Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ocena i kontrola czystości mikrobiologicznej powietrza w samochodowych układach klimatyzacyjnych

100%

Grzybowski P.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

|

2011

|

tom Nr 5

34-35

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów poziomu stężenia aerozolu ogólnego oraz bioaerozolu w powietrzu zewnętrznym oraz u wylotu kratek nawiewowych w czterdziestu autach osobowych. Opisano procedurę wykonywania pomiarów oraz przedstawiono opracowanie zgromadzonych wyników pod kątem oceny mikrobiologicznej czystości układów klimatyzacyjnych w badanych autach. Określono wpływ daty ostatniego serwisu układu klimatyzacji oraz aktualnie wykonany zbieg na poziom stężenia bioaerozolu.

EN

The results of measurements of the level of concentration of the airborne particles together with bioaerosol fraction in the air coming form ventilation system in forty selected cars are presented. The methods of taking the air samples and the way of conducting measurements arc described together with the analysis of received data. The degree of microbiological contamination was evaluated. The influence of the date of the air conditioning system cleaning together with a just performed cleaning on the bioaerosol concentrations was presented.

2

Airborne Bacteria from Wastewater Treatment and Their Antibiotic Resistance: A Meta-Analysis

100%

Banchón C. , Vivas T. , Aveiga A. , Díaz L.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2021

|

tom Vol. 22, nr 10

205--214

EN

The treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater is a source for a large number of airborne microorganisms, which can be released at the environment during mechanical aeration. A meta-analysis of up to 14 industrial and municipal treatment plants was performed to determine the bacterial count in bioaerosols, as well as antibiotic resistance, at different stages of the wastewater treatment (pretreatment, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment), in comparison with bacterial counts of the ambient air surrounding the treatment plants. The highest contamination of the air with microorganisms was observed in the raw sewage inlet and at the biological reactor. In most analyzes, the air in the wastewater treatment plant was characterized by a higher content of microorganisms than at the control point. Bioaerosols from water treatment might be an important source of antibiotic resistance genes, which can be transported considerable distances and can represent a potential risk to humans. Therefore, employees should recognize the health risks associated with the absence of personal protective equipment, such as masks or respirators.

3

Statistical Analyses of Bioaerosol Concentration at Municipal Landfill Site

100%

Frączek K. , Różycki H. , Ropek D.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

|

2014

|

tom 21

|

nr 2

229-243

EN

Air microbial quality of the municipal landfill site and in its surroundings was evaluated. Adverse impact of the municipal landfill site in Tarnow on the atmospheric environment was noted, despite the use of correct waste disposal technology. The sampling site and season of the year significantly affected the numbers of various groups of air microorganisms at the municipal landfill site and in its vicinity. For most cases, the effects of the sampling site on the microbial numbers were stronger than that of the season of the year. In this study, higher microbial numbers were observed at the sampling sites located in the area of the active landfill site compared to those located in its vicinity. The obtained results indicate, that despite the lack of current limits for bioaerosol levels the landfill site, even after its closing and reclamation, may still not be a suitable place for any public usage. Therefore, any regular microbiological studies of air should be carried out for a long time both at the area of landfill site and in its vicinity. These results could allow to define the time, when the landfill site become stable, regarding the numbers of microorganisms released to air.

4

Fungal aerosol in public utility buildings in the city of Kraków

100%

Lenart-Boroń A. , Wolny-Koładka K.

Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine

|

2015

|

tom 18

|

nr 1

18-24

EN

Introduction. The quality of indoor air is one of the most important factors affecting health and well-being of people, who inhale 10 m3 of air every day and spend 80–95% of life indoors. The aim of this research was to evaluate the occurrence of airborne fungi, along with assessment of air pollution and microbiological hazard for humans, in 45 public utility buildings in Cracow. Material and methods. The study was carried out in four groups of buildings, including teaching facilities of the University of Agriculture and Jagiellonian University, churches, shopping malls and hospitals with outpatient clinics. Four sites located in the open air were chosen as control. The air sampling was carried out with MAS-100 impactor. Fungi were enumerated on Malt Extract Agar and the results were expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per m3 of air. The isolated fungi were identified by comparing macroscopic and microscopic observations with taxonomic monographs. Results. Mean concentration of airborne fungi was highest in the teaching facilities (1970 CFU/m3). These were also the sites where the largest range of fungal concentration was observed, i.e. from 0 to 23,300 CFU/m3. The lowest mean concentration (99 CFU/m3) including range was observed in hospitals (from 0 to 327 CFU/m3). Species identification of the fungal isolates revealed the presence of allergenic fungi (Alternaria and Cladosporium) in the examined spaces. Moreover, some strains were also identified as potentially toxigenic species, such as Penicillium expansum or Aspergillus niger. Conclusions. The concentration range of airborne fungi varied significantly between the tested spaces. Although the observed concentration of airborne fungi in the majority of buildings was quite low, detection of potentially toxigenic fungi indicates the need for monitoring of both concentration and composition of fungal aerosol in public utility buildings.

