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EN
Toxicity of Al-Dura refinery (Baghdad, Iraq) wastes was measured on two freshwater invertebrate species, by using bioassay. The study included measures of toxicity for two species of Cladocera, being Daphnia magna and Simocephalus expinosus. Three locations in the waste treatment unit were chosen for tests in the refinery. They represent different stages of purification in the unit. Different scales were used to estimate waste toxicity on the organism. It included estimates of median lethal concentration (LC[50]) and of safe concentration (SC). Same analyses were used to determine reasons of different responses. With respect to comparison of species sensitivity, Daphnia magna was found to be mree sensitive than Simocephalus expinosus.
PL
Toksyczność ścieków pochodzących z rafinerii Al-Dura refinery (Baghdad, Irak) była mierzona przy zastosowaniu metod bioanalitycznych. Badano toksyczność względem dwóch gatunków Daphnia magna i Simocephalus expinosus. Do badań wybrano trzy miejsca pomiarowe, reprezentujące różne stopnie oczyszczania wody. W celu oszacowania toksyczności względem badanych organizmów stosowano różną skalę - oszacowano medianę wartości LC[50] oraz "stężenia bezpiecznego" (SC). W wyniku badań wykazano, że organizmy z gatunku Daphnia magna charakteryzują się większą wrażliwością niż Simocephalus expinosus.
EN
Zooseston of the Vistula River section almost 340 km long was investigated in the years 1997/98. In 99 samples collected 90 species of rotifers, 16 cladocerans, 9 copepods and other animals belonging to: Harpacticoidea, Oligochaeta, Nematoda, Chironomidae, Odonata, Simulidae, Tardigrada and Coelenterata were found. Multiple regression analysis showed that the number of rotifers is significantly correlated with basic chemical indicators of water trophic state - phosphate, nitrate and nitrite as well as with the number of copepods which are usually predators. The numbers of copepods depends on the availability of possible prey, i.e. rotifers and cladocerans. Multiple regression confirmed known dependence of cladocerans from trophic conditions. Clustering of similarity matrices showed complex structure of sestonic assemblages on rhitral-potamal gradient additionally modified by hydrotechnical constructions. These constructions broke old river continuum. Ordination of sites gave complex pattern not only representing a simple gradient rithral - potamal but also all transient stages caused by hydrotechnical construction (large dam reservoir) or by inflows of polluted waters from the tributaries. Ecological meaning of principal component ordination (PC) for river zooseston assemblages is not simple and might be susceptible of various interpretations.
EN
Zooplankton composition and abundance were investigated seasonally at ten sites in Lake Timsah and the adjacent, connected western lagoon in relation to the physicochemical conditions. A total of 42 taxa (including larval stages) were identified, among them 21 species of copepods, 6 rotifers, 5 cladocerans, 1 chaetognath and 1 urochordate. Copepods represented the predominant component (77.7% of the total community), followed by rotifers, molluscs, cladocerans and (9.2, 4.7 and 3.9% respectively), while other groups collectively formed about 4.5% of the total zooplankton population. Summer was the most productive season with an average count of 40 864 individuals m−3. The dominant copepod species were Paracalanus crassirostris and Oithona nana representing 28.3 and 24.3% of the total zooplankton respectively. The total zooplankton count, including copepods, and its dominant species showed significant positive correlations with temperature, pH and total phytoplankton density. However, negative correlations were detected between densities of rotifers, and salinity and dissolved oxygen.
EN
This study investigated relationships of hydrological variability and potential food resources for metazooplankton groups: rotifers, cladocerans, copepods and nauplii. Samples were collected monthly during ice-free season from March until November in 2006. Two sampling stations were chosen, the one located in Lake Sakadaš, as a segment of Kopački Rit floodplain (Croatia), and the other in the River Danube. Due to hydrological conditions we divided our samples into two hydrological groups which corresponded to: 1/ increased water level i.e. disturbed phase and 2/ decreased water level representing a more stable phase. Abundance of metazooplankton was not significantly different between hydrological groups in the River Danube. However, it was significantly different between hydrological groups in Lake Sakadaš (one-way ANOSIM R = 0.688, P = 0.024), where during a decreased water level higher abundance of metazooplankton was recorded. Rotifers were the most abundant metazooplankton group during the whole investigated period at both stations and between both hydrological groups comprising almost 99% of total metazooplankton abundance. Rotifers were significantly positively correlated with the total number of bacteria, as well as with ammonium and total phosphorous concentrations. The metazooplankton community in Lake Sakadaš was negatively influenced by flooding, but not in the River Danube. Compared to the River Danube the investigated floodplain lake showed potential as a storage zone for metazooplankton development during more stable hydrological periods. During that time abundance of rotifers was related to the heterotrophic component of microbial food web. Hence, this investigation adds to the understanding of the metazooplankton dynamics in riverfloodplain systems as well as of their relations with trophic levels under variable hydrological conditions.
EN
Size variation within species as a result of individual growth and development over the life cycle is a ubiquitous feature of many aquatic organisms. We review the implications of this size variation for the dynamics of aquatic systems. Ontogenetic development results in differences in size dependent competitive abilities between differently sized individuals giving rise to cohort cycles that are qualitatively different from traditional predator prey cycles. Size-dependent interactions also mean that the type of interaction – competitive or predatory – changes over the life cycle as a result of an increase in size. At the intraspecific level, cannibalistic interactions may, depending on the life history characteristics of the cannibal, give rise to either equilibrium or cycles driven by a mixture of inter-cohort cannibalism and competition. In multispecies contexts, size variation and particularly food dependent growth lead to the presence of alternative states involving catastrophic collapses. These sizestructured interactions have so far been mainly demonstrated for fish and cladocerans, but do have whole lake food web ramifications.
EN
Studies on the Lake Miedwie zooplankton, associated with measurements of water temperature, dissolved oxygen content, and transparency showed the presence of at least 35 rotifer, 10 cladoceran, and 10 copepod species as well as the occurrence of mesotrophic lake indicators: Bythotrephes longimanus, Cyclops scutifer, and Daphnia cristata. The mesotrophic status of the lake is documented also by the structure of the zooplankton community and by the results of the Daphnia magna test for water fertility. All the data demonstrate the improvement in the lake’s condition, compared to that in the 1980s. The results obtained attest to the need of biotic parameters to be incorporated into Lake Miedwie monitoring.
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