjętego przez METALODLEW SA w Krakowie. W dalszym ciągu artykułu przedstawiono problemy techniczne, rozwiązane przez tę odlewnię, a polegające na dużej dokładności wymiarowej 16 tysięcy tablic z nazwiskami i stopniami wojskowymi pochowanych na tych cmentarzach ofiar zbrodni. Wykonawcy tych elementów musieli również rozwiązać konstrukcję licznych ciężkich odlewów ze względu na ich transport i zabudowę. Wszystkie elementy składające się na konstrukcję pomników sporządzono z żeliwa. Tworzywo to było odpowiednie z racji pewnej "surowości", a także rdzawego koloru powierzchni tych pomników, przypominającego zakrzepłą krew. Cmentarze te są również wyrazem bolesnej historii, łączącej losy Polaków i bohaterów pochodzących z tych sąsiednich krajów, którym zgotowano wspólny tragiczny los.

EN

A special meaning of these three cemeteries far from Poland being an evidence of dramatic destiny of soldiers who were not killed in the war, but were the victims of crime. A concept of site planning of these three war cemeteries is presented together with the range of a large plastic and technical project undertaken by METALODLEW Joint Stock Company in Krakow. In further part of the article technical problems are presented which were solved by this foundry. They consisted in high dimentional accuracy of 16000 plates with the names and military ranks of soldiers, the crime victims, buried in these cemeteries. The performers of these elements have also to solve the problem of designing numerous heavy castings on account of their transport and construction. All the elements being parts of the design of monuments were made of cast iron. This material was suitable non only because of some austerity, but also of the rust colour of its surface, recalling clotted blood.

4

Cmentarz wojenny przy ul. Białej w Lublinie – problematyka ochrony zabytku

75%

Landecka H.

Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych

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2015

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tom T. 11, nr 1

61--66

PL

Cmentarz wojenny przy ul. Białej w Lublinie położony w zespole cmentarzy: komunalnego, katolickiego, ewangelickiego i prawosławnego został założony w związku z koniecznością zapewnienia pochówków żołnierzy poległych podczas I wojny światowej. Projekt cmentarza o regularnym układzie grobów i alej, z kaplicą cmentarną na osi powstał w 1917 w austriackiej pracowni architektonicznej. W kolejnych latach cmentarz nadal zapełniał się grobami żołnierzy, ale także pojawiały się groby członków rodzin wojskowych, a w latach władzy ludowej – zasłużonych działaczy państwowych. Obok prostych grobów ziemnych z krzyżami pojawiły się murowane pomniki i współczesne grobowce. Regularny układ został zakłócony, nie użytkowana od lat 70. kaplica popadła w ruinę, cmentarz przejęła pod zarząd gmina Lublin. Prace restauratorskie zostały podjęte w latach 2007−2009 z inicjatywy mec. Jerzego Kiełbowicza. Przeprowadzono kapitalny remont kaplicy, konserwację polichromii zdobiących wnętrze oraz detali architektonicznych. Kwatery wojskowe, główne aleje, zieleń zostały w części uporządkowane. Konieczne jest opracowanie planu rewaloryzacji całego cmentarza wojennego w celu uczytelnienia jego historycznego układu i zabytkowych wartości.

EN

The war cemetery on Biała Street in Lublin, together with Old Catholic, Orthodox and Evangelic cemeteries are listed as the important monuments in Lublin region. The war cemetery layout was done during the I World War and its design was prepared by Austrian architects in 1917 with typical characteristics for such places: regular form with chapel located on the main axe, perpendicular alley lines and cemetery sections, simplistic graves with crosses and soldiers’ names. During the following years cemetery became transformed to become the communal place with new tombs and monuments founded to commemorate great people, politics and notable families. New forms became dominant destroying old soldiers’ graves and cemetery chapel and the original design get out of shape. In 2007 Mr Jerzy Kiełbowicz – known lawyer from Lublin – started the initiative of renovating the part of old war cemetery. The chapel was fully repaired with all architectural details and interior decoration (polychromic wall painting) preserved, all of the oldest sections with soldier’s graves were regulated. War cemetery on Biała Street still awaits for a capital program of restoration as its historic and memory value ought to be protected and properly preserved.

