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1
Content available Bioactivity of cement type bone substitutes
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In vitro chemical stability and bioactivity of three different cement type bone substitutes were determined by incubating cement samples in the simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 and 28 days. Morphology of sample surfaces has been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was applied as a supplementary method. The development of bone-like apatite layers on the surface depended on their initial phase composition. Obtained cements showed good surgical handiness, high bioactive potential and were chemically stable. They seem to be promising materials for bone substitution.
EN
In the present work, the titania nanotube arrays was fabricated by anodizing titanium in NH4F/H2SO4 electrolyte. The crystal structure and the apatite-forming ability of the titania nanotube arrays were investigated. The samples were examined by ESEM, XRD and FT-IR. The results indicate that the crystal structure of the titania nanotube arrays occurred transformation from amorphous to anatase and rutile as the annealed temperature rised. The surface structure of the nanotube could enhance the bioactivity of titania. The bioactivity of titania nanotube arrays lies on its the crystal structure, ranked in following series: mixture of anatase and rutile structure > anatase > amorphous.
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Content available remote Bioactive glass coatings
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Four kinds of gel-derived materials of the CaO-P2O5-SiO2 (S2, II, I, A2) system were obtained in the form of thin coatings on microscope slides. The obtained materials differed from each other in the ratio of the basic components (CaO and SiO2). The coatings were characterised with regard to the state of the surface as well as to the phase composition of the materials. In order to determine any bioactive properties of the gel-derived coatings in vitro, tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) were made and biochemical examinations using cultured human marrow stromal cells (hMSC) were conducted. It was found that surface crystallisation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) indicating the bioactivity of the material occurred in SBF only in the case of A2 coatings, which are characterised by the highest ratio of CaO:SiO2. Tests with hMSC showed that the A2 biomaterial promotes both the osteogenesis and remodelling of bone (osteoclastogenesis).
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Content available remote Preparation of ag/cu-doped titanium (iv) oxide nanoparticles in w/o microemulsion
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The Cu-TiO2 and Ag/Cu-TiO2 nanoparticles have been prepared using a water-in-oil microemulsion system of water/AOT/cyclohexane. The photocatalytic activity of the catalysts was estimated by measuring the decomposition rate of phenol in 0.21 mM aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The bioactivity of Ag/Cu-doped titanium (IV) oxide nanocomposites was estimated using bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and pathogenic fungi belonging to Candida family. The photocatalysts' characteristics by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that a sample with the highest photo- and bioactivity had anatase structure, about 190 m2/g specific surface area, absorbed light for ?>400 nm and contained 1.45 mass % of silver, 1.40 mass % of copper and 59.4 mass % of Ti.
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Content available remote Coatings in Arthroplasty: Review Paper
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The modern coatings used in arthroplasty for long term implants are reviewed. The phosphate coatings are the most popular technique to improve the bone-implant interfacial strength and promote the osseointegration. The plasma spraying, electrophoretic precipitation, powder metallurgy, ion beam sputtering, high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) combustion spraying, sol-gel technique, biomimetic deposition are mostly used to obtain the phosphate, usually hydroxyapatite coatings. The composite coatings based on HA are proposed to improve biochemical and mechanical properties. The Ti, Ti alloys, titania, zirconia, zinc particles and glasses are suggested to strengthen the HA matrix, and some organic compounds and polymers to improve the biochemical behaviour. Among another coatings, titania, zirconia, aluminia, carbon and organic, glass – ceramics and titania – silicate coatings are mostly proposed.
