Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Surveying Child Labour Through Households: Sampling Issues and Strategies

100%

Verma V. , Gagliardi F.

Statistics in Transition new series

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2010

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tom 11

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nr 3

6-37

EN

This paper addresses sampling issues arising in the context of household-based child labour surveys. It presents some of the sampling strategies elaborated in the ILO book Sampling for Household-based Surveys of Child Labour (Verma, 2008). A typology of surveys of child labour is identified, and the fundamental distinction between two types with very different objectives - termed 'child labour surveys' and 'labouring children surveys', respectively - is clarified and emphasised. Following a broad survey of national practices in conducting surveys of child labour, linkages between different types of surveys and some specific sampling techniques are explained.

2

Violence against street children in India – statistics of misery

88%

Pietkiewicz-Pareek B.

Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji

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2012

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tom 8

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nr 3(18)

86-97

EN

The aim of this article is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of violence against street children in India, showing its many different dimensions and complexities. It outlines social issues such as violence against the girl child, child labour, street children and trafficking. It also cites patriarchy, hierarchy, masculinity, control, and lack of accountability, as essential components in the practice of violence against children. The review provides brief introductory notes and concentrates mainly on illustrating the hopelessness of life of some groups of Indian street children.

3

Prawo dzieci do edukacji a jakość nauczania w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej na przykładzie Madagaskaru

88%

Lendzion K.

Annales Missiologici Posnanienses

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2016

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nr 21

169-182

PL

In 2003 Madagascar joined the UNESCO “Education for All” programme. The primary objective of the programme is to improve accessibility to and the quality of the education system. Although there has been progress in achieving universal primary education, this progress has not been accompanied by the necessary safeguards for ensuring quality of education. According to the UNESCO report “Éducation pour tous. Madagascar 2015" only 79% the Malagasy children who started school went on to complete their primary education. The PASEC (Program on the Analysis of Education Systems) report also shows the low quality of education – children repeating school years together with low educational outcomes in Mathematics and French. This poor quality of education is undoubtedly in violation of the rights of children to their individual development. This article attempts to answer the question about the causes of the low quality of education in Madagascar. According to the author it’s important to note that apart from poverty and child labour the low professional qualifications of teachers is also a contributory factor.

4

Child labour or child work? Complexities of socio-cultural life of the Wataturu community of Igunga, Tanzania

75%

Ayo S. L.

Studia Ethnologica Pragensia

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2022

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nr 1

15-31

EN

For a long time the world has campaigned against child labour, both with local and global efforts. These initiatives however tend to ignore contextual forces such as, specific socio-cultural contexts and societal interpretation of child labour. Scholarship on this subject uncovers several circumstances, reasons, consequences, processes, and challenges of child labour among different communities in Africa. Extant literature also reveals information regarding the complexities of sociocultural dimension in examining child labour practices. Building on the already existing evidence, this paper uncovers sociocultural complexity in explaining child labour practices among semi nomadic pastoral Wataturu communities in Igunga. The paper exploits various information collected through library and archival research, participant observation, and oral interviews to demonstrate how sociocultural set up of Wataturu challenges the mainstream approach to the claimed child labour practices.

5

Violations of children’s rights in Sudan and their circumstances: the current situation and the possibility of solutions

75%

KARAMALLA-GAIBALLA N.

Society Register

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2021

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tom 5

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nr 2

57-68

EN

This paper aims to demonstrate the main aspects and weaknesses of children's rights in Sudan and describe how to work towards enhancing the immediate response to violations against children. This discussion will help develop future plans to strengthen the enforcement of children’s rights in Sudan and create an environment that protects children's rights against all kinds of violations. This paper presents the current situation of children’s rights violations in Sudan and factors that have a great and direct impact on these situations, especially social and cultural factors concerning female circumcision, genital mutilation, and marriage of underage girls; and laws that violate the dignity of Sudanese children, such as laws related to flogging, imprisonment, and death. The article also addresses issues of wars and internal conflicts and their impact on children, including their recruitment and trafficking. It also discusses the weaknesses of laws in place to protect children in Sudan and the changes these laws have undergone in recent years, especially the fundamental changes following the revolution that broke out in Sudan in 2018, which replaced the dictatorial military regime with Islamic orientations and trying to find objective solutions.

