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Dematerialisation of bills of lading using blockchain from the legal perspective

100%

Ratajczak O.

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

2022

tom nr 121

28--40

Dematerialisation of bills of lading is an important topic from the point of view of maritime transport practice. There are many arguments in favour of dematerialisation, such as simplification and acceleration of trade. Over the years, many attempts have been made to dematerialise bills of lading using EDI systems. All of them were found to be lacking. It was not until the spread of blockchain technology that adequate tools were found. The blockchain makes it possible to meet the requirement of singularity which was haunting the EDI systems. With the introduction of proper provisions of law and if the maritime transport industry could agree on a mutually compatible standard, blockchain-based bills of lading could successfully replace paper bills of lading.

Enhancing of Carriers’ Liabilities in the Rotterdam Rules – Too Expensive Costs for Navigational Safety?

63%

Sooksripaisarnkit P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2014

tom Vol. 8, no. 2

309--315

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (the ‘Rotterdam Rules’) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules contain two oft-criticised changes from the existing regime governing international carriage of goods widely adopted among maritime nations, namely the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, 25 August 1924 (the ‘Hague Rules’) and its subsequent Protocol in 1968 (the ‘Visby Protocol’ or the ‘Hague-Visby Rules’). These changes are, namely, an extension of the carrier’s obligations to maintain seaworthy vessel throughout the voyage (Article 14) and a deletion of an exclusion of carrier’s liabilities due to negligent navigation (Article 17). This paper addresses implications of these changes and assess whether ship-owners and ship-operators can comply with these without having to incur excessive additional expenses.The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (the ‘Rotterdam Rules’) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules contain two oft-criticised changes from the existing regime governing international carriage of goods widely adopted among maritime nations, namely the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, 25 August 1924 (the ‘Hague Rules’) and its subsequent Protocol in 1968 (the ‘Visby Protocol’ or the ‘Hague-Visby Rules’). These changes are, namely, an extension of the carrier’s obligations to maintain seaworthy vessel throughout the voyage (Article 14) and a deletion of an exclusion of carrier’s liabilities due to negligent navigation (Article 17). This paper addresses implications of these changes and assess whether ship-owners and ship-operators can comply with these without having to incur excessive additional expenses.

Bill of lading transferability and the title for cargo and claims from the contract of carriage

63%

Prawo Morskie

2019

nr XXXVI

Przeniesienie konosamentu a tytuł do ładunku i roszczeń z umowy przewozu

63%

Dragun-Gertner M.

nr XXXVI

27-36

Konosamenty są zbywalnymi papierami wartościowymi, co oznacza że mogą być przenoszone w obrocie na inne osoby. Niektóre z nich mają jednak jeszcze dodatkową cechę obiegowości, dla określenia której używa się terminu negotiability. Termin ten bywa często w praktyce utożsamiany z pojęciem zbywalności (transferability), lecz ich prawne znaczenie się nie pokrywa. W systemach anglosaskich odnotować należy zróżnicowanie powiązanych z tym terminem skutków prawnych, w szczególności pomiędzy prawem brytyjskim i amerykańskim. Istotną rolę odegrała w tym kontekście doktryna „privity of contract”. Odrębności dotyczą także prawa kontynentalnego. Wpływa to ostatecznie na pozycję prawną i zakres nabytych uprawnień legitymowanych posiadaczy konosamentów uznawanych za negotiable, w tym także na uzyskanie przez nich uprawnień do dochodzenia od przewoźnika roszczeń związanych z uszkodzeniem ładunku.

Bills of Lading are transferable documents of title and the transfer of document results in the transfer of the rights incorporated in it. Some of B/L are additionally negotiable. However the legal meaning of these two terms isn’t the same what is not respected in practice. Historically there is also a difference in legal grounds and scope of rights represented and transferred by negotiable bills of lading according to British, American and continental law. An important role in this differentiation was played by the doctrine of privity of contract. This ultimately affects the legal position and scope of the acquired rights of legitimate holders of bills of lading, which are considered to be “negotiable”, including the right to obtain claims from the carrier for cargo damage.