PL

Wstęp. Ludzie każdego dnia wdychają 10 m3 powietrza oraz spędzają 80–95% czasu w pomieszczeniach, dlatego jakość powietrza we wnętrzach jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników wpływających na ludzkie samopoczucie i zdrowie. Celem badań była ocena stężenia grzybów pleśniowych w powietrzu oraz zagrożenia mikrobiologicznego związanego z kontaktem z zarodnikami grzybów pleśniowych w 45 budynkach użyteczności publicznej w Krakowie. Materiały i metody. Badania przeprowadzono w czterech grupach budynków użyteczności publicznej – pomieszczeniach dydaktycznych Uniwersytetu Rolniczego w Krakowie oraz Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, kościołach, galeriach handlowych oraz ośrodkach zdrowia. Grupę kontrolną stanowiły punkty pomiarowe zlokalizowane w środowisku zewnętrznym. Próbki powietrza pobierano przy użyciu impaktora MAS-100. Stężenie grzybów oznaczano na agarze słodowym a wyniki przedstawiono jako liczbę jednostek tworzących kolonie na podłożu hodowlanym (jtk), obecnych w 1 m3 pobranego powietrza. Przynależność systematyczną wyizolowanych grzybów oznaczano porównując obserwacje makroskopowe i mikroskopowe z kluczami diagnostycznymi. Wyniki. Najwyższe średnie stężenie grzybów stwierdzono w powietrzu pomieszczeń dydaktycznych (1970 jtk/m3). Tam też zaobserwowano największy zakres stężenia grzybów, tj. od 0 do 23300 jtk/m3. Najniższe średnie stężenie (99 jtk/m3) oraz jego zakres stwierdzono w ośrodkach zdrowia (od 0 do 327 jtk/m3). Identyfikacja gatunkowa wskazała na obecność w badanych budynkach grzybów potencjalnie alergennych, należących do rodzajów Alternaria i Cladosporium. Ponadto wśród badanych izolatów zidentyfikowano potencjalnie toksynotwórcze gatunki grzybów pleśniowych – Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger. Wnioski. Stwierdzono szeroki zakres stężenia grzybów pleśniowych w powietrzu badanych budynków. Pomimo, że obserwowane stężenie grzybów w powietrzu większości budynków nie było wysokie, stwierdzenie obecności potencjalnie toksynotwórczych gatunków podkreśla konieczność monitorowania koncentracji i składu aerozolu mikrobiologicznego w budynkach użyteczności publicznej.

5

Mycological Air Quality at Animal Veterinary Practice

100%

Bulski K. , Frączek K.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2021

|

tom Tom 23

168--179

EN

The objective of the study was to characterize the mycological quality of air at animal veterinary practice in Krakow. Bioaerosol measurements were performed during the summer season of 2017. The samples of outdoor and indoor air at animal veterinary practice were collected using a 6-stage Andersen's air sampler. The highest concentration of fungal aerosol was observed in the treatment room. The analysis showed various fungal contamination in different measuring points at different measuring times of the day. Based on the analysis of bioaerosol particle size distribution it was found that the largest "load" of fungi, isolated form the air, can reach (in the human respiratory tract) to the region of the throat, trachei and primary bronchi. The predominant fungi in indoor air was Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium cladosporoides. Fungi that can cause dermatophytoses have also been isolated from indoor air: Microsporum canis and Trichophyton verrucosum. The study confirmed that the animal veterinary practice can be a workplace related to exposure to microbial agents.

6

Assessment of the Impact of a Municipal Landfill on Microbiological Quality of Air in the Revitalized Area of “Brzeszcze Wschód” Hard Coal Mine

100%

Hołda A. , Śliwka M. , Pawul M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

tom Vol. 24, nr 11

62--68

EN

Each improperly located and/or operated landfill affects the environment, polluting soil, surface, groundwater, atmospheric air and, as a consequence of pollution transport, also remote agricultural, urban and recreational areas. In addition, factors affecting the environmental impact of landfills include storage technology, preparation of areas for landfill, sealing of the landfill and technical infrastructure. Over time, landfills can become active sources of emissions of these microorganisms, spreading them over many kilometers. The aim of the conducted research was to estimate, based on results of microbiological tests, the impact of the municipal landfill on the revitalized area of the inactive "Brzeszcze Wschód" Hard Coal Mine. The results of research by domestic and foreign authors indicate that the atmospheric environment in the vicinity of municipal landfills is characterized by the occurrence of different concentrations of bacterial aerosol. This is related to the size of the landfill area, its nature and the topography of the site.