5

CMENTARZ CENTRALNY W SZCZECINIE ZARYS PROBLEMATYKI KONSERWATORSKIEJ

75%

Słomiński M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2005

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nr 4

85-104

EN

The Central Cemetery in Scenic was established in 1900, and the first funerals were conducted on 6 December 1901. The project of the necropolis was devised by Wilhelm Meyer-Schwartau, who in 1891-1921 held the post of the municipal building councillor (town architect). The co-author of the design was Georg Hannig, cemetery director in 1900-1928. The first stage involved the eastern part of the necropolis with meandering lanes along both sides of the vista axis. The Neo-Romanesque buildings erected in 1900-1904, and designed by Wilhelm Meyer Schwartau, included the main gate, modelled on campo santo Italian cemeteries, and a chapel situated along the axis of the premise with a central plan. A rectangular pool was located in front of the chapel. The central part of the necropolis stretching along the Topolowa (today: Widokowa) lane was set up after 1918, while the western part with three long lanes running along two streams, perpendicularly to the premise axis, dates back to the 1920s. A new modernist chapel in Leszczynowa lane was built in 1928-1930. The Szczecin necropolis is an example of a landscape cemetery in which the final effect was co-created by plants, landscaping, buildings, and sepulchral art. The older, eastern part of the cemetery is distinct for an unhampered composition, while the younger parts, made up of rectangular sections, were originally a geometric configuration. After 1945 the terraces along the axis were adapted for a war cemetery for about 3 000 Soviet and more than 300 Polish soldiers and civilians. A Heroes’ Hill was created after the war around the round pool, but representative sections and a regularly planned lower part of the so-called urn Grove had been destroyed, while former glades and areas intentionally left without graves were used for new burials sites. The central and western parts of the necropolis were reused in the 1970s and the 1980s, preserving the former spatial configuration and landscape features, totally ignored while establishing new sections outside the historical boundaries of the cemetery. The species of plants changed – poplars growing along Widokowa lane withered, as did numerous birches and coniferous trees. The main gate, damaged in 1941, was rebuilt in 1959-1963, but the main chapel was not recreated until 1983-1994. The modernist chapel from 1930 was pulled down in 1984. The post-war period also witnessed the demolition and devastation of a majority of the old gravestones. In 1984 the Central Cemetery was listed in a register of historical monuments. Recently, work has been initiated on projects for the revalorisation of particular parts of the necropolis, i. a. a lapidarium to be situated in an upper part of the urn Grove, recreated according to old plans. The main gate and the round pool behind the chapel are also to be repaired. The triangular pool on the axis of Widokowa lane also requires thorough repair, and historical gravestones await conservation. At present, the cemetery administration, supported by the Voivodeship Conservator of Historical Monuments and the Society of the Central Cemetery in Szczecin (established in 2003) are making efforts to secure the necessary funds.

6

Cmentarze z okresu I wojny światowej w przestrzeni sepulkralnej województwa Łódzkiego

75%

Gosik B.

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tom nr 42 (2)

45--62

PL

Przestrzeń sepulkralna czyli przestrzeń cmentarna jest niezwykle istotnym elementem każdego regionu. Jest odzwierciedleniem dziedzictwa kulturowego, historii i stosunków społecznych. Województwo łódzkie jako obszar współistnienia wielu kultur, narodowości i religii, jest pod tym względem niezwykle bogate i ciekawe. Analizując zjawisko, nie sposób zapomnieć o wojskowych miejscach pochowku: powstańczych i z okresu obu wojen światowych. W artykule przedstawiono cmentarze z lat I wojny światowej, ich charakterystykę, typologię form elementów założeń cmentarnych, obiektów oraz wyniki badań inwentaryzacyjnych. Miejsca pochówku z okresu I wojny światowej są szczególnym i ważnym świadectwem historii okolic Łodzi i państwowości polskiej. Są materialnym odzwierciedleniem tragicznych i krwawych wydarzeń w wyniku których Polska po 123 latach odzyskała niepodległość.

