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EN
World energy crisis caused that continuous use of fossil fuels is now widely recognized unsustainable. Depleting supplies and contribution of petroleum fuels forced search of alternative energy source. Renewable biofuels are needed to displace petroleum derived transport fuels. Biodiesel is an alternative, renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel. Therefore it can be used alone or blended with conventional petro diesel in unmodified diesel engine vehicles. It has been well reported that biodiesel can be made from almost any biosource from animal fat to vegetable oil such as soybean, palm and sunflower oil. Unfortunately biodiesel made from crops oil, animal fat or waste cooking oil cannot be the only source of biodiesel. Also microalgae appear to be a promising source of biodiesel that gratified the global demand for transport fuel. Like plants, microalgae use sunlight to produce oil. The major component of microalgae oil are triglycerides which can be converted in reaction named transestryfication to produce biodiesel. Transestryfication is a chemical reaction between oil triglycerides and alcohol. This reaction is usually catalyzed by a strong base, such as NaOH or KOH, acid (H2SO4) or enzyme such as lipase. It has been well reported that transestryfication process using alkali catalyst gives a high level conversion triglycerides to their corresponding methyl esters in a short time. Transestryfication process is affected by the mode of reaction conditions, molar ratio and type of alcohol, type of catalyst, reaction time or temperature.
EN
The article provides an analysis of the biofuel production and consumption development in Latvia. The biofuel production developed due to the state subsidies which were paid for the produced amount till the year 2010. The present capacities can ensure fulfilment of the norms set by the EU Directive for the consumption of biofuel; there is a competitive production unit with a modern technology and a great production output. However, in the field of consumption, the state considerably lags behind the norms mentioned. Therefore measures should be continued to promote biofuel consumption.
EN
The production of renewable energy from biomass, including seeds and their products (oil), is of high importance. The basis of that production may be the cultivation of plants “typical” for a certain region. Lower importance is put on marginal plants, such as willow, topinambur etc. These plants cannot rival plants like rapeseed, potato, corn, cereal, in spite of the fact that they produce a lot of green mass. In many countries of the EU, including Poland, the highest importance is put on the production of biodiesel used as biofuel in self-ignition combustion engines. The availability of locally produced biofuels would cause greater independence from external factors.
PL
Produkcja energii odnawialnej na bazie biomasy w tym również nasion i produktów z nich wytworzonych (oleju) ma w tej chwili znaczenie największe. Podstawą może być uprawa roślin „typowych” dla danego rejonu. Znacznie mniejsze znaczenie można przypisać roślinom „marginalnym” typu ślazowiec, wierzba, topinambur itp. Rośliny te, pomimo iż wytwarzają dużo zielonej masy, nie mogą konkurować (w polskich realiach) z takimi roślinami, jak rzepak, buraki, zboża, ziemniaki, kukurydza. W wielu krajach UE, w tym również w Polsce, największą uwagę poświęca się produkcji biodiesla stosowanego jako biopaliwo w silnikach z zapłonem samoczynnym. Dysponowanie zasobem paliw własnej produkcji dawałoby większą niezależność od czynników zewnętrznych.
EN
Around Lake Tana, there are different types of fish processing cooperatives. These cooperatives simply dump the fish wastes (offal) to the Lake Tana which results environmental pollution for the marine ecosystems. In this study three cleaner production options such as biodiesel, biogas and animal feeding were investigated experimentally for the utilization of fishery wastes around Lake Tana. The study showed that fish species (labeobarbus, tilapia and catfish) wastes have oil yield of 28.65%, 16.35% and 5.63 % and free fatty acid content of 10.5%, 7.5% and 6.03% respectively. In the treatment of the oil, only 3.5% of sulfuric acid was consumed to lower the FFA to the required level (2.5%). In the biodiesel experiment, 6:1 ration of methanol to oil and 1hr of reaction retention time were found to be the optimum operating parameters. The yield of biogas was 0.016ml /gram of fish waste. Nutritional composition of fish wastes were 33.4% protein, 0.007% fiber, 1.26% ash, 44% moisture and 21.367% carbohydrate. The study concluded that biodiesel is the possible cleaner production option among the other for the utilization of fishery wastes around Lake Tana.
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