Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Idea federalizmu w doktrynie Michała Bakunina

100%

Duda K.

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nr 30/31

209-226

EN

The subject of the following paper is the issue of federalism, which was absorbing Bakunin's attention since he met J. P. Proudhon – the XIXth century creator of ideological foundations of federalism theory. One of the main components of Bakunin's doctrine was the concept of decentralisation. Projects of communities which were meant to work basing on the federalist principles were being opposed to growing centalisation of nation-states, additionaly accused of cultural uniformisation, monopolising the power, destruction the social fabric and appropriation of regional commons. The link between religion and the institutions of the state was, in Bakunin's mind, clearly obvious, as he saw the religion as an ideological base of power and exploitation apparatus. The paper clashes two different models of federalism. Both – the theory of intrastate decentralisation and federalism as a model for peaceful european integration – are oppsed to state-souvereignity theory. Both of them are visibly incoherent with XIXth century origins of federalist idea, which inspired Bakunin.

2

Neustála snaha rušiť Vedeckú grantovú agentúru MŠVVaŠ SR – SAV

86%

Kmeť N.

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nr 2

82-102

EN

Currently, a significant proportion of scientific and scholarly outputs are produced within the framework of grants awarded by a specific scientific agency. There are a number of grant schemes in Slovakia that support science and research. The resources used are mostly state, public, European and, to a certain extent, private. The bulk of the projects undertaken at scholarly institutes are backed by the Scientific Grant Agency (VEGA), whose funds are provided by the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports of the Slovak Republic (MŠVVaŠ SR) and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAV). Any attempt to "transform/reform" a functioning basic research support scheme naturally provokes negative reactions in the scholarly community. These also include the material entitled "Proposal of VEGA action alternatives (/KEGA)". It comes as a surprise, or even a shock, to read that some of the proposals for the elimination of VEGA come from the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Slovak Republic and from other supreme state administration bodies. What is invariably used as an argument is the need to make the system more efficient. It is usually emphasized, with regard to the science-support agencies, that their number does not agree with the needs, or that their centralization would enhance the quality of scientific outputs. Yet, it should be noted that centralization as such is the easiest way to administer a process and thus to assume complete control over it, allowing one to push forward their own interests. Regarding VEGA, there are constant controversies about whether it is a grant agency or just a mechanism for redistributing institutional funds. Scientific results suit politicians only when the latter wish to prove the country’s advancement level or when a specific problem is considered to be such that it could jeopardize the system’s stability. Unlike these, other research results are neglected, and, before long, the declared support is forgotten again because soon new political, social, economic or other interests of the state are found more important.

3

Idea demokracji w przekształceniach ustrojowych samorządu terytorialnego

61%

Jeżewski J.

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tom 77

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nr 3

65-78

EN

The article aims to show the idea of democracy as a basic condition for implementing decentralisation and self-government. At the same time it identifies certain threats that accompany those processes and the need for their protection. Democracy, understood both as a value and a principle, constitutes, together with the principles of freedom and the state of law, one of the basic axiological and system standards in modern Europe. Attempts at defining democracy made within the scientific domain of particular states manifest themselves in various ways; as a result, there are numerous definitions of the principle of democracy and of a democratic state itself. However, the variety of perspectives does not reduce the influence of the idea of democracy and, especially, its inspirational effect. In the state of law, democracy protects all the rights and freedoms of an individual connected with political liberalism. Since 1789 and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the notion of decentralisation has been developing in Europe. This has taken place together with consolidation of the belief that democracy is a condition of decentralisation and self-government is an institutional form of participation by citizens in governance, serving the bottom-up development of democracy. This has been reflected in the concept of local democracy, most often, in connection with the process of systemic change: as a positive effect of these transformations or as an objective (value) which should be pursued in future reforms. The article also indicates immanent weaknesses of democratic procedures that can be used opportunistically and for purposes far removed from the idea of democracy. Local democracy is threatened by the political indifference of voters, the tyranny of the majority, populism and a ruling party’s control over self-government.

PL

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie idei demokracji jako podstawowego warunku urzeczywistnienia decentralizacji i samorządu terytorialnego, a także zagrożeń, które towarzyszą procesom demokratyzacji i uświadamiają potrzebę ich ochrony. Demokracja pojmowana zarazem jako wartość i zasada współtworzy wraz z zasadą wolności i zasadą państwa prawnego jeden z podstawowych standardów aksjologicznych i ustrojowych we współczesnej Europie. Próby określenia demokracji podejmowane w nauce poszczególnych państw ukazują różne postacie, w jakich się ona przejawia; w następstwie mnożą się definicje zasady demokracji i samego państwa demokratycznego. Różnorodność ujęć nie osłabia siły oddziaływania idei demokracji, a zwłaszcza jej siły inspiracji. W państwie prawnym demokracja chroni wszystkie prawa i wolności jednostki wiązane z liberalizmem politycznym. Poczynając od Deklaracji Praw Człowieka i Obywatela z 1789 r. kształtowało się w Europie pojęcie decentralizacji; umacniało się przekonanie, że demokracja jest jej warunkiem, a samorząd ‒ formą instytucjonalną udziału obywateli w rządzeniu, służącą budowaniu demokracji od dołu. Znalazło ono wyraz w pojęciu demokracji lokalnej najczęściej w połączeniu z procesem przemian ustrojowych: jako pozytywny efekt tych przemian lub jako cel (wartość), o którą należy zabiegać w projektowanych reformach. W artykule zostały zarazem wskazane immanentne słabości procedur demokratycznych, które mogą być wykorzystywane w sposób koniunkturalny i w celach odległych od idei demokracji. Demokracji lokalnej zagrażają m.in.: indyferentyzm polityczny wyborców, tyrania większości, populizm, upartyjnienie samorządu terytorialnego.