EN

The sepulchral space – or cemetery space – is an extremely important element of every region. It is an expression of cultural heritage, history, and social relations. The Łódź Voivodeship, as an area where many cultures, nationalities and religions coexist, is enormously rich and interesting in this regard. When analysing this phenomenon, it is impossible to forget military burial sites: those insurrectional and those from both World Wars. This article presents information about cemeteries from the period of the First World War – their stylistic characteristics, typology of the forms of cemetery complexes and objects, and the results of stocktaking research. The burial sites from World War One are a special and significant testimony to the history of the surroundings of Łódź and Poland. They are a material reflection of the tragic and bloody events that resulted in the country regaining independence after 123 years.

7

Cmentarz wojenny w Łukowie Łapiguzie

75%

Gałecka M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2014

|

nr 2

37-48

EN

The existing military cemetery in Łuków Łapiguz has been operating at least since August 1914. In these times it served as the place of burial of the soldiers died in the field hospital located at the area of the Russian barracks in Łapiguz. Ensuring proper interment to the soldiers responded to the postulates of the Alexander Committee for the Wounded operating in St. Petersburg, recommending burials in a separated location and commemorated with a cross or monument. At the end of August 1915, under the pressure of the summer offensive of the Central Powers, the Russian army retreated towards east outside the territory of the Kingdom of Poland. In September 1915, the military operations in the Vistula and Bug Rivers basin were discontinued. That is when the barracks in Łapiguz were seized over by the German garrison. The areas under the German occupation were divided into military governments, among others with the seat in Łuków, subordinate to the General Government in Warsaw. The tasks of the German Imperial Military Government in Łuków included care of the graves of the fallen soldiers at the subordinated territory of two Poviats: Łuków and Garwolin. In 1917, the reorganization plan for cemetery in Łuków Łapiguz was completed. The cemetery established by the Russians was transformed from the place of burial into the memorial. The cemetery was designed along the N-S axis marked out as the main alley leading from the representational entrance to the chapel closing the perspective of the axis. Two transversal alleys divided the cemetery into smaller sections: in the southern part – the sections with graves, sections with stone monuments commemorating the soldiers of the Russian Army (towards west) and German and Austro-Hungarian army (towards east) in the centre, and the wooden, single-tower chapel in the north. On 11 November, 1918 the German garrison in Łuków Łapiguz was disarmed by the district contingent of the Polish Military Organization. Upon incorporating the PMO contingents into the Polish army, the garrison service was performed by the company, which, on May 1919, was incorporated into the organized reserve battalion of the 22th Siedlce infantry regiment. The other burials at the cemetery took place during the operations of the 1920 Polish-Soviet War. During the Second Polish Republic, the cemetery was governed by the Polish military authorities: Office for War Graves Protection at the General District Command followed by the War Graves Department at the District Public Works Directorate at the Lubelskie Voivodeship Office after 1922. According to the official documents, the war cemetery in Łuków Łapiguz was one of the largest cemeteries at the territory of the Lubelskie Voivodeship. Following data of the 1920s registers, the number of burials in the individual and mass graves was as follows: 208 soldiers of the Austrian army, 1009 – Russian, 36 – German and 548 not classified soldiers, i.e. 1801 soldiers in total. The action of war cemeteries consolidation has been carried out on successive basis until 1933. The intention behind maintenance of the cemetery in Łuków Łapiguz was its use as mass cemetery. Renovation works, including repair of the fencing made of squared wood, making grave symbols and raising 919 graves for the individual and mass burials, have been planned. The works were performed until spring 1939. The final period of the cemetery’s operation dates back to 1939-1944 and covers the burials of the 3rd Reich army soldiers. The wooden chapel burnt in 1972. No stone monuments survived. However, an original wooden grave monument in a minaret form commemorating the Muslim soldiers is among the very few survivors. It was relocated from the cemetery to the District Museum in Lublin and to the Open Air Village Museum in Lublin on later date. Earth graves have disappeared in time. It was commonly believed that the cemetery held fewer bodies than counted down in the statistics of the inter-war period. In 1997, the bodies of the WWII German soldiers were exhumed. In 2014, the cemetery was entered into the list of monuments of the Lubelskie Voivodeship. The proceedings included an archive inquiry, which resulted in discovering, among others, the cemetery plan and numerical data from the inter-war period registers.

