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Paralityczne toksyny morskie jako zagrozenie dla zdrowia konsumenta

100%

Michalski M.

tom 63

nr 12

1530-1533

Shellfish poisoning is caused by a group of toxins elaborated by planktonic algae (dinoflagellates), in most cases upon which the shellfish feed. The main groups of biotoxins harmful for human beings are: DSP, NSP, ASP and PSP. The most frequent and dangerous for our lives is paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). In the case of PSP, the effects are predominantly neurological and include tingling, burning, numbness, drowsiness, incoherent speech, and respiratory paralysis. The 20 toxins responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning are all derivatives of the saxitoxin group. Saxitoxin is heat-stable and unaffected by standard cooking or steaming; it is water-soluble, and can be concentrated in broth. To prevent outbreaks of PSP and other shellfish intoxications, samples of susceptible mollusks are periodically collected in the coastal states and tested for toxin by mouse bioassay. When toxin levels exceed 80 µg/100 g, affected growing areas are quarantined, and sale of shellfish is prohibited. Modern chemical techniques, for instance immunoassay, phosphatase test or chromatography (HPLC, LC-MS), are quite suitable for the detection of PSP.

Amnestyczne biotoksyny morskie jako zagrożenie dla zdrowia konsumenta

100%

Michalski M.

nr 09

Polish consumers show increasing interest in “frutti di mare”, including molluscs, which are another potential source of food poisoning. Biotoxins enter the organism of a mollusc through its digestive tract together with plankton, which is its main food, and accumulate in the muscles and hepatopancreas. The main marine biotoxins are diuretic toxins causing diarrhoea, toxins affecting the nervous system, amnesic toxins, and paralytic toxins. Amnesic toxins, causing Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), are produced by marine algae such as diatoms and red algae: Chondria spp. Symptoms of ASP in humans occur 24 hours after the consumption of contaminated shellfish in mild poisoning, and from ½ to 6 hours in acute poisoning. The symptoms of poisoning include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, dizziness, headache, confusion, breathing difficulties, and coma. A characteristic symptom of ASP is a usual short-term memory loss. In most cases, neurological symptoms disappear after 48 hours. Some of the symptoms, such as memory problems, may persist even up to 100 days. Mortality is at 4%. The total quantity of amnesic toxins in the whole mussel or any of its edible parts must not exceed 20 mg/kg of mussel meat. Amnesic toxins are detected by chromatographic techniques (HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry and by alternative methods, such as ELISA, phosphatase tests, capillary electrophoresis, and immunochromatography.

Neurotoksyczne biotoksyny morskie jako zagrożenie dla zdrowia konsumenta

80%

Michalski M. , Osek J.

tom 71

nr 11

The main groups of biotoxins harmful for human are: DSP, NSP, ASP and PSP. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is caused by consumption of molluscan shellfish contaminated with brevetoxins (BTXs) primarily produced by dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. In case of intoxication by brevetoxin and their isomers, among the possible effects are paresthesia (tingling), reversal of hot-cold temperature sensation, myalgia (muscle pain), vertigo, ataxia (loss of coordination), abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, headache, bradycardia (slow heart rate), and dilated pupils. In total, quantities (measured in the whole body or any edible part separately) cannot exceed the following limit for brevetoxins, i.e. 0.8 mg/kg. Modern techniques such as immunoassay, phosphatase test or chromatography (HPLC, LC-MS) are quite suitable for detection of BTXs.