7

Exposure to Bacterial and Fungal Aerosol in the University Library – A Case Study

100%

Staszowska A. B.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

tom Vol. 24, nr 10

252--258

EN

The state of microbiological air quality in indoor environments is an important factor influencing the health and well-being of occupants. In the case of library collections, it determines their durability. The aim of this study was to assess the exposure of employees and users of the university library in the building of the Faculty of Environmental Engineering of the Lublin University of Technology to bacterial and fungal aerosols. The studies were conducted during period of six months from September to February. The air samples were collected using two methods: sedimentation and impaction. Obtained results allowed for the preparation of a microbiological profile of indoor air pollution. The average concentration of bacteria in the air ranged from 0 to 990 CFU/m3 and fungi from 0 to 1736 CFU/m3, which show no air contamination. The highest concentration of bacterial microflora was recorded in October and December, and in the case of fungi, it was September and October. In the indoor air of the university library, the most common bacteria in all the examined samples were gram-positive cocci and gram-positive bacilli. In the case of fungi, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Aspergillus were the most common.

8

Microbiological Quality of Indoor and Outdoor Air in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant – A Case Study

100%

Staszowska A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

tom Vol. 23, nr 2

185--190

EN

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been recognized as a source of odors and microbial pathogens to the outdoor air. The results of many studies revealed that high amounts of microorganisms are not only present in the stream of wastewater or sludges but also in the bioaerosols that are generated during the different stages of the wastewater treatment. Hence, possible migration of biological contaminants into the interiors cannot be excluded. However, there is a knowledge gap in an assessment of the microbiological indoor air quality of the facilities located at WWTPs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of outdoor microbial air contamination upon the indoor environment based on the determined outdoor to indoor (O/I) ratios. The sampling of airborne bacteria and fungi was conducted in three replications with the sedimentation and impaction method, during a one-year survey in ten technological and office buildings as well as their vicinity, at the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Lublin (Poland). Moreover, the cleanliness of hand contact surfaces in staff rooms was examined (Rodac plates). Additionally, API identification of bacteria and fungi was carried out. The highest concentration of total bacteria count (3617 CFU/m3) and fungi in bioaerosols (5386 CFU/m3) was detected in the air around the sewage pumping station, close to the aeration tanks. P. fluorescens was found in the air around the grit chamber (78 CFU/m3). The majority of the examined indoor air samples were characterized with different levels of microbiological contamination – from non-polluted to moderately polluted. The number of total bacteria counts ranged from 180 to 4679 CFU/m3. The highest estimated indoor fungi concentration was 4022 CFU/m3. The controlled surfaces were mostly contaminated with the Actinomycetes and Coliform bacteria. No Salmonella sp. were detected. The bacteria from the Enetrobacteriaceae family were commonly isolated from the indoor and outdoor air samples. The obtained data can be used to devise further guidelines facilitating control and management of WWTP to avoid or minimize the staff exposure.

9

Assessment of exposure to fungal aerosol in the lecture rooms of schools in the Lesser Poland region

88%

Frączek K. , Bulski K. , Chmiel M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

|

2023

|

tom Vol. 49, no 4

95--102

EN

The paper presents an assessment of the mycological air quality in classrooms of school buildings located in Lesser Poland. In 10 schools, 5 sampling points were designated: 4 indoors and 1 as an "outdoor background". A 6-stage Andersen impactor was used to collect fungal aerosol samples. During sampling, dust measurements were made (using the DustTrak II dust meter) as well as temperature and relative humidity. The predominant genera of fungi were determined by the MALDI-TOF MS method. The results indicated no statistically significant differences in indoor air fungal concentrations among the tested locations (p>0.05). The highest concentrations were observed in large classrooms (max. 2,678 CFU∙m-3), however, these differences were not statistically significant across different types of school rooms (Kruskal-Wallis test: p>0.05). All rooms exhibited similar levels of fungal aerosol contamination. Relative air humidity had a significant influence on the number of microorganisms. The most frequently isolated fungi belonged to Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus genera. Fungal aerosol concentrations in the tested classrooms did not exceed proposed limit values for this type of indoor environment. The results suggest that natural ventilation in classrooms is insufficient to ensure adequate microbiological quality of indoor air.