8

,,Setkom tysięcy, co imion nie mają na grobie... ” szadkowicki cmentarz wojenny z okresu bitwy łódzkiej (1914)

75%

Młyńska A.

Biuletyn Szadkowski

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2013

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nr 13

145-169

EN

Almost 200 places of burial of soldiers of both annies ﬁghting in the First World War have survived in the region of Łódż. They include cemeteries and cemetery Sections where soldiers ﬁghting in the so-called battle of Łódż, which took place in 1914, found their last resting place. One of these cemeteries is in Szadkowice, and even though it does not really stand out from other resting places of the battle of Łódż soldiers, it deserves our attention. The cemetery in Szadkowice located on the edge of the forest survived the interwar period, when many mass graves were liquidated and bodies exhumed to nearby cemeteries. The original number of 21 buried bodies grew then to nearly 180, and the cemetery became a mass grave of Germans, Russians and Austro-Hungarians and kind of lapidarium.

9

Zachodniogalicyjskie cmentarze z okresu I wojny światowej – niejednoznaczne dziedzictwo w nowych przestrzeniach politycznych

63%

Ruszała K.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

|

2022

|

tom Nr 70

131--145

PL

Artykuł omawia cmentarze wojenne z okresu 1914–1918 w Galicji Zachodniej na przestrzeni lat, analizując te obiekty jako niejednoznaczne dziedzictwo, w trzech różnych przestrzeniach: czas wojny (1914–1918), czas postimperialny (1918–1939), czas powojenny (1945–1989). Niniejsze opracowanie pokazuje, w jakim stopniu dziedzictwo wojny zmieniło swoje znaczenie w odbiorze społecznym, biorąc pod uwagę uwarunkowania polityczne. Pierwszy okres charakteryzuje się dwuznacznością: między humanitarną aprobatą i troską o groby poległych żołnierzy a dezaprobatą środowisk artystycznych, które krytykowały architekturę cmentarzy wojennych jako obce style i sztukę, nieprzystającą do istniejącego krajobrazu. Drugi okres odnosi się do okresu po roku 1918 i oswajania z tymi miejscami jako „naszymi” cmentarzami, gdzie w tle dyskurs Legionów Polskich przyćmił znaczenie wielonarodowych armii. Wreszcie trzeci okres dotyczy zapomnienia tych miejsc, marginalnych inicjatyw i niszczenia obiektów. Ich sytuacja zmieniła się wraz z oddolnymi inicjatywami lat siedemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych. XX wieku.

EN

The article discusses the war cemeteries of 1914–1918 in Western Galicia over the years, analyzing these sites as an ambiguous heritage, in three different spaces: the war period (1915–1918), the post-imperial period (1918–1939) and the post-war period (1945–1989). This publication shows to what extent the legacy of the war has changed its meaning in public perception, given the political circumstances. The first period is characterized by ambiguity: between humanitarian approval and care for the graves of fallen soldiers, and disapproval by artistic circles who criticized the architecture of war cemeteries as alien styles and art, incompatible with the existing landscape. The second period refers to the period after 1918 and the familiarization with these places as “our” cemeteries, where the discourse of the Polish Legions overshadowed the importance of multinational armies in the background. Finally, the third period concerns the forgetting of these places, marginal initiatives and the destruction of objects. Their situation changed with the grassroots initiatives of the 1970s and 1990s

10

Cmentarze wojenne twierdzy Przemyśl z lat 1915 - 1918

63%

Schubert J.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

|

2003

|

tom R. 100, z. 3-A

123-157

EN

The article is an attempt at a brief history of establishing two large military necropolies in the city of Przemyśl, which were originated during World War I (in the years 1915-1916). It contains descriptions of these spatial-architectonic compounds.