6

Foreign minors and forced labour in contemporary Italy

71%

Policek N.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2021

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nr XLIII/1

195-222

PL

The labour of foreign minors living in Italy fits into a double scenario: on the one hand, it evokes aspects or lifestyles typical of their original culture and therefore represents an experience of continuity with it; on the other hand, it is placed in the context of the host country, where young migrants are often employed in low-skilled jobs or are forced to enter the job market as a means to support themselves and their family. This is an entirely transversal problem in the country, concerning both the more industrialised areas of the North and the more agricultural areas of the South. The sectors where the labour of minors is more widespread are commerce, catering, agriculture, and services. Case studies relating to the experiences of young Chinese migrants and children of Moroccan descent living in Italy are presented in this article. The concluding section suggests that there is no single causal factor responsible for child labour. Indeed, subsistence poverty, inequalities in accessing the labour market and parental choices or constraints may influence the decision to coerce a minor to work. Praca małoletnich cudzoziemców mieszkających we Włoszech może mieć dwa scenariusze. Pierwszy z nich odnosi się do stylu życia typowego dla kultury, z której się wywodzą migranci (i stanowi jej powielenie oraz przedłużenie), gdzie praca dzieci jest czymś powszechnym. Drugi zaś związany jest z sytuacją na rynku pracy we Włoszech, czyli w kraju przyjmującym, w którym młodzi migranci często są zatrudniani na stanowiskach wymagających niskich kwalifikacji lub są zmuszani do podjęcia pracy w celu utrzymania siebie i swojej rodziny. Problem ten widoczny jest w całym kraju – dotyczy zarówno bardziej uprzemysłowionych obszarów na północy, jak i bardziej rolniczych na południu. Sektory, w których praca dzieci jest najbardziej rozpowszechniona, to handel, gastronomia, rolnictwo i usługi. W artykule przedstawiono studium przypadków opierające się na doświadczeniach młodych migrantów z Chin oraz dzieci pochodzenia marokańskiego, mieszkających we Włoszech. W zakończeniu artykułu podkreślono, że nie ma jednej przyczyny odpowiadającej za pracę dzieci. Czynniki takie jak: głębokie ubóstwo, nierówności w dostępie do rynku pracy, a także wybory rodziców i przymus z ich strony, mogą wpływać na podjęcie decyzji o zmuszeniu dziecka do podjęcia pracy.

EN

The labour of foreign minors living in Italy fits into a double scenario: on the one hand, it evokes aspects or lifestyles typical of their original culture and therefore represents an experience of continuity with it; on the other hand, it is placed in the context of the host country, where young migrants are often employed in low-skilled jobs or are forced to enter the job market as a means to support themselves and their family. This is an entirely transversal problem in the country, concerning both the more industrialised areas of the North and the more agricultural areas of the South. The sectors where the labour of minors is more widespread are commerce, catering, agriculture, and services. Case studies relating to the experiences of young Chinese migrants and children of Moroccan descent living in Italy are presented in this article. The concluding section suggests that there is no single causal factor responsible for child labour. Indeed, subsistence poverty, inequalities in accessing the labour market and parental choices or constraints may influence the decision to coerce a minor to work.

7

Engagement of children in agricultural work activities - scale and consequences of the phenomenon

63%

Lachowski S.

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nr 1

129-135

8

Mental wellbeing of children engaged in agricultural work activities and quality of family environment

51%

Lachowski S. , Lachowska B.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

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2007

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tom 14

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nr 1

EN

A considerable percentage of Polish children from agricultural families are engaged by their parents in performing work activities on farms. The performance of these tasks arouses various emotional reactions in children, from the feeling of threat, fear and anxiety, to the feeling of satisfaction, being contented and proud. The subjective feeling of happiness and life satisfaction is an extremely important factor affecting the mental health and functioning of a human being. The objective of the study was to show to what extent the quality of communication between children and parents, and the level of family cohesion and adaptability according to the Circumplex Model by D. H. Olson et al., modifi es children’s emotional reactions associated with the tasks performed. The study covered 192 children aged 12-13, whose parents were running a family farm. Growing up in a healthy family characterised by a balanced level of cohesion, adaptability and good communication with the father and mother, favours the occurrence in children of pleasant emotions in reaction to work which they undertake on behalf of their parents on a farm. In such families, more often than in families with bad communication and dysfunctional families (disengaged, rigid), children experience satisfaction, have a feeling of deepening bonds with their parents, and the feeling of being more adult and preparing themselves well for adult life. Family characteristics which are evidence of disorders in its functioning (lack of good communication with the father, mother, lack of bonds between family members, rigid, chaos in a family) co-occur with the child experiencing unpleasant emotional states in associated with the work performed, there occur feelings of dissatisfaction, unhappiness, unpleasantness, the feeling that it would be better to learn than to work.