11
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EN
Titanium and titanium alloys are frequently used in orthopaedic implants in load bearing situations because they possess favourable properties, such as a good ductility, tensile and fatigue strength, modulus of elasticity matching that of bones, low weight, and good biocompatibility. The drawback of Ti implants is their poor osseointegration and osteoconductive properties. The present paper describes the techniques to improve the bioactivity of titanium and enhance the bone-implant bonding ability by the electrochemical anodization to fabricate titania nanotube arrays (TiO2). The naturally formed oxide layer has bio-inert character and does not readily form a strong interface with surrounding tissue. It has been proved that osseointegration of titanium implants can be improved by rough surfaces of Ti implants [1,2]. The nanotubular surface enhances adhesion, growth and differentiation of the cells. The nanotubular arrays increase the roughness of titanium implants on the nanoscale, providing the surface similar to that of a human bone. Bone-forming cells tend to adhere to the surfaces that are similar to natural bone both in chemistry and roughness. Nanotubular layers provide a high surface-to-volume ratio with controllable dimensions which are able to differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblastic cells. Moreover, the anodized nanotubular arrays on titanium surface can be used as reservoirs for drugs (anti-inflammatory, and improving bone-growth) with prolonged drug release ability. Also, there is possibility to further enhance bioactivity of titanium implant with nanotubular surface by hydroxyapatite deposition into the titania nanotubes which further promotes bone ingrowth. The application of nanotubular structures of oxide layers can be optimized taking into consideration some important parameters as osseointegration rate and interface strength determined by nanotube mean size and length. The paper critically reviews so far investigations focused on nanooxidation of titanium and titanium alloys. The numerical model of nanotubular arrays with the use of Finite Element Method (FEM) is proposed for an assessment of the load transfer and stress distribution under applied loading which could be a critical factor when considering the described application of nanotubes.
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The mechanical properties of silicate glass-ceramics were evaluated based on the compressive strength tests. It was found that addition improved densification, refinement of the microstructure and toughening of the bodies. The maximum compressive strength of the bodies with 1 mol% Ta2O5 was increased 3-fold (245.92 ±0.3 MPa) in comparison to undoped glass-ceramics which was measured to be 89.04 ±0.3 MPa, while for 3 mol% it became 4-fold (387.12 ±0.4 MPa) greater. The addition of Ta2O5 stabilized the system by controlling the biodegradation of the glass-ceramics. It effectively depressed the apatite formation as by addition of 3 mol% Ta2O5 no apatite layer was observed. It may be concluded from this study that mechanical and physical properties can be improved by the addition of Ta2O5 , but at a cost of bioactivity. Still the optimized composition having Ta2O5 ≤ 1 mol% may provide appropriate strength of biomaterials for high load bearing applications.
EN
In order to enhance bioactive properties of titanium 99.2 used in implantology and various biomedical applications, numerous methods to form tight oxide coatings are being investigated. Some of these interesting techniques for generating TiO2 coatings include: electrochemical methods with anodizing, electric discharge treatment, plasma methods (PVD) and diffusive methods (i.e. oxidation in a fluidized bed). Each method aims to create a thin homogenous oxide coating characterized with thermal stability and repassivation ability in the presence of body fluid environment. However, new methods are still sought for increasing the biocompatibility of the substrate following a change in the intensity of depositing on the oxide coating compounds with high biocompatibility with body tissues, including hydroxyapatite, which constitutes the basis for subsequent osseointegration processes. The article presents investigation of HAp formation on titanium substrate surface after hybrid oxidation process. Hybrid surface treatments combine methods of fluidized bed atmospheric diffusive treatment FADT with the PVD surface treatment realized with different parameters (FADT - 640°C / 8h and PVD - magnetron sputtering with TiO2 target). In order to investigate the effects of hybrid oxidation and the formation of HAp molecules, SEM-EDS, SEM-EBSD, STEM-EDS, RS, nanoindentation and Kokubo bioactivity tests (c-SBF2) were carried out. The hybrid method of titanium oxidation, proposed by the Author, presents a new outlook on themodification and development of the properties of oxide coatings in the area of biomedical applications. Combining the ways of Ti Grade 2 oxidation in the hybrid method highly improves the formation of hydroxyapatite compounds and shows the potential of applying such a technique in implantology, where the intensive growth of bone tissues is crucial.