11

Austriackie cmentarze I wojny światowej w Galicji autorstwa Jana Szczepkowskiego

63%

Chrudzimska-Uhera K.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

|

2001

|

tom T. 46, z. 3

239-251

EN

The sculptor Jan Szczepkowski (1878-1964) is known as an outstanding representative of Polish Art Deco, the author of the Nativity Shrine awarded in 1925 at Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs in Paris, an outstanding pedagogue, and a jury member at prestigious sculpture competitions. His biography, however, contains a certain gap, and the fate of the artist during the first world war remained shrouded in mystery. His activity at the Kriegsgraberabteilung and projects devised at that time are known only to a limited group of researchers interested in Galician war cemeteries. The reason for this silence can be explained by the animosity which accompanied the construction of the cemeteries, a feeling harboured especially among members of the "Polish Applied Arts" Society to which Jan Szczepkowski belonged. Only Tadeusz Szydłowski, the conservator of Western Galicia, perceived the uniqueness of the projects proposed by Szczepkowski which he regarded as simple and unaffected, inspired by the beauty of Nature, and exceptional among other Austrian investments. Years later, while writing about his Polish Shrine, Szczepkowski admitted: "I have had enough of sepulchral sculpture.(...) It is time for joyful sculpture. My dream and wish, still unfulfilled, is sculpture whose forms will enclose sunshine". Source material for research into wartime cemeteries in Western Galicia is composed of documents of the Military Office of Care for War Graves in the District of the Sixth Corps in Cracow 1914/1918-1922/1939, call no. GW, part of the collections of the second department of the State Archive in Cracow. Material preserved in the State Archive in Cracow and private collections makes it possible to ascertain that Szczepkowski's projects were realised (sometimes altered) in the following necropolises: Biesna, Bobowa, Bogoniowice, Ciężkowice, Łużna, Ostrusza, Rzepiennik Marciszewski, Siedliska, Staszkówka, Tursk-Łosie, Lubinka and Łużna-Pustki. Another group was composed of unrealised projects intended for cemeteries in Rakutowa, Rożnowice, Tursk-Zapotocz and Zborowice. The majority of the cemeteries associated with Jan Szczepkowski represents typical solutions, frequently repeated in numerous necropolises devised by the Kriegsgraberabteilung Krakau. The forms of those premises correspond to the directives of the Austrian authorities, and their style is closest to realisations described by P. Pencakowski as a twentieth-century Viennese edition of Classicism. The joint characteristic feature was a striving towards monumentalism both as regards the plan and applied art forms. Only a few of the realised premises veered from this scheme; this holds true, first and foremost, for the cemetery in Bogoniowice. Working as an art director of the Fourth Cemetery District the artist attempted to realise certain aesthetic premises which he had acquired in Cracow, including elements of the so-called native style an early edition of the "national style". Literature on the subject describes J. Szczepkowski's oeuvre as Old - or proto-Slavonic, compares it to that of Dusan Jurkovic, and contrasts it with the monumental and highly emotional projects conceived by the Kriegsgraberabteilung. All the projects by J. Szczepkowski, both realised and unrealised, possess the unquestionable quality of picturesqueness. The most original of the realised projects is indubitably the cemetery in Łużna on Hill of Emptiness. The diversity of the projects left behind by the artist demonstrates convincingly that he was distant from applying a single stylistic modus, and that he treated work in the Galician cemeteries as a field for experiments and experiences. This was the first time in his artistic career that he broached architectural projects on such a large scale. The next occasion took place during the 1940s, when Jan Szczepkowski planned the postwar reconstruction of Warsaw.

12

Na styku Azji i Europy – krajobraz Historycznego Parku Narodowego Półwyspu Gallipoli w Turcji

63%

Pardela Ł.

|

2008

|

tom nr 10

480--487

13

Nasze czy obce? Cmentarze wielkiej wojny w Małopolsce. Zagrożenia i perspektywy

51%

Partridge A.

