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The optimalization of heating steam pressure on thermal effectiveness of drying cylinders

100%

Kawka W. , Reczulski M.

2011

tom Vol. LVIII, nr 1

49-60

The study presented here offers an analysis of the heat flow through the wall of the Yankee cylinder when regarded as a thin-walled vessel. The effect of the selected design and process parameters (i.e. cylinder diameter and steam pressure) on density of the heating stream has been analyzed and discussed for both cast iron and steel cylinders. Based on the work presented here, the optimal ranges for steam pressure have been derived and proposed for cylinders mounted at various locations within the drying section.

W artykule przeprowadzono analizę warunków przepływu ciepła przez ścianki cylindra połyskowego, potraktowanego, jako naczynie cienkościenne. Przeanalizowano wpływ wybranych parametrów konstrukcyjno-eksploatacyjnych (m.in. średnicy cylindra i ciśnienia pary) na gęstość strumienia ciepła w przypadku, gdy cylinder jest wykonany z żeliwa i ze stali. Ustalono optymalne zakresy wartości ciśnień pary dla tych cylindrów, usytuowanych w różnych miejscach suszarni w maszynach papierniczych.

Interannual Variation of the Growing Season Maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, MNDVI, and Its Relationship with Climatic Factors on the Tibetan Plateau

80%

Wang S.-H. , Sun W. , Li S.-W. , Shen Z.-X. , Fu G.

tom Vol. 63, nr 3

424--439

The effects of the growing season climatic factors (i.e., temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure and relative humidity) on the growing season maximum normalized difference vegetation index (MNDVI), which can mirror the aboveground net primary production and the vegetation maximum absorbed ability of photosynthetically active radiation, were examined during the period from 2000 to 2012 on the Tibetan Plateau. The effects of climatic factors on the MNDVI changed with vegetation types, which was probably due to the fact that the changes of climatic factors differed with the type of vegetation. There was a significant increasing trend for the spatially averaged MNDVI of the vegetation area over the entire plateau. Approximately 16 and 3% of the vegetation area demonstrated a significant MNDVI increasing and decreasing trend, respectively. The MNDVI was significantly affected by relative humidity and vapor pressure, but not affected by temperature and precipitation over the entire plateau. Our findings suggested that the environmental humidity played a predominant role in affecting the variation of MNDVI over the entire Tibetan Plateau.