PL

Ocena jakości mykologicznej powietrza w pomieszczeniach dydaktycznych 10 budynków szkolnych zlokalizowanych w województwie małopolskim (Polska). Do badań aerozolu grzybowego wykorzystano 6-stopniowy impaktor kaskadowy Andersena. Podczas pobierania próbek wykonano pomiary zapylenia (za pomocą pyłomierza DustTrak II) oraz temperatury i wilgotności względnej. Badano powietrze w małych i dużych klasach oraz w salach gimnastycznych, tło wewnętrzne stanowiły korytarze a zewnętrzne powietrze atmosferyczne. Dominujące rodzaje grzybów oznaczono metodą MALDI-TOF MS. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że pomiędzy badanymi obiektami (szkołami) nie wystąpiły statystycznie istotne różnice w stężeniu grzybów w powietrzu wewnętrznym (p>0,05). Największe zróżnicowanie aerozolu grzybowego obserwowano wdużych salach lekcyjnych (max. 2678 CFU∙m-3), jednak różnice te nie były istotne statystycznie pomiędzy różnymi typami pomieszczeń (test Kruskala-Wallisa: p>0,05). Wszystkie pomieszczenia były w porównywalnym stopniu zanieczyszczone aerozolem grzybowym. Najczęściej izolowane grzyby reprezentowały rodzaje Cladosporium, Penicillium i Aspergillus. Wilgotność względna powietrza miała istotny wpływ na liczebność mikroorganizmów. Stężenia aerozolu grzybowego w badanych pomieszczeniach dydaktycznych nie przekraczały proponowanych wartości granicznych dla tego typu wnętrz. Wyniki wskazują, że wentylacja naturalna w pomieszczeniach szkolnych nie wystarcza do zapewnienia odpowiedniej jakości mikrobiologicznej powietrza.

10

Microbiological Risk in Rooms with Mechanical Ventilation

88%

Lisik K. , Cichowicz R.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

tom Vol. 23, nr 10

164--171

EN

The condition of air quality depends on many external (the amount of pollutant emissions, intensity and type of physico-chemical changes taking place in the atmosphere and large-scale movement of air pollutant masses) as well as internal factors (such as finishing materials, room equipment, heating systems, ventilation systems, and the presence of the humans themselves). As a result, there are various risks related to air quality, including the most important ones related to microbial contamination. For this reason, it was decided to analyze the quality of internal air in terms of microbiological contamination that may occur in university lecture halls with mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation. The analysis also took into account the impact of mechanical ventilation on physical parameters such as temperature, relative humidity as well as the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter pollutants, thus determining the impact of the tested parameters on human health and well-being. All the obtained results were compared with the applicable permissible standards and conclusions were drawn regarding the improvement of the quality of the indoor air microclimate.

11

Microbial Air Quality in Municipal Buses Before and After Disinfection of their Air-Conditioning Systems

88%

Gołofit-Szymczak M. , Stobnicka-Kupiec A. , Górny R. L. , Cyprowski M. , Ławniczek-Wałczyk A.

|

tom Vol. 20, nr 10

189--194

EN

To ensure the proper quality of the air and simultaneously improve the comfort of professional drivers or travellers, the cars are fit with air-conditioning (AC) systems. The AC installations, however, quite often create suitable conditions for the development of microbiological agents and become an active emission source of harmful bioaerosols. This study was carried out in 6 municipal buses in large city located in central Poland. In studied vehicles, ozonisation or manual application of chemical disinfectant in a spray form were used for disinfection of AC bus systems. The concentrations of bacteria and fungi in the air collected in buses before the service of their AC installations were 4.3×102 CFU/m3 and 2.4×102 CFU/m3, respectively. After AC service using both tested disinfection methods, the decrease in microbial concentrations in the air of municipal buses was observed. The highest effectiveness of AC cleaning was noted when the chemical disinfectant in a spray form was used. This study revealed that to eliminate microbiological contamination and, by that, decrease the exposure of both drivers and passengers to harmful microbial contaminants, the chemical disinfection of bus AC system should be performed at regular basis.

12

Biological threat detection in the air and on the surface: how to define the risk

88%

Trafny E. A. , Lewandowski R. , Stepinska M. , Kaliszewski M.

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nr 4

13

Bioaerosol and smog as determinants of human population health

88%

Leszczynski B. K. , Zukiewicz-Sobczak W. A. , Sobczak P. , Santoro F.

Health Problems of Civilization

|

2019

|

tom 13

|

nr 3

EN

When asked to describe air pollution, the average person will invariably mention the word “smog”. Although the term is often poorly understood, social awareness of it is much higher than just a few years ago. In the era of globalization, it has become clear that smog goes beyond dust and gas pollution and encompasses the microbiological purity of the air. This is due, among other things, to the fact that the human body may not only be a reservoir but also an emitter of microbiological particles dangerous to health and life. According to Górny, SCMB (Harmful Microbiological Factors) are easier to aerosolize compared to other air pollutants [1]. It highlights the risk of infectious diseases from abroad, including allergic disease entities. It also emphasizes the close relationship between various types of air pollution.

PL

Nie sposób nie odnieść wrażenia, iż po zapytaniu przechodnia o zanieczyszczenia powietrza, odpowie „smog”. Poprzez działanie szeroko rozumianego mainstreamu, świadomość społeczna w dziedzinie smogu jest zdecydowanie wyższa, aniżeli jeszcze kilka lat temu. Jednak tym, co budzi obawy w dobie globalizacji, jest zagadnienie nie tyle smogu (zanieczyszczenia głównie pyłowe i gazowe), co czystości mikrobiologicznej powietrza. Wynika to między innymi z faktu, iż organizm ludzki może być nie tylko rezerwuarem, lecz także źródłem emisji niebezpiecznych dla zdrowia i życia cząsteczek mikrobiologicznych. Według Górnego, SCMB (Szkodliwe Czynniki Mikrobiologiczne) w porównaniu do innych zanieczyszczeń powietrza są łatwiej transportowane drogą aerozolu [1]. Otwiera to temat tzw. chorób zawleczonych z zagranicy, włączając w to alergiczne jednostki chorobowe. Jednocześnie ukazuje ścisły związek między różnego typu zanieczyszczeniami powietrza.