Ochrona Dziedzictwa Kulturowego

|

2018

|

tom Nr 5

135--144

PL

Mija 100 lat od wybudowania w dawnej Galicji Zachodniej, dzisiejszej Małopolsce ponad 400 cmentarzy wojennych, będących pamiątką walk między armią austro-węgierską i carską. Pośród poległych znaleźli się żołnierze wielu narodowości i różnych wyznań. Przez lata cmentarze te pozostawały zaniedbane, co zaczęło się zmieniać po roku 1989. Dziś problemem jest nie tylko konserwacja ich zabytkowej substancji, ale dewastacja na tle ideologicznym. W artykule podjęta została problematyka ochrony ocalałych ponad 370 miejsc pamięci zarówno z materialnego punktu widzenia, jak i sposobów wpisania tych pomników w społeczną pamięć historyczną tak, aby stały się częścią naszej tożsamości.

EN

It is now 100 years since the development in the former Austro-Hungarian province of West Galicia, today's Polish province of Malopolska, of more than 400 war cemeteries, which are a reminder of the fighting between the Austro-Hungarian and Tsarist armies at the time of the Great War. Among the fallen were soldiers of many different nationalities and religions. For many years, these cemeteries remained neglected, a situation which fortunately began to change only after 1989. Today, one of the problems is the conservation of their historic existence, not only the constructional decay but also the increasingly ideological devastation. The article discusses the protection of more then 370 surviving memorial sites from both the material point of view as well as the ways in which they can be added into our historical memory in order for them to become part of our national identity.

14

Administracyjnoprawna ochrona zabytkowych nekropolii jako miejsc dziedzictwa kulturowego

38%

Mazurek A.

|

nr 1

177-193

PL

W artykule skonfrontowano obowiązujące przepisy prawa ze stanem faktycznym opieki nad zabytkowymi cmentarzami. Niniejsze opracowanie przedstawia analizę norm prawnych w zakresie ochrony zabytkowych nekropolii; koncentruje się na charakterystyce zabytkowych obiektów – cmentarzy oraz wskazuje na normy prawne, których zadaniem jest ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego. Zwrócono uwagę na kwestie postępowania i opis procedur związanych z objęciem ochroną zabytkowych nekropolii, a także wyszczególniono instytucje odpowiedzialne za sprawowanie tej ochrony i zakres ich zadań. Podkreślono znaczenie ochrony zabytkowych obiektów – cmentarzy jako ochrony wartości, jakimi są dziedzictwo narodowe oraz tożsamość narodowa, prawna opieka nad zabytkowymi cmentarzami nie skupia się bowiem wyłącznie na ochronie miejsc pochówku ze względu na poszanowanie zwłok i w hołdzie zmarłym zasłużonym ojczyźnie, ale na równi dba o dziedzictwo kulturowe i otacza ochroną zabytkowe obiekty nekropolii o dużej wartości artystycznej, historycznej i kulturowej. Nie pominięto również problematyki opieki nad zabytkowymi polskimi cmentarzami położonymi poza granicami Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, a także źródeł finansowania renowacji zabytkowych obiektów oraz charakterystyki cmentarzy, które pełnią rolę wyjątkowych muzeów.

EN

The article confronts the current legal regulations with the actual state of guardianship of historic cemeteries. This study presents an analysis of legal norms in the field of protection of historic necropolises; it focuses on the characteristics of historic cemetery objects and indicates the legal norms whose task is to protect cultural heritage. Attention was drawn to the issues of proceeding and description of procedures related to the protection of historic necropolises, as well as the institutions responsible for the protection and the scope of their tasks. The importance of the protection of historic cemetery objects as a protection of values such as national heritage and identity was emphasized, as the legal care of historic cemeteries is not only focused on the pro¬tection of burial sites due to the respect for the bodies and in tribute to the deceased with merits for their homeland, but also takes care of cultural heritage and protects historic necropolis objects of high artistic, historical and cultural value. The issues concerning the protection of historical Polish cemeteries located outside the borders of the Republic of Poland, as well as sources of funding for the renovation of historic buildings and the characteristics of cemeteries, which serve as exceptional museums, were also taken into account.