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Confronting Nationally Determined Contributions to IPPC's +2 °C Carbon Budgets through the Analyses of France and Wallonia Climate Policies

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Paulus N.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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tom Vol. 24, nr 6

214--225

EN

A method to objectively compare and link climate policies, expressed in CO2eq, to IPCC's carbon budgets, expressed in CO2-only, is exhibited, as countries often omit to so in their Nationally Determined Contributions. Furthermore, they are usually pledging only towards territorial targets despite the fact that imported emissions are now greater in occidental countries, thus relying on the countries they are importing from to achieve their own territorial emissions reductions. This paper demonstrates that the +1.5 °C carbon budgets of France and Wallonia will be exceeded even with territorial emissions only. For the +2 °C carbon budget to be secured, France should reduce its imported emissions at least to the same extent as their projected territorial emissions. For Wallonia, this is even emphasized since it has no margin in the +2 °C carbon budget with only the territorial emissions. It should therefore legally adopt more ambitious territorial and imported emissions reduction pathways with short-term commitments.

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British climate policy under the Climate Change Act

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Cygan A.

Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna

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2022

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nr 1(72)

115-139

EN

The British Climate Change Act created the world’s first long-term institutional and legal system aimed at reducing domestic greenhouse gas emissions. Following its 2019 amendment, the UK also became the first G7 and G20 country to commit to climate neutrality. The Act, described as one of the most advanced legal acts in the field of climate policy, is still a reference point and source of inspiration for many countries around the world. The model established by it, however, struggles with the credible commitment problem, and the structural problems arising, inter alia, from the aforementioned amendment and the departure of the UK from the European Union may in the future additionally weaken its credibility and have a negative impact not only on British but also on global climate action. The aim of this article is to present the main elements of the British model of climate policy and to signal future challenges to its credibility against the background of the previous experience with the implementation of the Act and the latest emissions reduction targets announced at the end of 2020 and in the first half of 2021.

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Could submarine groundwater discharge be a significant carbon source to the Southern Baltic Sea?

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Szymczycha B. , Maciejewska A. , Winogradow A. , Pempkowiak J.

Oceanologia

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2014

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tom 56

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nr 2

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Could submarine groundwater discharge be a significant carbon source to the southern Baltic Sea?

84%

Szymczycha B. , Maciejewska A. , Winogradow A. , Pempkowiak J.

Oceanologia

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2014

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tom No. 56 (2)

327--347

EN

Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is an important yet poorly recognised pathway of material transport to the marine environment. This work reports on the results of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and loads in the groundwater seeping into the southern Baltic Sea. Most of the research was carried out in the Bay of Puck (2009-2010), while in 2013 the study was extended to include several other groundwater seepage impacted areas situated along the Polish coastline. The annual average concentrations of DIC and DOC in the groundwater were equal to 64.5 ± 10.0 mg C L-1 and 5.8 ± 0.9 mg C L-1 respectively. The carbon specific flux into the Bay of Puck was estimated at 850 mg m-2 yr-1. The loads of carbon via SGD were scaled up for the Baltic Sea sub-basins and the entire Baltic Sea. The DIC and DOC fluxes via SGD to the Baltic Sea were estimated at 283.6 ± 66.7 kt yr-1 and 25.5 ± 4.2 kt yr-1. The SGD derived carbon load to the Baltic Sea is an important component of the carbon budget, which gives the sea a firmly heterotrophic status.

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Forecasting carbon budget under climate change and CO2 fertilization for subtropical region in China using Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) model

67%

Zhu Q. , Jiang H. , Liu J. , Peng C. , Fang X. , Yu S. , Zhou G. , Wei X. , Ju W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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tom 59

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nr 1

EN

The regional carbon budget of the climatic transition zone may be very sensitive to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This study simulated the carbon cycles under these changes using process-based ecosystem models. The Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS), a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM), was used to evaluate the impacts of climate change and CO2 fertilization on net primary production (NPP), net ecosystem production (NEP), and the vegetation structure of terrestrial ecosystems in Zhejiang province (area 101,800 km2, mainly covered by subtropical evergreen forest and warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf forest) which is located in the subtropical climate area of China. Two general circulation models (HADCM3 and CGCM3) representing four IPCC climate change scenarios (HC3AA, HC3GG, CGCM-sresa2, and CGCM-sresb1) were used as climate inputs for IBIS. Results show that simulated historical biomass and NPP are consistent with field and other modelled data, which makes the analysis of future carbon budget reliable. The results indicate that NPP over the entire Zhejiang province was about 55 Mt C yr-1 during the last half of the 21st century. An NPP increase of about 24 Mt C by the end of the 21st century was estimated with the combined effects of increasing CO2 and climate change. A slight NPP increase of about 5 Mt C was estimated under the climate change alone scenario. Forests in Zhejiang are currently acting as a carbon sink with an average NEP of about 2.5 Mt C yr–1. NEP will increase to about 5 Mt C yr–1 by the end of the 21st century with the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change. However, climate change alone will reduce the forest carbon sequestration of Zhejiang’s forests. Future climate warming will substantially change the vegetation cover types; warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf forest will be gradually substituted by subtropical evergreen forest. An increasing CO2 concentration will have little contribution to vegetation changes. Simulated NPP shows geographic patterns consistent with temperature to a certain extent, and precipitation is not the limiting factor for forest NPP in the subtropical climate conditions. There is no close relationship between the spatial pattern of NEP and climate condition.

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Production and mineralization of organic matter in the Pomeranian Bay

67%

Witek Z. , Drgas A. , Ameryk A.

Bulletin of the Sea Fisheries Institute

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2001

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nr 3