14

Ocena zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologicznego powietrza atmosferycznego na terenie oczyszczalni ścieków w Trutem

75%

Paśmionka I. , Skotnicka A.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

|

2018

|

tom Nr 8

313--316

PL

Sewage treatment plants can pose a serious threat to the environment and human health because they deteriorate the quality of the atmospheric air. The scope of their impact depends on many factors, such as: type, quality and quantity of sewage, size of the facility, methods of operation, treatment technology and weather conditions (wind speed and direction, temperature, rainfall). In addition to volatile organic compounds, gases and odors, microorganisms are one of the most serious pollutants introduced into the atmosphere in sewage treatment plants. Therefore, the aim of the research undertaken at work was to assess the microbial contamination of atmospheric air in the sewage treatment plant in Trutem. The research was conducted from June 2017 to May 2018 in four points: raw sewage inlet, SBR re- actor, purified sewage outlet and 150 meters outside the treatment plant, at the background point. The air samples were collected using a 6 - stage Andersen's air sampler. The studies determined the number of bacteria, including α - and β - haemolytic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. In most analyzes, the air in the sewage treatment plant was characterized by a higher microbial content than at the control point. The greatest pollution was found at the raw sewage inlet and at the biological reactor. The tested treatment plant may therefore contribute to the deterioration of the quality of the atmospheric air.

15

Bacterial contamination of indoor air, surfaces, and settled dust, and related dust endotoxin concentrations in healthy office buildings

75%

Bouillard L. , Michel O. , Dramaix M. , Devleeschouwer M.

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nr 2

187-192

EN

Endotoxin, a characteristic external fraction of the outer membrane from Gram-negative bacteria, continuously shed into the environment, is considered as an important risk factor for human health. Our purpose was to study the bacterial species contaminating healthy working environments. Airborne, working surfaces and carpet dust samples were collected from 25 offices. Bacterial species were identified with biochemical ApiSystem® strips. Endotoxin concentrations in settled dust were measured with the kinetic chromogenic Limulus assay. The airborne bacterial level varied from 44-2,511, with a median of 277 cfu/m3. Bacterial contamination on surfaces ranged from 1-1000, with 33 cfu/25 cm2 as median value. On carpets, bacterial concentration ranged from 0.73-185 x 105 cfu/g, with 7.28 x 105 cfu/g as median value. Endotoxin concentration varied from 4.6-116.2 EU/mg, with a median of 20.3 EU/mg. Altogether, 501 bacterial strains were isolated. The species variability was greater in Gram-negative bacteria than in Gram-positive cocci with 41 versus 34 various species. In conclusion, people working in healthy offices can be exposed to large concentrations of airborne and dust bacteria and related endotoxin concentrations, giving a risk of work-related diseases.

16

Exposure to culturable and total microbiota in cultural heritage conservation laboratories

75%

Górny R. L. , Harkawy A. S. , Ławniczek-Wałczyk A. , Karbowska-Berent J. , Wlazło A. , Niesler A. , Gołofit-Szymczak M. , Cyprowski M.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

|

2015

|

tom 29

|

nr 2

255-275

EN

Objectives To date, the scientific source materials usually focus on microbial contamination of the museum or library collections themselves, while the exposure of persons who professionally deal with this type of objects in cultural heritage conservation laboratories is ignored. Material and Methods The study was carried out in 9 naturally ventilated conservation laboratories with no history of water damage. Viable (understood as culturable) bioaerosol stationary samples were collected in both outdoor and indoor environments using 6-stage Andersen impactor. Simultaneously, stationary and personal indoor bioaerosol measurements were carried out using both Gesamtstaubprobenahme an der Person (GSP) and Button filter samplers. These measurements were complemented by evaluation of microbial content in the dust settled on conserved works of art. All impactor, filter, and settled dust samples were quantitatively examined to obtain viable and total concentrations of bacteria and fungi. All isolated microbial strains were taxonomically identified. Results At workplaces, the concentrations of viable microorganisms in air were below 2000 cfu/m³ and accounted for not more than 5.5% of total microbiota. The study showed that quantitative assessment of viable bioaerosol can be made with an Andersen impactor as well as by using Button and GSP filter samplers, irrespective of whether they are applied for personal or stationary measurements. Compared to the impactor, however, the use of filter samplers for microbial contamination monitoring substantially limits the scope of qualitative information which can be obtained. Size distribution analysis revealed that the largest “load” of microorganisms can penetrate into the respiratory tract between the trachea and terminal bronchi, and thereby may be responsible for allergic inflammations in exposed workers. Conclusions The precise assessment of microbial hazards in conservation laboratories should comprise control of both viable and total particle counts. The hermetization of such workplaces and control of relative humidity should be implemented and maintained to assure proper hygienic conditions.