9

Do you know the history of the chocolate you eat? The need for a special look at the cocoa production chain as a mechanism to combat slave labour

44%

Zbucka Gargas M. , da Rocha C. I. , Meirinho A. G. S. A. , Rocha Ferreira V.

Studia Prawnicze KUL

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2023

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nr 2

175-191

UK

Мета статті - викликати у читача потребу нового погляду на виробництво шоколаду як на стратегію, яка може сприяти ліквідації рабської праці. Текст намагається відповісти на наступну дослідницьку проблему: як ланцюг виробництва какао сприяє збереженню нелегальної праці та як цьому протидіяти? Це теоретико-нормативне дослідження, яке використовує дедуктивний метод для досягнення запропо- нованої мети шляхом якісного, бібліографічного та документального дослідження. Спочатку автори обговорюють проблему рабської праці, потім ланцюжок виробництва какао та необхідність контролювати трудові зловживання, які трапляються в шоколадній промисловості. Нарешті, вони вказують на надзви- чайно важливу роль, яку компанії повинні відігравати в боротьбі та усуненні експлуатації людської праці, застосовуючи суворий контроль у своєму ланцюжку створення вартості, що збігається з ідеєю сталого розвитку.

RU

Цель статьи – побудить читателя по-новому взглянуть на производство шоколада как на стратегию, которая может способствовать искоренению рабского труда. В тексте делается попытка ответить на следующую исследовательскую проблему: как цепочка производства какао способствует поддержанию нелегальной занятости и как этому можно противостоять? Это теоретико-нормативное исследование, которое посредством качественных, библиографических и документальных исследований использует дедуктивный метод для достижения поставленной цели. Сначала авторы обсуждают проблему рабского труда, затем рассматривают цепочку производства какао и необходимость контроля над нарушениями трудовых отношений, которые имеют место в шоколадной промышленности. Наконец, они указывают на чрезвычайно важную роль, которую компании должны играть в борьбе с эксплуатацией человеческого труда и ее искоренении путем применения строгого контроля в своей цепочке ценности, что совпадает с идеей устойчивого развития.

PL

Celem artykułu jest wzbudzenie w czytelniku potrzeby nowego spojrzenia na produkcję czekolady jako strategii, która może przyczynić się do eliminacji pracy niewolniczej. Tekst stara się udzielić odpowiedzi na następujący problem badawczy: w jaki sposób łańcuch produkcji kakao przyczynia się do utrzymania nielegalnego zatrudnienia i jak mu przeciwdziałać? Jest to studium teoretyczno-normatywne, które poprzez badania jakościowe, bibliograficzne i dokumentacyjne wykorzystuje metodę dedukcyjną do osiągnięcia proponowanego celu. W pierwszej kolejności autorzy omawiają zagadnienie pracy niewolniczej, następnie podejmują temat łańcucha produkcji kakao i potrzeby kontroli nad nadużyciami w pracy, które mają miejsce w przemyśle czekoladowym. Na koniec wskazują na niezwykle istotną rolę, jaką mają do odegrania przedsiębiorstwa w zwalczaniu i eliminowaniu wyzysku ludzkiej pracy poprzez stosowanie ścisłej kontroli w swoim łańcuchu wartości, zbieżnej z ideą zrównoważonego rozwoju.

EN

The text whose main objective is to arouse in the reader the need to look at chocolate production differently as a strategy that can contribute to the elimination of slave labour. Therefore, it aims to answer the following research problem: How does the cocoa production chain contribute to the maintenance of this heinous practice and how to counteract it? It is a theoretical and normative study that, through qualitative, bibliographic and documentary research, uses a deductive method to achieve the proposed objective. First, the persistence of slavery in the workplace today is analysed. Then, the study discusses the cocoa production chain and the need to control labour abuses in the chocolate industry. Finally, it points out the extremely important role that companies have to play in combating and eliminating the exploitation of human labour by applying strict controls in their value chain, coinciding with the idea of sustainable development.