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Nowe dane do badań nad kujawskimi grodziskami z Mietlicy i Borkowa

100%

Danielewicz M.

tom 13

153-159

The paper New Data for Research on the Cuiavian Strongholds from Mietlica and Borkowo concerns issues of archaeology and the protection of monuments. It briefly discusses the state of hitherto research and knowledge on the strongholds in Mietlica and Borkowo. Then there follows a thorough analysis of aerial photographs (made by Łukasz Oliwkowski) of both these defensive premises. e discussion is separately completed with data acquired in consequence of subsequent surveys of the strongholds in Mietlica and Borkowo, carried out in the years 2007–2014. In the case of the castrum in Mietlica, the aerial photos and field surveys allowed for the recording of traces of the area in front of the rampart, the moat and the gate. Furthermore, a putative course of the eastern rampart (now levelled) of this premise was identified. In the case of the stronghold in Borkowo, it was possible not only to record its shape (the premise is two thirds destroyed) but also to propose a daring supposition concerning the vicinity of this Early Medieval stronghold. Based on aerial photographs, it was possible to state that the stronghold was accompanied with a suburbium to the south-east. All these pieces of information seem to be relevant from the point of view of possible excavations at both sites in future. At the same time, this data should also be of significance from the point of view of the heritage protection service and the protection of the discussed strongholds.

Nadzór nad opłatami za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi

100%

Suska M.

nr 4

33-46

From Constitutional Tribunal point of view, lawmaker is obliged to create law in possibly clear way. It was not taken into consideration in case of amendment to act from September 13th 1996 regarding keeping cleanliness and order in boroughs. Boroughs had to organize pick up system for municipal waste from property owners, who would have to cover the costs of the whole process as municipal waste management fees. However, the act does not define the character of this fee. As a result there is the uncertainty, which organ of supervising the local self-government units activities is correct to research on resolutions taken basing on keeping cleanliness and order in boroughs act. There are few statements issued by administrative courts, though they are incompatible, despite the fact that were based on same deeds. The article shows the polemic of public bodies.

W ocenie TK od ustawodawcy wymaga się, aby prawo było tworzone w sposób klarowny. Nie zostało to wzięte pod uwagę w przypadku nowelizacji Ustawy z 13 września 1996 r. o utrzymaniu czystości i porządku w gminach. Narzucono gminom obowiązek zorganizowania systemu odbierania odpadów komunalnych od właścicieli nieruchomości, którzy mieliby ponosić tego koszty w drodze opłaty za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi. W ustawie jednak nie sprecyzowano charakteru tej opłaty. W konsekwencji powstała niejasność, który z organów nadzoru nad działalnością jednostek samorządu terytorialnego jest właściwy do zbadania uchwał podejmowanych na podstawie ustawy o utrzymaniu czystości i porządku w gminach. W tej kwestii wypowiedziały się sądy administracyjne, jednak wyrażone stanowiska były rozbieżne, mimo iż oparte były na tych samych aktach prawnych. W artykule ukazano polemikę organów publicznych.

Šosovní, nebo poddanské vesnice? K interpretaci pozemkového příslušenství zeměpanských měst ve středověku

80%

Lhoták J.

tom 111

nr 3

517-562

This contribution attempts to clarify the concept and legal position of the so-called borough (= šos) villages attached to free Royal boroughs in the pre-Hussite period. He deals with the notion of town property tax (šos in Czech), its earlier interpretations in Czech historiography and defines its meaning by analysing the system of fiscal duties in free Royal towns (feu duty, property taxes). He then pays attention to the legal relationship between borough villages and the sovereign and to the rights the latter exercised on their territories (patronage rights, consent for land transactions). The author provides a survey of possible options in which municipal law penetrated into the countryside (weichbild, the nobility granting the option that municipal law might be used, etc.). In its conclusion he argues against the usage of the concept of borough landed estates for the period prior to 1420.