17

Charakterystyka zagrożeń biologicznych występujących przy przetwarzaniu biomasy do celów energetycznych

75%

Gołofit-Szymczak M. , Ławniczek-Wałczyk A. , Górny R. L. , Cyprowski M. , Stobnicka A.

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tom Tom 18, cz. 2

193--204

EN

One of the main biohazard for the employees working in processing of biomass for energy purposes is organic dust. The bioaerosol sampling was carried out at two power plants and three combined heat and power plants in Poland which co-combusted the agricultural and forest biomass with coal dust. The bacterial and fungal aerosol was collected stationary by a single-stage MAS-100 impactor. Fourteen different types of biomass samples used in the co-combustion process were also analyzed: conifer chips, alder chips, bark, sawdust, sunflower hull pellet, olive pellet, straw pellet, oat hull pellet, biofuel mix pellet, olive pomace, straw waste, corn pomace, dried fruit and straw with coal. The concentrations of bacterial and fungal aerosol ranged from 0.9×103 to 2.3×106 CFU/m3 and from 0.2×103 to 1.5×105 CFU/m3, respectively. The highest concentrations of bacterial and fungal aerosols were determined at workplaces related to screening, reloading and biomass transport via conveyor belts. The most prevalent in the air were fungi from Aspergillus genus and Gram-negative rods. Bacterial and fungal concentrations in biomass samples ranged from 1.8×103 CFU/g to 3.9×106 CFU/g and from 0.1×103 CFU/g to 22.7×106 CFU/g, respectively. Their highest concentrations were recorded in the samples of straw mixed with coal. This study showed that employees working at a power plant, both in the technological lines and in the laboratories, are associated with the exposure to high concentrations of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, to reduce such exposure, both hermetization of biomass processing and regular control of work environment should be applied.

18

Czynniki mikrobiologiczne na terenie wybranych krajowych portów lotniczych

75%

Stobnicka A. , Gołofit-Szymczak M. , Górny R.

|

tom Tom 20, cz. 2

1147--1167

PL

Jednym z zagrożeń, zarówno dla pasażerów, jak i dla pracowników terminali lotniczych są szkodliwe czynniki biologiczne pochodzące z instalacji wentylacyjnych i przewożonego bagażu oraz te emitowane przez pasażerów. Wspomniane mikroorganizmy bakteryjne i grzybowe mogą wywierać niekorzystny wpływ na organizm człowieka poprzez działanie toksyczne, drażniące i alergizujące. W piśmiennictwie przedmiotu brakuje danych dotyczących zanieczyszczenia powietrza i powierzchni na terenie lotnisk. Celem niniejszej pracy była ocena ilościowa i jakościowa próbek bioaerozoli i wymazów powierzchniowych pobranych na terenie wybranych krajowych portów lotniczych. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w czasie siedmiu miesięcy, w okresie od kwietnia do października na terenie 3 krajowych terminali lotniczych, z których każde obsługuje powyżej 2 mln pasażerów. Pobieranie próbek powietrza przeprowadzone zostało stacjonarnie, metodą wolumetryczną za pomocą impaktora MAS (model 100, Merck, Darmstadt, Niemcy). Próbki wymazów powierzchniowych pobierano sterylną wymazówką zwilżoną solą fizjologiczną z wykorzystaniem jednorazowego sterylnego szablonu o powierzchni 100 cm2 (MEUS S.R.L., Piove Di Sacco, Włochy). Stężenie mikroorganizmów w powietrzu wyrażano w jednostkach tworzących kolonie na 1 m3, [jtk/m3] natomiast stężenie mikroorganizmów na powierzchniach w jednostkach tworzących kolonie na 1 cm2 powierzchni [jtk/cm2]. Uzyskane dane pomiarowe opracowano statystycznie w oparciu o test Kruskala-Wallis’a oraz analizę korelacji Spearman’a z wykorzystaniem programu STATISTICA. Identyfikację mikroorganizmów przeprowadzono w oparciu o analizę makroskopową i mikroskopową cech morfologicznych kolonii, uzupełnioną w przypadku bakterii i drożdży o analizę ich cech biochemicznych z zastosowaniem testów diagnostycznych API. Najwyższe średnie stężenie bakterii w powietrzu odnotowano w hali głównej (800 jtk/m3), natomiast najwyższe średnie stężenie grzybów w hali przylotów (250 jtk/m3). Najbardziej zanieczyszczonymi powierzchniami, pod kątem obecności zarówno bakterii (169 jtk/cm2), jak i grzybów (16 jtk/cm2) były taśmy bagażowe w punkcie kontroli bezpieczeństwa. W próbkach powietrza i na powierzchniach dominującą grupą mikroorganizmów były bakterie, które stanowiły odpowiednio od 40% do 100% oraz od 88,6% do 100% całości mikrobioty. Temperatura powietrza oraz wilgotność względna powietrza nie determinowała w sposób znaczący wielkości obserwowanych stężeń bioaerozoli. Jak wskazują wyniki analizy jakościowej, w bioaerozolach i na powierzchniach na terenie terminali lotniczych mogą występować zarówno bakteryjne i grzybowe szczepy saprofityczne należące do grupy 1. zagrożenia, jak i gatunki zaliczane do grupy 2. zagrożenia (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptomyces spp.), które mogą być przyczyną różnych chorób i dolegliwości zdrowotnych.