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Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings were developed on titanium by electrophoretic deposition at various deposition potentials from 30 to 60 V and at a constant deposition time of 5 minutes using the synthetic HA (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2,) powder in a suspension of dimethyleformamide (DMF, HCON(CH3)2). The electrochemical corrosion behavior of the HA coatings in simulated body fluid (SBF Hanks' solution) at 37 °C and pH 7.4 was investigated by means of open-circuit potential (OCP) measurement and potentiodynamic polarization tests. The OCP test showed that the values OCP for the coated samples shifted to more noble potential than for uncoated titanium, especially after addition of dispersants. The polarization test revealed that all HA coated specimens had a corrosion resistance higher than that of the substrate, especially after addition of dispersants such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and triethanolamine (TEA) to the suspension. The coating morphology after polarization, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showed penetration of electrolyte into the HA coats. Bone bioactivity of the coatings was also studied by immersion of coated specimens in Hanks' solution for 3 and 7 days. Apatite granules growth on the surface of the HA layers was observed.
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In the last decade, the development of third generation bioceramics for Bone Tissue Regeneration has experienced significant progress with the emergence of a new generation of nanostructured materials named mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBG). This new generation of materials, also known as “templated glasses”, presents chemical compositions similar to those of conventional bioactive sol–gel glasses and the added value of an ordered mesopore arrangement. This article shows an indepth comparative study of the ordered porous structures of MBGs compared to conventional glasses (melt and solgel) andhowthese properties influence the bioactivity process. Moreover, the possibility to tailor the textural and structural properties of these nanostructured materials by an exhaustive control of the different synthesis parameters is also discussed. A brief overview regarding the possibility of using these materials as controlled drug delivery systems and as starting materials for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration is also given.
EN
This work aims to analyze the effects of niobium on the bioactivity of a titanium, nickel, aluminum, and niobium alloy obtained by the Plasma Skull Push Pull process (PSPP). Titanium alloys, such as NiTinol (NiTi), are metallic biomaterials that have wide application in health and surgical prostheses. In this work the microstructural and bioactivity characteristics of the alloys are evaluated. The addition of aluminum improves alloy ductility and reduces its cost. The addition of niobium favors the hydroxyapatite nucleation. Therefore, the addition of the combination of the two elements contributes to lower cost and better alloy bioactivity.
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Content available remote Surface modifications of ti and its alloys
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This article reviews the various surface modification techniques pertaining to titanium and titanium alloys including physical treatment, mechanical treatment, and chemical and electrochemical treatment. The proper surface modification expands the use of titanium and its alloys in the biomedical field for long-term implants retaining the excellent properties of substrate material and improving the specific surface properties required by clinical applications.
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Physico-chemical and mechanical features of endodontic sealers are essential functional properties involved in their sealing ability, osteoconductivity, and biocompatibility. Four different root canal sealers (Ceraseal, MTA Fillapex, AH Plus and Sealapex) were investigated in this study in order to evaluate the thermal and nanomechanical features in relation to their bioactivity potential. The nano-hardness values respected the descendent trend: HCeraseal >HSealapex >HMTA >HAHPlus, being influenced by the percent of the inorganic component in the samples, identified as residual mass in TGA/DTG (Thermogravimetrical Analysis/ Derivative Thermogravimetry) thermograms. Based on electrochemical measurement in SBF (Simulated Body Fluid) and surface investigations by SEM/EDX, we found that the bioactivity potential decreased in the following order: Ceraseal > MTA Fillapex >AH Plus >Sealapex. The highest bioactivity in the case of Ceraseal was evidenced in terms of apatite-like spherulites observed to cover the surface after 28 days incubation in SBF, and Ca/P ratio 1.71, along with the dynamic release and consumption of Ca2+ and PO43− in SBF. On the opposite side, lack of mineralization was noticed on the surface of Sealapex sample. Knowledge about the proper thermo-mechanical, biological and physico-chemical properties of the root canal materials is important in order to allow a correct material selection, either as premixed or two-component formulation, requiring good sealing or immediate therapeutic effect.
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