EN

One of the hazards, both for passengers and for the workers at the airport terminals, are harmful biological agents emitted from the ventilation system, transported baggage and emitted by the passengers. These bacteria and fungi can cause adversely health effects on the human body through toxic, irritating and allergenic action. The data regarding microbial characteristic of bioaerosols and surfaces at the airports are scarce. The aim of the study was a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of microbial contamination of bioaerosols and surface swabs collected at selected domestic airport terminals. The samples were collected during 7 months from April to October at 3 domestic airport terminals. Each of them serves over 2 mln passengers. Air sampling was carried out with stationary, volumetric method using the MAS impactor (model 100, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Samples of surface swabs were collected with a sterile swab soaked with 0,9% NaCl with a disposable sterile template of 100 cm2 area (MEUS S.R.L., Piove Di Sacco, Italy). The concentration of microorganisms in bioaerosols was expressed in colony forming units per 1 m3 [CFU/m3] and the concentration of microorganisms on surfaces in colony forming units per 1 cm2 surface [CFU/cm2]. Statistical analyses were carried out with Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation test using STATISTICA. Identification of microorganisms was based on macroscopic and microscopic analysis of morphological features of colonies, supplemented, in the case of bacteria and yeasts, with biochemical analysis using API diagnostic kits. The highest concentration of bacteria was detected in the main hall (800 CFU/m3), while the highest concentration of fungi in the arrivals hall (250 CFU/m3). The most contaminated surfaces, both with bacteria (169 CFU/cm2) and fungi (16 CFU/cm2) were luggage straps at the security check area. The predominant group of microorganisms in bioaerosols as well as on surface were bacteria, which constitued 40% to 100% and 88.6% to 100% of the total microbiota, respectively. The air temperature and relative humidity of the air did not significantly determine the concentration of bioaerosols. The qualitative analysis showed the presence of bacterial and fungal saprophytic strains belonging to the 1. risk group, and species belonging to the 2. risk group (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptomyces spp.), which are responsible for numerous adverse health outcomes and diseases.

19

Mikrobiologiczna jakość powietrza w klimatyzowanych samochodach osobowych

75%

Gołofit-Szymczak M. , Stobnicka-Kupiec A.

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tom Tom 20, cz. 2

1564--1582

PL

Transport drogowy jest najbardziej powszechnym środkiem komunikacyjnym na świecie. W celu zwiększenia komfortu użytkowania, samochody wyposażane są w instalacje klimatyzacyjne. Systemy klimatyzacji samochodowej mogą być źródłem skażenia mikrobiologicznego wnętrza pojazdów. Celem niniejszego projektu była ocena poziomu mikrobiologicznego zanieczyszczenia powietrza w samochodach osobowych. Badanie przeprowadzono w 35 losowo wybranych samochodach osobowych wyposażonych w układ klimatyzacji. Próbki bioaerozolu zostały pobrane przy użyciu 6-stopniowego impaktora Andersena. Do celu pobierania próbek aerozoli bakteryjnego i grzybowego stosowano standardowe szalki Petriego wypełnione, odpowiednio agarem tryptozowo-sojowy z 5% dodatkiem odwłóknionej krwi baraniej oraz agarem słodowy. Wszystkie mikroorganizmy wyizolowane z próbek powietrza były analizowane ilościowo i jakościowo (do poziomu rodzaju i / lub gatunku). Badanie wykazało, że powietrze w samochodach wyposażonych w instalacje klimatyzacyjne jest zanieczyszczone mikrobiologicznie. Stężenie bakterii i grzybów w próbkach powietrza pobranych we wnętrzu kabin samochodów osobowych wynosiło odpowiednio 6,2·102 jtk/m3 i 2,2·102 jtk/m3. Na podstawie wyników badań stwierdzono, że liczba przejechanych kilometrów znacząco determinuje obserwowane stężenia aerozoli bakteryjnych i grzybowych, natomiast rodzaj klimatyzacji i rodzaj tapicerki nie wpływają istotnie na obserwowane stężenia bioaerozoli w badanych pojazdach. Wraz ze wzrostem liczby przejechanych kilometrów zaobserwowano zwiększenia stężenia aerozoli bakteryjnych i grzybowych w badanych pojazdach. Zastosowanie sześciostopniowego impaktora Andersena pozwoliło uzyskać dane o rozkładzie ziarnowym cząstek aerozoli w badanych samochodach osobowych. Analiza rozkładu ziarnowego bioaerozoli wykazała, że mikroorganizmy były obecne w powietrzu głównie jako pojedyncze komórki i duże agregaty. Na podstawie danych o wielkości cząstek aerozoli bakteryjnych i grzybowych oraz ich potencjalnej depozycji w układzie oddechowym człowieka, można stwierdzić, że bioaerozole obecne w badanych pojazdach, penetrując ludzki układ oddechowy, mogą osadzać się w jamie ustnej i nosowej, w tchawicy, oskrzelach i oskrzelikach płucnych. Może to być przyczyną podrażnienie nosa i gardła, reakcji astmatycznej lub reakcji w postaci alergicznego zapalenia. Analiza jakościowa mikroorganizmów izolowanych z powietrza badanych samochodów wykazała dominację ziarniaków Gram-dodatnich z rodzajów Staphylococcus, Micrococcus i Kocuria, przetrwalnikujących laseczek z rodzaju Bacillus oraz grzybów pleśniowych z rodzajów Acremonium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus i Cladosporium.

EN

The road transport is the most common means of communication in the world. To improve the comfort, the cars are equipped with air conditioning installation. Automobile air-conditioning systems (AC) may be a source of microbiological contamination of driver’s cabs. The aim of this study was to assessment the level of microbial contamination inside passenger cars. The study was carried out in 35 randomly selected cars equipped with climate control system. The viable (culturable) bioaerosol samples was stationery taken using 6-stage Andersen impactor. Standard Petri dishes filled with blood trypticase soy agar and malt extract agar were used for bacterial and fungal sampling, respectively. All microorganisms isolated from air samples were quantitatively and qualitatively (to genus and/or species level) analyzed. The bacterial and fungal concentrations in air samples were between 6,2·102 cfu/m3 and 2,2·102 cfu/m3, respectively. Based on the results of this study, it was found that mileage significantly determined the observed concentrations of bacterial and fungal aerosols while the type of air conditioning and the type of upholstery did not significantly determine the observed concentrations of bioaerosols in the studied vehicles. As the number of miles traveled, the increased of concentration of bacterial and fungal aerosols in the tested vehicles were observed. The use of the 6-stage Andersen impactor in this study allowed for obtaining data on the particle size distribution of aerosols in the studied cars. The size distribution analysis revealed that microorganisms were present in the air mainly as single cells and large aggregates. Based on results the size and distribution of bioaerosol particles, it can be ascertain that bioaerosols present in the studied cars, penetrating the human respiratory tract, may be deposited within the oral and nasal cavities, trachea, secondary bronchi and bronchioles and, by that, may be responsible for nose and eye irritations, asthmatic reactions, and allergic inflammations. The most prevalent bacterial species in the air of car cabins were Gram-positive cocci (mainly from Staphylococcus and Micrococcus/Kocuria genera) and endospore-forming Gram-positive rods from Bacillus genus. Among the most common fungal representatives were those from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium genera.

20

Ocena mikrobiologicznej skuteczności nowych preparatów do dezynfekcji klimatyzacji oparta na występujących tam zanieczyszczeniach

75%

Fleszer J. , Twardochleb B.

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2016

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tom T. 95, nr 11

2380--2384

PL

Badano skuteczność preparatów zawierających składniki o działaniu biobójczym, przeznaczonych do dezynfekcji systemów klimatyzacyjnych. W celu odzwierciedlenia warunków rzeczywistych, zastosowano inokulum w postaci zanieczyszczeń pobranych z systemu klimatyzacji, które może stanowić potencjalne źródło zakażenia. Przeprowadzono przegląd istniejących na polskim rynku produktów handlowych. Wytypowano dwa preparaty rynkowe o działaniu biobójczym, dla których oznaczono podstawowe właściwości fizykochemiczne i przeprowadzono analizę ich składu. Wytypowano podstawowe surowce, sporządzono kompozycje myjące przeznaczone do dezynfekcji urządzeń klimatyzacyjnych i przewodów wentylacyjnych. Dla wybranych receptur przeprowadzono ocenę skuteczności mikrobiologicznej.

EN

Two com. and 2 original microbicide formulations with active agents [R1R2Me2NCl, where R1 = R2 = Me(CH2)9 (I) or R1 = n-C12–C16 alkyl and R2 = PhCH2 (II)] were used for disinfection of dust and condensate samples collected in air-conditioning system. The original formulations differed from the com. ones by addn. of ethoxylated fatty alcs., alkylpolyglycosides and chelating agents. The original microbicide formulations showed satisfactory efficiency.